Fundamentals Of Modern Optics - Institute Of Applied .

Script Fundamentals of Modern Optics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, FoMO Script 2014-02-07s.docx1Script Fundamentals of Modern Optics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, FoMO Script s of Modern OpticsWinter Term 2013/2014Prof. Thomas PertschAbbe School of PhotonicsFriedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena3.Table of content0.1.Introduction . 4(Ray optics - geometrical optics, covered by lecture Introduction toOptical Modeling) . roduction . 16Postulates . 16Simple rules for propagation of light . 17Simple optical components. 17Ray tracing in inhomogeneous media (graded-index - GRIN optics) . 21Ray equation. 21The eikonal equation . 23Matrix optics. 24The ray-transfer-matrix . 24Matrices of optical elements . 24Cascaded elements . .5.1Maxwell’s equations. 26Adaption to optics . 26Temporal dependence of the fields . 29Maxwell’s equations in Fourier domain . 30From Maxwell’s equations to the wave equation . 30Decoupling of the vectorial wave equation . 31Optical properties of matter . 32Basics . 33Dielectric polarization and susceptibility . 36Conductive current and conductivity . 37The generalized complex dielectric function . 39Material models in time domain . 43The Poynting vector and energy balance . 44Time averaged Poynting vector . 44Time averaged energy balance . 46Normal modes in homogeneous isotropic media . 48Transversal waves . 49Longitudinal waves . 50Plane wave solutions in different frequency regimes . 51Time averaged Poynting vector of plane waves . 56Beams and pulses - analogy of diffraction and dispersion. 56Diffraction of monochromatic beams in homogeneous isotropic media . 587.Introduction .122Polarization of normal modes in isotropic media.122Polarization states .123Principles of optics in crystals. 1256.16.26.36.46.4.16.4.26.4.36.4.4Optical fields in dispersive and isotropic media . 26Imaging of arbitrary optical field with thin lens .113Transfer function of a thin lens . 113Optical imaging . 114Optical filtering and image processing .116The 4f-setup. 116Examples of aperture functions . 118Optical resolution . 119The polarization of electromagnetic waves . 1225.15.25.36.Interaction with plane masks .103Propagation using different approximations .104The general case - small aperture. 104Fresnel approximation (paraxial approximation) . 104Paraxial Fraunhofer approximation (far field approximation) . 105Non-paraxial Fraunhofer approximation . 107Fraunhofer diffraction at plane masks (paraxial) .107Fraunhofer diffraction pattern . 107Remarks on Fresnel diffraction .112Fourier optics - optical filtering. 1134.14.1.14.1.24.24.2.14.2.24.2.35.Propagation of Gaussian beams . 70Gaussian optics . 77Gaussian modes in a resonator . 81Pulse propagation . 86(The Kramers-Kronig relation, covered by lecture Structure of Matter) . 99Diffraction theory . 1033.13.23.2.13.2.23.2.33.2.43.33.3.13.4This script is based on the lecture series “Theoretische Optik” by Prof. FalkLederer at the FSU Jena and was adapted to English by Prof. Stefan Skupinfor the international education program of the Abbe School of Photonics.2Susceptibility and dielectric tensor .125The optical classification of crystals .127The index ellipsoid .128Normal modes in anisotropic media .129Normal modes propagating in principal directions . 130Normal modes for arbitrary propagation direction . 131Normal surfaces of normal modes . 135Special case: uniaxial crystals . 137Optical fields in isotropic, dispersive and piecewise homogeneous media. .27.3.37.3.47.47.4.1Basics .140Definition of the problem. 140Decoupling of the vectorial wave equation . 141Interfaces and symmetries . 142Transition conditions. 142Fields in a layer system matrix method .143Fields in one homogeneous layer . 143The fields in a system of layers . 145Reflection – transmission problem for layer systems .147General layer systems . 147Single interface . 153Periodic multi-layer systems - Bragg-mirrors - 1D photonic crystals . 160Fabry-Perot-resonators . 167Guided waves in layer systems .173Field structure of guided waves . 173

Script Fundamentals of Modern Optics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, FoMO Script 2014-02-07s.docx7.4.27.4.37.4.47.4.53Dispersion relation for guided waves . 174Guided waves at interface - surface polariton . 176Guided waves in a layer – film waveguide . 178how to excite guided waves. 182Script Fundamentals of Modern Optics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, FoMO Script 2014-02-07s.docx0. Introduction 'optique' (Greek) lore of light 'what is light'? Is light a wave or a particle (photon)?D.J. Lovell, Optical Anecdotes Light is the origin and requirement for life photosynthesis 90% of information we get is visualA)Origin of light atomic system determines properties of light (e.g. statistics, frequency,line width) optical system other properties of light (e.g. intensity, duration, ) invention of laser in 1958 very important developmentSchawlow and Townes, Phys. Rev. (1958). laser artificial light source with new and unmatched properties (e.g.coherent, directed, focused, monochromatic) applications of laser: fiber-communication, DVD, surgery, microscopy,material processing, .4

Script Fundamentals of Modern Optics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, FoMO Script 2014-02-07s.docx5Script Fundamentals of Modern Optics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, FoMO Script 2014-02-07s.docxC)Light can modify matter light induces physical, chemical and biological processes used for lithography, material processing, or modification of biologicalobjects (bio-photonics)Fiber laser: Limpert, Tünnermann, IAP Jena, 10kW CW (world record)B)Propagation of light through matter light-matter interactionHole “drilled” with a fs laser at Institute of Applied Physics, FSU Jena.dispersion frequencyspectrumdiffraction spatialfrequencyabsorption center offrequencyspectrumscattering wavelength matter is the medium of propagation the properties of the medium(natural or artificial) determine the propagation of light light is the means to study the matter (spectroscopy) measurementmethods (interferometer) design media with desired properties: glasses, polymers, semiconductors,compounded media (effective media, photonic crystals, meta-materials)Two-dimensional photonic crystal membrane.6

Script Fundamentals of Modern Optics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, FoMO Script 2014-02-07s.docxD)Optics in our daily life7Script Fundamentals of Modern Optics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, FoMO Script 2014-02-07s.docxE)Optics in telecommunications transmitting data (Terabit/s in one fiber) over transatlantic distancesA small story describing the importance of light for everyday life, where allthings which rely on optics are marked in red.1000 m telecommunication fiber is installed every second.8

Script Fundamentals of Modern Optics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, FoMO Script 2014-02-07s.docxF)Optics in medicine, life sciences9Script Fundamentals of Modern Optics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, FoMO Script 2014-02-07s.docxG)Optical sensors and light sources new light sources to reduce energy consumption new projection techniquesDeutscher Zukunftspreis 2008 - IOF Jena OSRAM10

Script Fundamentals of Modern Optics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, FoMO Script 2014-02-07s.docxH)Micro- and nano-optics ultra small cameraInsect inspired camera system develop at Fraunhofer Institute IOF Jena11Script Fundamentals of Modern Optics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, FoMO Script 2014-02-07s.docxI)Relativistic optics12

Script Fundamentals of Modern Optics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, FoMO Script 2014-02-07s.docxK)13What is light?Script Fundamentals of Modern Optics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, FoMO Script 2014-02-07s.docxL)14Schematic of optics8 electromagnetic wave (c 3*10 m/s) amplitude and phase complex description polarization, coherencequantum opticsSpectrum of Electromagnetic ntimeters)Frequency(Hz)Energy(eV)Radio 108 10 3 x 109 10-5Microwave108 - 10510 - 0.015Infrared10 - 700Visible700 - 4003 x 109 - 3 x 1012-50.01 - 7 x 10123 x 10- 4.3 x 10147 x 10-5 - 4 x 10-5 4.3 x 1014 - 7.5 x 1014-5-7147.5 x 10- 3 x 101710-5 - 0.01electromagnetic opticswave optics0.01 - 22-33 - 103Ultraviolet400 - 14 x 10 - 10X-Rays1 - 0.0110-7 - 10-93 x 1017 - 3 x 1019103 - 105Gamma Rays 0.01 10-9 3 x 1019 105geometrical optics geometrical optics size of objects daily experiences optical instruments, optical imaging intensity, direction, coherence, phase, polarization, photons wave optics size of objects interference, diffraction, dispersion, coherence laser, holography, resolution, pulse propagation intensity, direction, coherence, phase, polarization, photons electromagnetic optics reflection, transmission, guided waves, resonators laser, integrated optics, photonic crystals, Bragg mirrors . intensity, direction, coherence, phase, polarization, photons quantum optics small number of photons, fluctuations, light-matter interaction intensity, direction, coherence, phase, polarization, photons in this lecture electromagnetic optics and wave optics no quantum optics advanced lecture

Script Fundamentals of Modern Optics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, FoMO Script 2014-02-07s.docxM)Literature Fundamental1. Saleh, Teich, 'Fundamenals of Photonics', Wiley, 19922. Mansuripur, 'Classical Optics and its Applications', Cambridge, 20023. Hecht, 'Optik', Oldenbourg, 20014. Menzel, 'Photonics', Springer, 20005. Lipson, Lipson, Tannhäuser, 'Optik'; Springer, 19976. Born, Wolf, 'Principles of Optics', Pergamon7. Sommerfeld, 'Optik' Advanced1. W. Silvast, 'Laser Fundamentals',2. Agrawal, 'Fiber-Optic Communication Systems', Wiley3. Band, 'Light and Matter', Wiley, 20064. Karthe, Müller, 'Integrierte Optik', Teubner5. Diels, Rudolph, 'Ultrashort Laser Pulse Phenomena', Academic6. Yariv, 'Optical Electronics in modern Communications', Oxford7. Snyder, Love, 'Optical Waveguide Theory', Chapman&Hall8. Römer, 'Theoretical Optics', Wiley,2005.15Script Fundamentals of Modern Optics, FSU Jena, Prof. T. Pertsch, FoMO Script 2014-02-07s.docx161. (Ray optics - geometrical optics, covered bylecture Introduction to Optical Modeling)The topic of “Ray optics – geometrical optics” is not covered in the course“Fundamentals of modern optics”. This topic will be covered rather by thecourse “Introduction to optical modeling”. The following part of the scriptwhich is devoted to this topic is just included in the script for consistency.1.1 Introduction Ray optics or geometrical optics is the simplest theory for doing optics. In this theory, propagation of light in various optical media can bedescribed by simple geometrical rules. Ray optics is based on a very rough approximation ( 0, no wavephenomena), but we can explain almost all daily life experiencesinvolving light (shadows, mirrors, etc.). In particular, we can describe optical imaging with ray optics approach. In isotropic media, the direction of rays corresponds to the direction ofenergy flow.What is covered in this chapter? It gives fundamental postulates of the theory. It derives simple rules for propagation of light (rays). It introduces simple optical components. It introduces light propagation in inhomogeneous media (graded-index(GRIN) optics). It introduces paraxial matrix optics.1.2 PostulatesA)B)Light propagates as rays. Those rays are emitted by light-sources andare observable by optical detectors.The optical medium is characterized by a function n(r), the so-calledrefractive index (n(r) 1 - meta-materials n(r) 0)n ccncn – speed of light in the mediumC) optical path length delayi) homogeneous medianlii) inhomogeneous mediaB n(r)dsA