Investigation Of Fire Impact On Structural Steel Through .

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Project Code: THES LDA 599Investigation of Fire Impact on Structural Steel through Case StudiesA Thesis ReportSubmitted to the Faculty ofWORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTEIn partial fulfillment of the requirements for theDegree of Master’s of SciencebyRebecca M. NacewiczDate: May 4, 2006Approved:Professor Leonard D. AlbanoProfessor Robert W. FitzgeraldProfessor Frederick L. HartDepartment HeadCivil & Environmental Engineering

AbstractDeath of firefighters due to structural collapse has been on the rise for the past fewyears, and has not gone unnoticed by the research and firefighting branches of theindustry. However, the modes for improving this situation by both are very different.While firefighters depend on experience for detection, research organizations haveinvested in developing new technology to detect signs of structural collapse. Thus farneither effort has led to any improvement in the current circumstances. In order to bridgethis gap, members of the fire-safety community need to more thoroughly understand thereasons for structural collapse due to fire. Through research and analysis, a case studymanual analyzing structural steel failures due to fire was developed. This manualcontains analysis of the actual mode of failure for the cases chosen, as well as analysis ofalternative situations for each case that may have led to different outcomes. The goal ofthis manual is to aid in the teaching and practice of structural steel collapse due to fire asa supplement to current knowledge.ii

Table of ContentsABSTRACT. IITABLE OF CONTENTS .IIILIST OF FIGURES . VLIST OF TABLES . VIILIST OF EQUATIONS.VIIILIST OF EQUATIONS.VIII1INTRODUCTION. 11.11.22PROJECT DEVELOPMENT . 1PROJECT DESCRIPTION . 2BACKGROUND . 42.1FIREFIGHTER SAFETY AND STRUCTURAL COLLAPSE. 42.2GUIDELINES FOR FIGHTING STRUCTURAL FIRES . 82.3RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY . 182.4FIREFIGHTER EDUCATION . 102.4.1Building Construction for the Fire Service, 2nd Edition (Brannigan) . 112.4.2Collapse of Burning Buildings, A Guide to Fireground Safety (Dunn). 122.4.3Firefighter’s Handbook: Essential of Firefighting and EmergencyResponse, 2nd Edition (Thomson Delmar Learning). 132.5EDUCATION THROUGH CASE STUDIES. 152.6STRUCTURAL DESIGN FOR FIRE CONDITIONS. 173LITERATURE REVIEW . 203.13.23.33.44MCCORMICK PLACE . 20WORLD TRADE CENTER 5. 21ALEXIS NIHON PLAZA. 23ONE NEW YORK PLAZA . 24METHODOLOGY . 264.1CASE STUDY RESEARCH . 264.2DETERMINATION OF CASES . 274.2.1McCormick Place – Overview . 294.2.2World Trade Center 5 – Overview. 304.2.3Alexis Nihon Plaza – Overview. 314.2.4One New York Plaza – Overview. 324.3PERFORMANCE INVESTIGATION . 334.3.1Design Fires. 334.3.2Performance Calculations . 364.3.3RISA 2-D . 405RESULTS . 41iii

5.1MCCORMICK PLACE . 415.1.1Parametric Study of Spray-Applied Insulation . 415.1.2Fire Exposure. 425.1.3Automatic Sprinklers. 485.1.4Discussion . 495.2WORLD TRADE CENTER 5. 495.2.1Floor Framing Analysis. 505.2.2Shear Tab Connection Analysis . 565.2.3Discussion . 595.3ALEXIS NIHON PLAZA. 635.3.1Floor Framing Analysis. 635.3.2Angle Connections . 635.3.3Weld Quality . 735.3.4Discussion . 745.4ONE NEW YORK PLAZA . 766DISCUSSION . 797CONCLUSIONS . 838BIBLIOGRAPHY . 85APPENDIX A . 89APPENDIX B . 148iv

List of FiguresFigure 1 – Fatalities by Cause of Death (Brassel, 2003) . 6Figure 2 – Fatalities by Years of Experience (Brassel, 2003) . 7Figure 3 - Fatalities by Rank (Brassel, 2003) . 8Figure 4 - Performance of Common Building Materials (Thomson, 2004) . 14Figure 5 - Occupancy Hazards (Thomson, 2004). 14Figure 6 - McCormick Place Roof Truss. 20Figure 7 - Typical Column Tree System (Barnett, 2002) . 22Figure 8 - Interior Bay Framing of WTC 5 (Barnett, 2002) . 22Figure 9 - Alexis Nihon Tenth Floor Layout . 23Figure 10 - ASTM E-119 Time-Temperature Curve. 33Figure 11 - Short Duration - High Intensity Time-Temperature Curve. 35Figure 12 - Long Duration-Lower Intensity Time-Temperature Curve . 35Figure 13 - Heat Transfer through Insulation . 36Figure 14 –Effect of Variable Insulation Thickness on Steel Temperatures . 42Figure 15 - Effects of Insulation Thickness on Yield Strength . 43Figure 16 - Effects of Insulation Thickness on Modulus of Elasticity . 43Figure 17 - Effect of Variable Insulation Thickness on Steel Temperatures. 44Figure 18 - Effects of Insulation on Yield Strength. 44Figure 19 - Effects of Insulation on Modulus of Elasticity . 45Figure 20 - Effect of Variable Insulation Thickness on Steel Temperatures. 45Figure 21 - Effects of Insulation on Yield Strength. 46Figure 22 - Effects of Insulation on Modulus of Elasticity . 46Figure 23 - Deflections under ASTM E-119 Fire Exposure. 51Figure 24 - Deflections under Short Duration-High Intensity Fire Exposure . 52Figure 25 - Deflections under Long Duration-Lower Intensity Fire Exposure . 52Figure 26 - Deflections under ASTM E-119 Fire Exposure. 53Figure 27 - Deflections under Short Duration-High Intensity Fire Exposure . 53Figure 28 - Deflections under Long Duration-Lower Intensity Fire Exposure . 54Figure 29 - Deflections under ASTM E-119 Fire Exposure. 54Figure 30 - Deflections under Short Duration-High Intensity Fire Exposure . 55Figure 31 - Deflections under Long Duration-Lower Intensity Fire Exposure . 55Figure 32 - Strength of Steel at Elevated Temperatures (qt. Milke, 2002). 57Figure 33 - Critical Temperatures for Various Types of Steel (Milke, 2002) . 58Figure 34 - Catenary Action in WTC 5 . 60Figure 35 - Shear Capacities - L8x8x1/2" Angle & 7/16" fillet - 60 ksi weld metal. 65Figure 36 - Shear Capacities - L8x8x1/2" Angle & 7/16" fillet - 60 ksi weld metal. 65Figure 37 - Shear Capacities - L8x8x1/2" Angle & 7/16" fillet - 60 ksi weld metal. 65Figure 38 - Shear Capacities - L8x8x1/2" Angle & 1/4" fillet - 60 ksi weld metal. 66Figure 39 - Shear Capacities - L8x8x1/2" Angle & 1/4"fillet - 60 ksi weld metal. 66Figure 40 - Shear Capacities - L8x8x1/2" Angle & 1/4" fillet - 60 ksi weld metal. 67Figure 41 - Shear Capacities - L8x8x1/4" Angle & 3/16" fillet - 60 ksi weld metal. 67Figure 42 - Shear Capacities - L8x8x1/4" Angle & 3/16" fillet - 60 ksi weld metal. 68v

Figure 43 - Shear Capacities - L8x8x1/4" Angle & 3/16" fillet - 60 ksi weld metal. 68Figure 44 - Shear Capacities - L8x8x1/4" Angle & 1/8"fillet - 60 ksi weld metal. 69Figure 45- Shear Capacities - L8x8x1/4" Angle & 1/8" fillet - 60 ksi weld metal. 69Figure 46 - Shear Capacities - L8x8x1/4" Angle & 1/8"fillet - 60 ksi weld metal. 69vi

List of TablesTable 1 - Initial Cases Identified for Investigation . 27Table 2 - Case Studies & Elements Investigated . 28Table 3 - Thermal Properties of Insulation Materials (Buchanan, 2001). . 37Table 4 - Heat Capacities of Steel. 38Table 5 - Steel Connection Capacities . 59Table 6 - Failure Modes for Various Angles and Welds . 71vii

List of EquationsEquation 1 - Expression for Defining Temperature Time Relationships . 34Equation 2 - Change in Steel Temperature . 36Equation 3 – Coefficient . 37Equation 4 - Section Factor Equation . 37Equation 5 - Time Step Factor . 37Equation 6 - Yield Strength for Temperatures between 0 C & 600 C. 39Equation 7 - Yield Strength for Temperatures between 600 C & 1000 C. 39Equation 8 – Modulus of Elasticity for Temperatures between 0 C & 600 C. 39Equation 9 – Modulus of Elasticity for Temperatures between 600 C & 1000 C. 39viii

1 Introduction1.1 Project DevelopmentThis project was developed as a piece of a larger research project, “StructuralCollapse Assessment and Visual Cues for the Fire Service: Framework and PrototypeDevelopment” to be started in June of 2006. The proposal for the overall projectrecognizes the void in communication between the engineering community and fireservices and will attempt to diminish this by creating a first-generation, computer – basedtool that supports gathering and organizing project – specific information on structuralanatomy and different forms of building construction and relates this information todescriptions of structural performance and possible collapse scenarios. In order toaccomplish its objectives, researchers for the proposal discussed above will focus on preincident planning.From the Structural Collapse Assessment proposal came the concept for theresearch and analysis performed for the project discussed herein. While taking intoaccount the trends in firefighter fatalities over the past thirty years, and the lack ofcommunication between the engineering research community and the fire services, itbecame apparent that there is a fundamental building block missing in the education ofboth professions. Fire programs, schools and academies nationwide teach up and comingfirefighters about the fundamentals of building construction and fire behavior inbuildings, but they do not address the fundamentals of how such buildings collapse.Several reasons for this, as Dunn (1988) states in the first chapter of his book, are theinability of the fire service personnel to objectively analyze a collapse after the death ofone of their own, the lack of a standard definition for collapse in the fire service, and the1

lack of recorded data pertaining to structural collapse for use by the fire service.Similarly, academia teaches engineering students how to design structures at ambienttemperatures but does not teach how to design for fire conditions, which is in part due tothe fact that structural engineers are not currently responsible for the structural fire safetyof buildings.One way to remedy this is for structures to be designed for fire conditions, whichis outlined in 2005 AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, Appendix 4:Structural Design for Fire Condition. However, this is not the method currently taught orpracticed by the engineering community. In order to supplement currentcurriculum/knowledge, case studies can be a useful tool. There have been many articleswritten on the effectiveness of using case studies as an educational tool. For instance,one paper (Rens, 2000) states that “case studies can be a useful teaching aid thatpromotes higher levels of cognitive thinking and learning through examples.”1.2 Project DescriptionThe project objective was to develop a case study manual that investigates structuralsteel systems that have collapsed during fire conditions. In addition, alternative situationsthat could have caused different outcomes will lend themselves to supplement a smallpiece of the structural design education in the field of structural collapse and howstructural members behave under collapse conditions. The goal of this manual is tointroduce how structural steel members can fail by way of fire and to demonstrateapplication of the tools and methods available for these performance analyses. While thecases are specific to certain structures, the means of analyses used can be appliedgenerally. Investigation of steel in this manner will serve to increase awareness of its2

material properties and behavior under fire conditions and contribute to the teaching andpractice of performance based structural design for fire conditions and to stimulatediscussion of the subject area and promote interest in studying the subject further.3

2 BackgroundIn this chapter, the topic of firefighter safety and education is researched to put theimportance of structural collapse due to fire into perspective. The trends in firefighterfatalities show an overall decrease, but an increase in the number of deaths due tostructural collapse. Training for structural collapse should come through education andexperience; however this does not seem to be the case when reviewing the educationalmaterial taught to firefighters. In order to remedy this in the fire service, teachingmaterial about the properties and failure modes of materials should be supplemented intothe education. To improve this from a structural engineer’s standpoint, designingstructures for fire is necessary, and seems to be the rising trend, as seen in the 2005 AISCSpecification for Structural Steel Buildings, Appendix 4: Structural Design for FireCondition, Appendix 4: Structural Design for Fire Conditions. In order to supplementcurrent engineering curricula to incorporate this type of design, case studies can beutilized to teach individuals of different failure modes associated with different cases andthe analyses performed to get those results. Case studies can also be an effective way forteachers to promote individual learning outside the class room. To conclude this chapter,a section has been included that describes state-of-the-are technology being developed byNIST, FEMA, and the USFA to predict structural collapse.2.1 Firefighter Safety and Structural Collapse“Between the years 1979 and 2002 there were over 180 firefighter fatalities due tostructural collapse,” (Brassel, 2003). In 2003, the National Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST) prepared a report investigating the “Trends in Firefighter Fatalities4

Due to Structural Collapse” in collaboration with the United States Fire Administration(USFA). This report analyzed data from several different studies performed between1979 and 2002. The results relate different parameters taken from the previous studies todetermine any relationships between, for example, cause of death and a sp

May 04, 2006 · reasons for structural collapse due to fire. Through research and analysis, a case study manual analyzing structural steel failures due to fire was developed. This manual contains analysis of the actual mode of failure for the cases chosen, as well as analysis of alternative situatio

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