AS 1657-1992 Fixed Platforms, Walkways, Stairways And .
AS 1657—1992Licensed to Desmond Watkins on 25 Aug 2003. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.Australian StandardFixed platforms, walkways,stairways and ladders — Design,construction and installationFirst published as AS CA10-1938.Second edition 1963.Third edition 1966.Fourth edition 1971.Revised and redesignated AS 1657-1974.Second edition 1985.Third edition 1992.PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140ISBN 0 7262 7861 0
AS 1657—19922PREFACELicensed to Desmond Watkins on 25 Aug 2003. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee on Platforms,Gangways, Stairways and Ladders, to supersede AS 1657-1985.Changes to the Standard include —(a) reducing the minimum wall thickness of steel piping which may be used;(b) incorporating a minimum tensile yield stress requirement for aluminium alloys;(c) deleting references to specific aluminium alloys and tempers;(d) updating the dimensions of steel sections other than piping, to reflect currentmanufacturing practices; and(e) provision of test methods to determine the integrity of guardrail systems, and thestrength of the connection between guardrail posts and the supporting structure.CopyrightSTANDARDS AUSTRALIAUsers of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia publications and software. Except where theCopyright Act allows and except where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Australia may bereproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior permission in writing fromStandards Australia. Permission may be conditional on an appropriate royalty payment. Requests for permission and information oncommercial software royalties should be directed to the head office of Standards Australia.Standards Australia will permit up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard to be copied for useexclusively in-house by purchasers of the Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Australia.Standards Australia will also permit the inclusion of its copyright material in computer software programs for no royaltypayment provided such programs are used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs.Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Standard and that it is updated whenever theStandard is amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identified.The use of material in print form or in computer software programs to be used commercially, with or without payment, or incommercial contracts is subject to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be varied by Standards Australia at any time.
3AS 1657—1992CONTENTSPageSECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL1.11.21.31.4SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . .REFERENCED DOCUMENTSDEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . .44452.1 DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2 MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3 WELDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .778Licensed to Desmond Watkins on 25 Aug 2003. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.SECTION 2 STRUCTURAL DESIGN, MATERIALS AND WELDINGSECTION 33.13.23.33.4PLATFORMS, CONTINUOUS WALKWAYS, AND STEPSWITH LANDINGSGENERAL REQUIREMENTS . .PROTECTION AT SIDES, ENDS,DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GUARDRAILING . . . . . . . . . . .EDGES, AND OPENINGS.9.9.10.10SECTION 4 STAIRWAYS4.14.24.34.44.54.6WIDTH AND ANGLE OF SLOPEFLIGHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .STAIRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .LANDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GUARDRAILING . . . . . . . . . . .HANDRAILING . . . . . . . . . . . .121212121212CLEARANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ACCESS THROUGH HORIZONTAL OPENINGSLADDER LANDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GUARDRAILING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .STEP LADDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RUNG LADDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .INDIVIDUAL-RUNG LADDERS (STEP-IRONS) .15151515171721.SECTION 5 FIXED LADDERS5.15.25.35.45.55.65.7APPENDICESABCTYPICAL COMPONENT DIMENSIONS ANDGUARDRAILING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TESTING OF GUARDRAIL POSTS . . . . . . .TESTING OF GUARDRAILS . . . . . . . . . . . .SPACINGS FOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.28.29
AS 1657—19924STANDARDS AUSTRALIAAustralian StandardFixed platforms, walkways, stairways, and ladders —Design, construction and installationSECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERALLicensed to Desmond Watkins on 25 Aug 2003. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.1.1 SCOPE This Standard sets out requirements for the design, construction, and installation of fixed platforms,walkways, stairways, and ladders which are intended to provide means of safe access to and safe working atplaces normally used by operating, inspection, maintenance, and servicing personnel.The Standard does not apply to situations where special provision is made in appropriate building or otherregulations, e.g. means of escape from fire. Requirements for portable ladders are not included in this Standard.1.2 APPLICATION The design, construction, and installation of a platform, walkway, stairway, or ladder shallcomply with the appropriate requirements of Section 2 and the specific requirements for the type of structure,as follows:(a) Platforms and walkways: Section 3.(b) Stairways: Section 4.(c) Fixed ladders: Section 5.The application of the relevant Sections and the limits of slope are illustrated in Figure 1.1.Where it is not reasonably practicable to meet the full requirements of this Standard, advice should be soughtfrom the regulatory authority.NOTES:1Some structures and vehicles will be unable to comply with all the requirements of this Standard. Special structures include radiomasts, towers, portable on farm light-weight silos, and the like. Vehicles include road tankers, waste disposal trucks, and the like.2Structures and vehicles which are unable to comply with all the requirements of this Standard should comply with the relevantdesign Codes for loading.1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this Standard:AS1170SAA Loading Code1170.1 Part 1: Dead and live loads and load combinations1170.2 Part 2: Wind loads1192Electroplated coatings — Nickel and chromium1538SAA Cold-formed Steel Structures Code1554SAA Structural Steel Welding Code1554.1 Part 1: Welding of steel structures1604Preservative treatment for sawn timber, veneer and plywood1650Hot-dipped galvanized coatings on ferrous articles1664SAA Aluminium Structures Code1665SAA Aluminium Welding Code1720SAA Timber Structures Code1720.1 Part 1: Design methods1734Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Flat sheet, coiled sheet and plate1782Flooring milled from Australian-grown conifers (softwoods) (excluding radiata pine and cypress pine)1789Electroplated coatings — Zinc on iron or steel1790Electroplated coatings — Cadmium on iron or steel1810Flooring milled from cypress pine1866Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Extruded rod, bar, solid and hollow shapes1892Portable ladders1892.2 Part 2: Timber2105Inorganic zinc silicate paintCOPYRIGHT
5Licensed to Desmond Watkins on 25 Aug 2003. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network )4100AS 1657—1992Structural plywoodTimber — Seasoned hardwood — Milled productsConcrete structuresSAA Masonry CodeSteelwork for engineering applicationsSafeguarding of machineryPart 1: General principlesSteel structuresFIGURE 1.1LIMITS OF SLOPE1.4 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply.1.4.1 Accepted — accepted by the authority having jurisdiction.1.4.2 Floor — the surface of a platform, walkway, or landing.1.4.3 Going — in a stair, the horizontal distance from the nosing of one tread to the nosing of the next tread.1.4.4 Guardrailing — a structure to prevent persons from falling off any platform, walkway or landing.1.4.5 Handrail — a rail to provide handhold on a platform, walkway, stairway, or step ladder. It may form partof a guardrailing.1.4.6 Individual-rung ladder — a ladder without stiles, each rung of which is individually attached to astructure or equipment.1.4.7 Ladder — a structure with treads or rungs, with or without stiles and handrails.1.4.8 Ladder cage — a fixed enclosure which encircles the climbing space of a ladder.1.4.9 Landing — a level area used to provide access to a stairway or ladder, or located at an intermediate levelin a system of stairways or ladders.COPYRIGHT
AS 1657—199261.4.10 Nosing — the rounded edge of the tread projecting over the riser.1.4.11 Pipe — a tubular product made as a production item for sale. It may be round, oval, square, orrectangular in section.NOTE: For the purpose of this Standard, the word ‘pipe’ is synonymous with ‘tube’ or structural hollow section (circular, square, orrectangular) although these words are used for different types of products by different industries.1.4.12 Platform — an area provided for access or working, which is elevated above the surrounding floor orlevel.1.4.13 Reasonably practicable — practicable having regard to —(a) the severity of the hazard or risk in question;(b) the state of knowledge about that hazard or risk, and any ways of removing or mitigating that hazard or risk;(c) the availability and suitability of ways to remove or mitigate that hazard or risk; and(d) the cost of removing or mitigating that hazard or risk.Licensed to Desmond Watkins on 25 Aug 2003. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.1.4.14 Regulatory authority — a Minister of the Crown, a government department, commission or otherauthority having power to issue regulations, orders or other instructions having the force of law in respect of anysubject covered by this Standard.1.4.15 Rise — the vertical height from the top of one tread to the top of the next; also refers to the total heightof a flight or series of flights, taken from the top of one floor to the top of the next floor.1.4.16 Rung ladder — a ladder consisting of stiles and rungs.1.4.17 Shall — indicates that a statement is mandatory.1.4.18 Should — indicates a recommendation.1.4.19 Stairway — a sloping stepped structure having not less than three rises and having a slope within therange of 26.5 degrees to 45 degrees inclusive.1.4.20 Step ladder — a ladder consisting of stiles, treads and handrails.1.4.21 Stile — a side member that supports the treads or rungs of a ladder. The terms ‘side rail’, and ‘stringer’,are often used synonymously.1.4.22 Walkway — a passageway that is either level or sloping from the surrounding floor or level. A walkwaymay be a continuous structure or steps with landings.COPYRIGHT
7AS 1657—1992SECTION 2 STRUCTURAL DESIGN, MATERIALS AND WELDINGLicensed to Desmond Watkins on 25 Aug 2003. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.2.1 DESIGN2.1.1 General The design of the structural work comprising the platform, walkways, stairways, ladders, andguardrailing shall comply with the relevant requirements of the following Standards:(a) For aluminium: AS 1664.(b) For concrete: AS 3600.(c) For masonry: AS 3700.(d) For timber: AS 1720.1.(e) For steel: AS 1538, AS 3990(Int) or AS 4100.2.1.2 Design loadings2.1.2.1 Floors Floors shall be designed for the dead load of the structure plus a superimposed live loading ofnot less than 2.5 kPa uniformly distributed, or a concentrated loading of not less than 1 kN at any point,whichever produces the most adverse effect.Where the floor of the platform or walkway or landing is likely to be loaded in excess of the above requirements,the design loading shall be based on the requirements of AS 1170.1.In special cases, where large floor areas or concentrated loads (or both) have to be considered, variation of thedesign load specified above may be referred to the regulatory authority.2.1.2.2 Guardrails The guardrailing shall be designed to withstand whichever of the following live loadingsproduces the most adverse effect:(a) A force of 550 N acting outwards or downwards at any point on the top rail, edge or post.(b) A force of 330 N per linear metre acting outwards or downwards on the top rail or edge.Where appropriate, wind loadings in accordance with AS 1170.2 shall be added to the above live loadings.Where extra severe loading conditions are likely to be encountered, i.e. at points of assembly or wheremechanical equipment is used, the guardrailings shall be designed in accordance with the loading conditions setout in AS 1170.1 and AS 1170.2.NOTES:1Recommended minimum dimensions for typical components of guardrailing comprising posts and rails are given in Appendix A.2Recommended maximum spacing of posts dependent on the material or section of the post and the method of fastening are givenin Appendix A.3Where the guardrailing may be called upon to restrain people under panic conditions a load of up to 3 kN/m may be exerted.2.1.2.3 Handrails Each handrail which is not part of a guardrail shall be designed to withstand the followingnon-simultaneous forces:(a) A force of 550 N applied outwards at the centre of the span.(b) A force of 550 N applied downwards at the centre of the span.2.1.2.4 Stairways Stairways and integral landings shall be designed for the dead load of the structure plus asuperimposed live loading of not less than 2.5 kPa uniformly distributed. Where the stairs are likely to be loadedin excess of the above requirements, the design loading shall be based on the requirements of AS 1170.1.Treads shall be designed for a distributed loading of not less than 2.2 kN per linear metre of stairway width ora concentrated loading of not less than 1 kN, whichever loading produces the more adverse effect.2.1.2.5 Fixed ladders Every ladder and its fixing shall be designed for a concentrated live loading of not lessthan 1 kN, or a number of concentrated live loadings of 1 kN, the number of loads and their spacing beingdependent upon the expected usage of the ladder. Timber ladders shall also comply with Clause 2.2.3.2.2.1.3 Fixing of components All components shall be securely fixed so that guardrails, posts, and intermediaterails or infill form an integral structure or system.The system shall be designed so that joints will withstand the design load and the method of fixing or assemblydoes not weaken the intrinsic strength of the structure or system.2.2 MATERIALS2.2.1 General The materials used shall comply with the relevant Australian Standard specifications, where suchexist, or in their absence with British Standard specifications, or with other recognized specifications.COPYRIGHT
AS 1657—19928All timber to be used for any purpose under the terms of this Standard shall either be non-lyctus susceptible orbe treated against lyctus attack in accordance with AS 1604.Where it is desired to use material not in accordance with a recognized Standard specification, the use of suchmaterial shall be subject to the approval of the regulatory authority.NOTE: Attention is drawn to the corrosion which can occur when dissimilar metals are brought into close proximity with one anotherunder certain conditions.2.2.2 Piping2.2.2.1 General Where pipe is used for guardrails or posts, it shall be of seamless, welded, or drawn weldedmanufacture. Split pipe shall not be used.2.2.2.2 Galvanized pipe Where galvanized pipe is used, the wall thickness shall be not less than 2.0 mm (seeNote). Pipe shall be hot-dip galvanized internally and externally in accordance with the requirements of AS 1650for hollow sections.Where galvanized pipes are welded, care shall be taken to minimize damage to the internal and externalgalvanizing. Damage to the galvanizing shall be made good by cold galvanizing, the application of a zinc-richpaint, or equivalent protection.Licensed to Desmond Watkins on 25 Aug 2003. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.NOTE: Attention is drawn to the minimum design loads given in Section 2.1.2.2.2.2.2.3 Ungalvanized pipe The ends of ungalvanized pipe should be sealed to prevent the ingress of moisture.Sealed pipe shall have a wall thickness of not less than 2.0 mm (see Note).Unsealed pipe shall have a wall thickness of not less than 4.0 mm.NOTE: Attention is drawn to the minimum design loads given in Section 2.1.2.2.2.2.3 Timber materials2.2.3.1 Platforms, walkways and stairways Solid timber shall be standard grade or better, complying withAS 1782, AS 1810 or AS 2796.Solid timber exposed to the weather or to other conditions of high decay hazard shall be of Class 1 or Class 2durability as defined in AS 1684, or be suitably treated in accordance with AS 1604.Plywood shall comply with AS 2269. Plywood exposed to the weather or to other conditions of high decay hazardshall be suitably treated in accordance with AS 1604.2.2.3.2 Ladders The quality of the timber and the species used in the construction of fixed ladders and stepladders shall comply with the appropriate requirements of AS 1892.2.2.2.4 Bolts The permissible working stresses and sizes for bolts shall be as specified in AS 4100.Bolts of a diameter less than 12 mm shall not be used for attaching guardrailing posts, supports, or brackets toplatforms, walkways, or stairways, or for attaching ladders to the main supporting structure. Where the form ofattachment places a tensile load on the bolts or where there is eccentricity of loading on the bolts, not less thantwo bolts shall be used in the connection.For external applications, or hazardous environments, bolts and nuts for aluminium rails and posts shall be hot-dipgalvanized in accordance with AS 1650 or be of austenitic stainless steel.2.2.5 Concrete Concrete materials shall comply with the relevant requirements of AS 3600.2.2.6 Protective coating Where a protective coating is applied, such coating shall comply with the appropriateStandard.NOTES:1The purpose is to inhibit corrosion.2Although any suitable protective coating may be used, the coating shall be applied using good commercial practice.3Some examples of suitable protective coatings are specified in AS 1192, AS 1789, AS 1790 and AS 2105.2.3 WELDING All welding for attaching guardrailing posts, supports, or brackets to platforms, walkways, orstairways, or for attaching ladders to the main supporting structures, shall be continuous.Welding of steel components shall be in accordance with AS 1554.1.Welding of aluminium components shall be in accordance with AS 1665.CAUTION: CARE MUST BE EXERCISED FOR WELDED APPLICATIONS IN THE DESIGN OFALUMINIUM STRUCTURES TO ENSURE ADEQUATE WELD JOINT STRENGTH.COPYRIGHT
9AS 1657—1992Licensed to Desmond Watkins on 25 Aug 2003. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.SECTION 3 PLATFORMS, CONTINUOUSWALKWAYS, AND STEPS WITH LANDINGS3.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS3.1.1 Platforms Platforms shall be nominally horizontal. Where drainage is required, the slope shall not exceed1 in 35.Where the level of a platform above an adjacent platform or floor is not more
AS 1657—1992 Australian Standard Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders — Design, construction and installation First published as AS CA10-1938. Second edition 1963. Third edition 1966. Fourth edition 1971. Revised and redesignated AS 1657-1974. Second edition 1985. Third editio
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