Advanced Computer Tools For Roadway Hydraulic And .
Advanced Computer Tools for Roadway Hydraulicand Hydrologic DesignUtah Department of Transportation (UDOT #00.05)And theMountain Plains ConsortiumbyWilliam J. GrenneyChandrasekhar SwaminathanNewell CrookstonUtah State UniversityLogan, UtahJanuary 2000
DisclaimerThe contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for thefacts and accuracy of the information presented herein. This document is disseminated under thesponsorship of the Department of Transportation, University Transportation Centers Program, inthe interest of information exchange. The U.S. government assumes no liability for the contentsor use thereof.
Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION .1PROJECT OBJECTIVES .1SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES AND TASKS.2Objective 1.2Objective 2.2REVISED OBJECTIVES AND TASKS .2Objective 3.3CULVERT HYDRAULICS PROTOTYPE MODEL .4UDOT WORKSHOP .4REGIONAL VIDEO CONFERENCE.4SURVEY OF GIS TYPE HYDROLOGY MODELS.6GENERAL SURVEY.6SMS (Surface Water Modeling System).6RMS (River Modeling System) .6GEOPAK DRAINAGE .7STORMWORKS .7WMS (Watershed Modeling Program) .7DISCUSSION.8RECOMMENDATIONS.11APPENDIX A: Workbook for the TEL8 Conference.A-1APPENDIX B: Prototype Culvert Module .B-1APPENDIX C: Models Removed During Initial Screening .C-1APPENDIX D: Comparison of GEOPAK and Storm Works.D-1APPENDIX E (available upon request)i
INTRODUCTIONLocalized flooding and road damage can occur if drainage systems are not properlydesigned. The Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) had the HYDRAIN computer librarystandardized on the U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for conducting drainagecalculations. However, this suite of computer programs is DOS-based and can be difficult to useeffectively by consultants and UDOT engineers. In addition, HYDRAIN does not provide aconventional geographical information system (GIS) module for estimating watershedparameters. The HYDRAIN software currently available does not interface directly with theMicroStation Computer Aided Design (CAD) system being used throughout UDOT. TheHydraulics Division believes that productivity and accuracy could be increased by improving theculvert module and by identifying an improved hydraulic design software program.Therefore, this project was initiated to develop and select advanced computer programsto improve roadway hydraulic and hydrologic design tools available for use by UDOT engineersand consultants. The development and selection of such computer software that uses engineeringanalysis and interactive graphics is expected to reduce design and production times and improvequality control.PROJECT OBJECTIVESProject objectives were developed under the guidance of the UDOT Technical AdvisoryCommittee (TAC). Members of the TAC for the project included:NameBryan AdamsDoug AndersonSteve BartlettAbby Fallahi (UDOT Lead)Bill GedrisSkip HudsonGerald RobinsonDenis StuhffOrganizationUDOT, Central HydraulicsUDOT Research and DevelopmentUDOT Research and DevelopmentUDOT, Central HydraulicsFHWA, Utah DivisionMK CentennialUDOT, Region 3 HydraulicsUDOT Central HydraulicsTelephone(801) 965-4231(801) 965-4377(801) 965-4377(801) 965-4693(801) 963-0182, Ext. 243(801) 268-9805(801) 227-8062(801) 965-4231The original scope of work for the project was established in July 1998. The generalobjectives of the project follow:1
1) Produce a prototype module for the analysis of culvert hydraulics, including enhancedfunctionality requested by UDOT.2) Survey the functionality of the ArcView GIS software for application to hydrologicestimates.SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES AND TASKSObjective 1:Produce a prototype module for the analysis of culvert hydraulics and energy dissipaters.Task 1: Develop a prototype computer module for culvert hydraulics that incorporates thespecific functionality requested by UDOT hydraulic engineers, including adjustedinvert, inlet control, outlet control, critical flow, normal flow, full barrel flow, watersurface profiles, and energy dissipaters.Task 2: Provide a user’s manual and training for computer module.Task 3: Provide beta testing and focus group critique of the software products.Objective 2:Survey the functionality of the ArcView GIS software for application to hydraulic design.Task 1: Conduct a survey of features of ArcView as they relate to the use of digital terrainmaps (DTMs) for estimating runoff and stream flow conditions for culvert design.Task 2: Present a summary of features that would be most useful for UDOT designengineers.REVISED OBJECTIVES AND TASKSWork progressed on the tasks, and presentations were made at two TAC meetings duringsummer and fall 1998. A workshop was held at a University of Utah computer laboratory inOctober 1998 for a group of UDOT hydraulic engineers to critique the prototype model.2
At a TAC committee meeting on Jan. 22, 1999, two presentations were made:1) Features of ArcView for potential use by UDOT for hydraulic design.2) Revisions to the prototype hydraulic model based on recommendations from the fallworkshop.The TAC engaged in prolonged discussions on the use of ArcView and other GIS products,and decided that it would be impractical for each UDOT hydraulic design engineer to becomesufficiently skilled in the use of ArcView to apply it to their day-to-day activities. The committeemembers believed that GIS software specifically tailored for hydraulic design was availablecommercially. The TAC committee recommended a shift of the remaining project resources asfollows:1) Discontinue work on the prototype hydraulic model (Objective 1).2) Discontinue work on the assessment of ArcView (Objective 2).3) Conduct a survey of the commercial GIS software products available specifically forhydraulic design (New objective).The new objective was further defined as follows:Objective 3:Survey hydraulic design software products that have the potential to interface with UDOTroadway design procedures and standards and recommend one for use by UDOT.Task 1: Conduct a survey of hydraulic software products that currently are available andhave the potential to support UDOT roadway design procedures and standards.Task 2: Present a summary of features of selected software products and recommend use ofone for UDOT.3
CULVERT HYDRAULICS PROTOTYPE MODELUDOT WORKSHOPThe fall 1998 workshop, held in the Engineering Computer Laboratory at the Universityof Utah, was conducted for the Utah Department of Transportation and covered the followingtopics:Software features of the culvert modelPrediction of scour at a structure outletDesign of internal and external energy dissipatersHydraulic jumpREGIONAL VIDEO CONFERENCEWhen Project Objective No. 1, Development of a Culvert Module, was about 50 percentcomplete, a teleconference was presented by Dr. Grenney to demonstrate the new computermodules, as well as to get focus group critique and feedback from practicing design engineers onhow the modules could be improved. The Utah, Wyoming, and N.D. Departments ofTransportation participated in the eight-hour video conference. Topics included:Summary of the new modeling processes being implemented.Review of the fundamentals of flow through culverts and demonstration of modelfeatures for:Free surface flowHydraulic jumpWater surface profilesDemonstration of features of the new Culvert Model, including:Roadway Properties WindowCulvert Properties Window4
Flow Properties WindowResults WindowDemonstration of new features for filing, printing, and data sharing.Demonstration of features for the Energy Dissipater Module, including:Scour holeInternal dissipatersExternal dissipatersHydraulic jumpThe workbook for the teleconference, which includes a discussion of the fundamental processesupon which the Culvert Model is based, is provided as Appendix AThe Prototype Culvert Module is a tool for calculating information about flows in open channelsand closed barrels commonly used for culverts, including:The shape geometry for sixteen standard shapesThe hydraulic properties of a user-defined shape as well as the standard shapesThe water surface profile for a specified upstream or downstream boundary condition.The User’s Manual for the Prototype Culvert Module is presented in Appendix BThe source code for the computer module is presented in the last Appendix of this report(Appendix E).5
SURVEY OF GIS TYPE HYDROLOGY MODELSGENERAL SURVEYA survey of potential software products was made using the Internet. A summary ofsoftware products, including short descriptions of applications and features that were screened outfrom further investigated is presented in Appendix C.Software products that were evaluated in depth included: the Surface Water modelingSystem (SWMS), RMS (River Modeling System), GEOPAK Drainage, StormWorks, and WMS(Watershed Modeling Program).SMS (Surface Water Modeling System)This program was recommended by the FHWA as a two-dimensional modeling program.It was developed by the Engineering Computer Graphics Laboratory at Brigham YoungUniversity (BYU) (HYPERLINK http://ecgl.byu.edu/index.html http://ecgl.byu.edu/index.html)and is marketed and supported by BOSS International (http://www.bossintl.com). The softwaremodels the water surface elevation, flow velocity, contaminant transport and dispersion, andsediment transport and deposition for complex two-dimensional horizontal flow problems.RMS (River Modeling System)This program, marketed by BOSS International, is used to compute water surface profilesfor modeling bridges, culverts, spillways, levees, bridge scour, floodway delineation andreclamation, stream diversions, split flows, and channel improvements using the U.S. ArmyCorps of Engineers HEC-2 and HEC-RAS water surface profile models (see Appendix D) inAutoCAD (http://www.bossintl.com).6
GEOPAK DRAINAGEThis program module, which is part of a civil engineering suite of products, is used todesign, analyze, and visualize storm water flow, with drainage features integrated with road andsite design tools. The program can handle multiple drainage networks, comprising any number oftopologically-connected areas, inlets, pipes, and ditches. It uses the MicroStation graphicsenvironment for the definition, design, and review of drainage TORMWORKSIntergraph’s StormWorks, which integrates with a suite of other Intergraph civilengineering applications, is a comprehensive program for surface water collection, transport, anddisposal. The program utilizes 3-D modeling and interactive vil).WMS (WATERSHED MODELING PROGRAM)The WMS software provides a comprehensive environment for hydrologic analysis ofwatershed systems. Developed in cooperation with the U.S Army Corps of Engineers WaterwaysExperiment Station and marketed and supported by BOSS International(http://www.bossintl.com), WMS provides graphical tools for use in delineation of watershedsand flood plains. The U.S Army Corps of Engineers HEC-1 and the U.S. Soil ConservationService TR-20 hydrologic routing programs (see Appendix D) may be set up and viewed in auser-friendly graphical environment. Interfaces to the USGS National Flood Frequency programand the Rational Method Equation provide other modeling options(http://ripple.wes.army.mil/software/).7
DISCUSSIONResults of the evaluation of the software packages were presented to the TAC at ameeting at Utah State University. At this meeting, two programs, StormWorks and GEOPAKDrainage, were selected for an in-depth review and evaluation. Complete features of the softwareare presented in Appendix D, Chapter 1 for GEOPAK Drainage and in Appendix D, Chapter 2 forStormWorks.Procedures that were established to evaluate the software products included:Identification of the purpose of the softwareDemonstration of the software by the software developerTesting of the software using a known hydrologic designEvaluation of the characteristics and features of the software, including:Ease of learningFunctionalityApplicability to the taskAvailability of technical supportA summary of the features, approaches, and functionality was developed to illustratedifferences between StormWorks and GEOPAK Drainage. Various features and approachespresented by these models were compared and contrasted.Platform:GEOPAK Drainage is invoked from a 2-D MicroStation Design file, whereasStormWorks can work on two-dimensional and three-dimensional design files. Threedimensional design files offer greater leverage for designing a drainage model.Surface/Geometric data:The Surface/Geometric data define the spatial extent and topological features of adrainage basin and, as such, is the first step in a design process. GEOPAK Drainage uses TIN8
files to store terrain data, while StormWorks stores surface data as either a DAT file, a DTM fileor a TTN file.In the design of a drainage network, roadway alignments, vertical profiles, and DigitalTerrain Models (DTMs) play an important part. GEOPAK Drainage is closely integrated withother GEOPAK civil engineering design software such as GEOPAK Bridge (modeling anddesign), GEOPAK Survey (survey data handling), and GeoTrain (digital terrain modeling). Insimilar fashion, terrain files are interchangeable between StormWorks, InRoads (transportationdesign), SiteWorks (site design), InWater (water distribution), InSewer (wastewater collection)and other Intergraph products. Therefore the use of StormWorks may be preferable if terrainmodels have already been developed using other Intergraph software such as InRoads. Surfacefiles are saved with the extension .dtm and geometry files are saved with the extension .alg inInRoads. These are the same files used to define the basin in StormWorks.Hydrologic features:Rainfall Data: For rainfall data, StormWorks uses intensity-duration frequency tables orrainfall-time of concentration or intensity equations for obtaining rainfall data. GEOPAKDrainage also uses intensity-duration frequency tables. In addition, GEOPAK Drainage has awide range of equations from which to calculate rainfall intensity, including:i f{a,b, c,Tc}i f{a,b,c,frequency,Tc}i f{a,b,c,ln[tc]}Peak Runoff: GEOPAK Drainage uses the rational method for peak runoff computations andfrequency dependent peak factors for runoff coefficients. StormWorks uses the modified rationalformula or the SCS methodology.Land Characteristics: Land uses within a project can be assigned in GEOPAK Drainage.Thus land can be categorized as grass, commercial, pavement, building, industrial, etc. Asdrainage areas are delineated, software determines the proportion of land uses, computes9
subsequent runoff coefficients, and automatically assigns the hydrologic parameters for thedrainage areas. The approach used in StormWorks is slightly different. In StormWorks, the typeof land cover—asphalt, concrete, sandy lawn, clay, roofs, etc., can be selected along with theircorresponding runoff coefficients. The former approach is quite generalized, whereas the latterapproach is more down-to-earth and well-defined for most situations.Drainage Area Parameters: The computational method used for drainage area byStormWorks is either the modified rational formula or the SCS Unit hydrograph method.GEOPAK Drainage uses the rational method.Time of Concentration: The time of concentration, Tc, can be determined using either theKirpich or FAA methodologies in StormWorks. In GEOPAK Drainage, the value of Tc is inputdirectly.Hydraulic Features:Channels: In StormWorks, the channel can be designed by shape, trapezoidal, V-shapedor rectangular. Additionally, the channel material such as concrete, earth, or wood can bespecified. In case of GEOPAK Drainage, channels are designed either by fixed geometry or basedon cross-section. Therefore, trapezoidal or irregular ditches can be designed, but the materialcannot be specified. Slope and velocity constraints can be defined in both models. In addition,GEOPAK Drainage can set constraints on the channel rise.Pipes: Both models provide options for the type of pipe and the material used. In the caseof StormWorks, the software automatically displays error flags if design limitations are exceeded.In both programs, pipe and ditch profiles can be created showing hydraulic and energy gradelines.Flow equations: GEOPAK Drainage uses the Manning flow equation while StormWorksoffers a choice between the Manning, Darcy-Weisbach and Colebrook-White equations. It shouldbe noted that in StormWorks, pipes and culverts are designed using the Darcy-Colebrookequation, while open channels and gutters are always designed using the Manning equation.10
Pumps: Pump parameters can be specified and included in the drainage design in the case ofStormWorks while GEOPAK Drainage does not have such capability.Management Capabilities:Both GEOPAK Drainage and StormWorks offer extensive reporting facilities. Thereporting capabilities of GEOPAK Drainage are superior compared to StormWorks. StormWorksoffers queried reports whereas customized reports can be generated using GEOPAK Drainage.This format can be saved for reuse. StormWorks has a management tool that can be used tomonitor the installation and service dates of selected structures. The reporting capabilities ofStormWorks can be enhanced if it is used in conjunction with DraftWorks, an Intergraph drawingutilities package provided in its civil engineering software package.RECOMMENDATIONSA workshop was held at Utah State University to present resu
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