Climate Change And The Pgh Urban Food System Final
Climate Change and thePittsburgh Urban Food SystemDepartment of Engineering and Public PolicyDepartment of Social and Decision SciencesCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburgh, PA 15213January 2020
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Climate Change and thePittsburgh Urban Food SystemDepartment of Engineering and Public PolicyDepartment of Social and Decision SciencesCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburgh, PA 15213January 2020
Disclaimer and Explanatory NoteThis report is the product of a Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) undergraduate researchproject, in which students from several academic disciplines combine their talents to explore atechnology-intensive policy issue. For one semester, the students conducted research, and then presentedtheir results to an external Review Panel under the direction of CMU faculty and graduate studentmanagers.A draft of this report was submitted to the Review Panel on December 5, 2019. This final versionreflects additional changes made in response to comments from the Review Panel and the faculty.However, this report has not been critically reviewed by experts in the field at the level required for peerreviewed research publications.Please do not cite or quote this report, or any portion thereof, as an official Carnegie MellonUniversity report or document. As a student project, it has not been subjected to the required level ofcritical review.ii
Project ParticipantsThis is a joint study conducted by students of the Department of Engineering and Public Policy(EPP), the Department of Social and Decision Sciences (SDS) and the Heinz College (HC) at CarnegieMellon University (CMU) for the Fall semester of 2019 under the classes 19-452: EPP Projects; 88-452:Policy Analysis Senior Projects; and 90-719: Physical-Technical Systems. Most students are pursuing adouble-major degree jointly with another department or program.1STUDENTSDaniela AcacioTaylor BrownPriscilla ChungSasha Cohen IoannidesKenan DanonBobby GalindoSerena GillianTeagan GoforthHenry HausmannBowen HeJeff KangDhroovaa KhannanAbbey MuiSarina NaphtaliNandini RadhakrishnanRachel ReolfiMolly RohrerOlivia SchappellGrace Physics/STPPMSE/EPPPhilosophy/EHPP/STPPME/EPPIS (DC)CEE/EPPPPMME/EPPSTPP/SDSSDSCEE/EPPPROJECT MANAGERSShuchen CongEPPRohit SinghEPPFACULTY ADVISORSJohn MillerSDSEd RubinEPP/ME1Other programs listed are: CEE Civil & Environmental Engineering; EHPP Ethics, History & Public Policy; IS(DC) Information Systems (Dietrich College); ME Mechanical Engineering; MSE Materials Science &Engineering; PPM Public Policy & Management; and STPP Science, Technology & Public Policy program.iii
Review Panel MembersRebecca BykoskiProgram Manager, Sustainable PittsburghShelly Danko-DayUrban Agriculture and Food Policy Adviser, City of PittsburghVicente DomingoDirector, World Sustainable Urban Food Center of ValenciaCorey FlynnResearch Assistant, University of PittsburghKatie FlynnEnergy Manager, Giant Eagle, Inc.David GolombDirector of Business Development, Paragon Wholesale Foods Corp.Karlin LambertoProject Manager, Pittsburgh Food Policy CouncilSid LuthraSenior Director of Innovation, Giant Eagle, Inc.David PrimmChief Program & Impact Officer, 412 Food RescueAnna SiefkenExecutive Director, Scott Institute for Energy Innovation, CMUThe faculty, project managers, and students would like to thank the members of the Review Panelfor their time, effort, and feedback on this report.iv
Table of ContentsProject Participants . iiiReview Panel Members . ivList of Figures . viiiList of Tables . viiiExecutive Summary . xChapter 1: Introduction . 11.1 Motivation and Background . 11.2 Region of Interest . 11.3 Structure of this Report . 21.4 Chapter 1 References . 3Chapter 2: Urban Food Systems and Their Carbon Footprints . 42.1 Categories of Food . 42.2 Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors across the Food System Life Cycle . 42.2.1 Food Production . 62.2.2 Food Transportation . 72.2.3 Food Storage . 82.2.4 Food Waste . 92.3 Conclusions . 102.4 Chapter 2 References . 11Chapter 3: Food Types, Sources and Emissions . 123.1 Categorizing Food Types . 123.2 Quantification of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Factors . 133.2.1 Aggregation of Food Types into Categories . 133.2.2 Emission Factor Calculations . 133.2.3 Organic versus Non-Organic Foods . 133.3 Estimating Food Quantities. 153.3.1 Transportation Quantities and Freight Analysis Framework Data. 153.3.2 Estimating Packaging Weight . 163.3.3 Estimating Total Food Quantities . 163.4 Carbon Footprint of Allegheny County Food Sources . 183.5 Impact of Food Sources on Other Food System Sectors. 193.6 Policy Options to Reduce GHG Emissions. 203.6.1 Modification of Agricultural Practices . 203.6.2 Changes in Food Quantities . 213.7 Chapter 3 References . 22Chapter 4: Transportation Sector Emissions . 234.1 Transportation Emissions of Food Imported to Allegheny County . 244.1.1 Methodology for Estimating Emissions . 254.1.2 Adjusted Distances of Food Origins . 264.1.3 Estimation of Emissions . 274.1.4 FAF Limitations and Model Assumptions . 284.2 Emissions from Food Distribution to Food Services Sector . 284.3 Emissions from Food Distribution to Retail Sector . 294.4 Emissions from Consumer Travel to the Food Service Sector . 294.5 Emissions from Consumer Travel to the Retail Sector . 304.6 Emissions from Transport of Food Waste to Landfills . 314.7 Policy Options to Reduce GHG Emissions. 32v
4.7.1 Grocery Delivery Services . 324.7.2 Public Education . 334.7.3 Fuel Efficient Vehicles and Practices . 334.8 Conclusions . 344.9 Chapter 4 References . 35Chapter 5: Food Distribution Sector Emissions . 375.1 Food Quantities Distributed in Allegheny County. 375.1.1 Total Weight Based on Public Data Sources . 385.1.2 Total Weight Based on Industry Data . 395.1.3 Best Estimate of Total Food Weight . 395.2 Emissions from Store Operations . 395.2.1 Emissions Estimates for Electricity Usage . 405.2.2 Emission Estimates Based on Industry Data. 425.3 Emissions from Food Waste . 425.4 Policy Options to Reduce GHG Emissions. 435.4.1 Energy Policy Options . 435.4.2 Waste Management and the Food Recovery Hierarchy . 445.5 Conclusions . 495.6 Chapter 5 References . 50Chapter 6: Food Services Sector Emissions . 526.1 Types and Number of Food Service Vendors . 526.2 Food Quantity Entering the Food Services Sector . 526.2.1 Food Consumption Estimates . 526.2.2 Food Waste Estimates . 536.3 Emissions from Food Waste Disposal . 556.4 GHG Emissions from Food Storage . 566.5 Policy Options to Reduce GHG Emissions. 566.5.1 Waste Reduction in Restaurants . 576.5.2 Waste Reduction in Cafeterias . 576.5.3 Maintenance of Existing Storage Equipment. 576.5.4 Use of Energy Efficient Storage Units . 586.5.5 Optimization of Cooler Space and Shipment Frequencies . 586.6 Conclusions . 596.7 Chapter 6 References . 61Chapter 7: Residential Sector Emissions . 637.1 Characterization of Residential Food System . 637.2 Food Consumption Estimates . 647.3 Food Waste Estimates . 647.3.1 Food Waste Estimates . 647.4 Consumer Diet Habits . 657.5 Greenhouse Gas Emission Estimates . 657.5.1 Emissions from Food Waste Disposal . 657.5.2 Emissions from Food Storage . 657.5.3 Emissions Embodied in Consumer Diet Habits . 667.5.4 Embodied Emissions in Discarded Food Waste . 677.6 Policy Options to Reduce GHG Emissions. 687.6.2 Reducing Food Waste . 687.6.3 Upgrading Refrigerators . 697.6.4 Comparison of Policy Options . 707.7 Conclusions . 717.8 Chapter 7 References . 72vi
Chapter 8: Conclusions and Recommendations. 748.1 Summary of Food Quantities in Allegheny County. 748.2 Summary of Greenhouse Gas Emissions . 768.3 Summary of Policy Recommendations . 77Appendices. 80Appendix A: Food Waste Disposal Profile . 80Appendix B: Food Source Sector Quantities . 83Appendix C: Distribution Sector Energy Quantities. 89Appendix D: Distribution Sector Food Quantities . 91Appendix E: Food Service Sector Consumption Estimate . 93Appendix F: Food Services Sector Waste and Energy Use . 94Appendix G: Transport of Packaged Foods to Allegheny County . 102Appendix H: Weighted Average Distance to Retailers and Food Service Locations . 104vii
List of FiguresFigure ES-1: Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the Allegheny County Food System. xFigure 2.1: Food Categories Used in this Study . 4Figure 2.2: Framework for Analysis of the Pittsburgh-Area Urban Food System . 5Figure 2.3: Life Cycle of Food (Mohareb, et al., 2018). . 6Figure 4.1: Transportation in the Food System. 23Figure 4.2: Map of Pittsburgh-New Castle-Weirton Statistical Area (Census, 2012) . 25Figure 4.3: Equation to Calculate Greenhouse Gas Emissions (EPA, 2016). 26Figure 4.4 Distance Food Travels to Enter Allegheny County (DOT, 2017) . 27Figure 5.1: The EPA’s Food Recovery Hierarchy . 44Figure 5.2: Example Ad from Food Composting Initiative in Vancouver, BC . 46Figure 6.1: Reduction in Total Emissions Due to Decreased Food Service Cooler Capacity . 59Figure 7.1: Embodied GHG Emissions based on Consumer Diets (Scarborough et al., 2014) . 66Figure 8.1: Quantities of Food Flow in Allegheny County, 2017 (all values in 1,000 tonnes/yr) . 75Figure 8.2: Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the Allegheny County Food System, 2017. 77List of TablesTable 2.1: GHG Emissions Factors from Food Production (Clune et al., 2017) . 7Table 2.2: Emissions Factor for Different Vehicle Types . 8Table 2.1: Post-disposal Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Different Disposal Practices. 9Table 3.1: GHG Emissions from Organic Production . 14Table 3.2: GHG Emissions from Non-Organic Production . 15Table 3.3: Net Food Quantities into Allegheny County in 2017 using FAF Data . 17Table 3.4: Carbon Footprint of Food Brought into Allegheny County based on FAF data. 19Table 4.1: Food into Allegheny County by Transport Method and GHG Emission Factors . 26Table 4.2: Emissions and Factors for Modeling Food Entering Allegheny County . 28Table 4.3: Frequency of Consumer Trips to Food Service Establishments (Statista, 2016). 30Table 4.4: Emissions due to Consumer Travel for
Jan 29, 2020 · iv Review Panel Members Rebecca Bykoski Program Manager, Sustainable Pittsburgh Shelly Danko-Day Urban Agriculture and Food Policy Adviser, City of Pittsburgh Vicente Domingo Director, World Sustainable Urban Food Center of Valencia Corey Flynn Research Assistant, University of Pittsburgh Katie Flynn Energy Manag
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