SUVEY Of FORMAL EDUCATION - UNESCO
INSTRUCTION MANUALSurvey of Formal EducationMontreal, January 20161
CONTENTPageIntroduction .4Section 1. Coverage of the survey .5A. Formal initial education .6B. Formal adult education .6C. Special needs education .6D. Vocational education .7E. Education finance and expenditure .7Section 2. Reference periods and dates .9A. School or academic year.9B. Financial year .9C. Reference date for ages.9Section 3. Cross-cutting concepts .10A. Levels .10B. Level completion and access.11C. Grades .12D. Fields .13E. Orientation .13F. Full-time, part-time and full-time equivalents (FTE) .14Full-time and part-time students .14Full-time and part-time teaching staff .16Full-time equivalents (FTE) .16G. Age .17H. Educational institutions .17Instructional and non-instructional.17Public and private .182
Section 4. Statistical units .19A. Students .19B. New entrants .19New entrants to Grade 1 of primary education with prior experienceof early childhood education .20First-time new entrants to tertiary education .20C. Repeaters .20D. Graduates.20E. Internationally mobile students .21F. Teaching staff and non-teaching staff .22Teaching staff .22Non-teaching staff .23Qualified teachers .24Trained teachers .24G. Reporting statistical units by cross-cutting concepts .24Teaching staff by level or orientation .24Students or graduates by field .25Students graduating from two or more programmes or levels .25Section 5. Education finance and expenditure .26A. Expenditure from government sources .27Levels of government.27Destination of funds .28Direct government expenditure for educational institutions .28Intergovernmental transfers for education .28Government transfers and payments for education to the private sector .29B. Expenditure from international sources .30Direct expenditure for educational institutions from international sources .30Transfers from international sources to all levels of government .30C. Expenditure from private sources .30Household expenditure on education .30Expenditure of other non-educational private entities .31D. Expenditure by nature in educational institutions .32Current expenditure on education .32Capital expenditure on education .343
INTRODUCTIONThe objective of the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) Survey of Formal Education is toprovide internationally comparable data on key aspects of education systems, such as access,participation, progression and completion, as well as the associated human and financialresources dedicated to them.The data collected are used to monitor and report on international development goals related toeducation, including the education goal of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.These data also form a central part of the UIS international database of education statisticswhich are disseminated widely to the user community and help to inform policymakers at boththe national and international levels.The survey collects information on formal education programmes only classified by level ofeducation as defined in the 2011 revision of the International Standard Classification ofEducation (ISCED 2011).The macro level data that are reported are usually provided by Ministries of Education or byNational Statistical Offices.This instruction manual has been prepared to help data providers in Member States completethe following questionnaires that comprise the Survey of Formal Education: UIS/E/A on students and teachers (ISCED 0-4); UIS/E/B on educational expenditure; and UIS/E/C on students and teachers (ISCED 5-8).Submission of questionnairesThe electronic questionnaires are available es/country.aspxCompleted questionnaires should be sent by email attachment to uis.survey@unesco.orgIf you experience problems accessing the site or for any questions related to the data collection,please contact the UIS at uis.survey@unesco.org or by telephone at 1 514 343 6880.4
Section 1. COVERAGE OF THE SURVEYThe survey collects data on formal education programmes that represent at least theequivalent of one semester (or one-half of a school/academic year) of full-time study and areprovided within the reporting country’s own territory.Formal education is institutionalised, intentional and planned and provided by publicorganizations and recognised private bodies. It consists primarily of initial education designedfor children and young people before their first entry to the labour market. It also includes othertypes of education such as vocational, special needs and adult education provided they arerecognised as part of the formal education system by the relevant national education authorities.The data collection covers all of a country’s formal domestic educational activity (i.e. formaleducation provided within its own territory) regardless of ownership or sponsorship of theinstitutions concerned (whether public or private, national or foreign) or of the educationdelivery mechanism (whether face-to-face or at a distance).In particular, all students studying within the country, including internationally mobile studentsfrom abroad, should be included in the statistics of the reporting country. Students who have leftthe reporting country to study abroad should not be included even where such students arepartially- or fully-funded by national or sub-national authorities.By contrast, formal educational activities which take place abroad – for example, in institutionsrun by providers located in the reporting country or study abroad by students originating fromthe reporting country – should be excluded.The survey covers formal education which takes place entirely in educational institutions oris delivered as a combined school- and work-based programme providing the school-basedcomponent represents at least 10% of the study over the whole programme. Entirely workbased training is excluded. The programmes on which data should be reported in this surveyinclude:a. programmes representing at least one semester of full-time study;b. school-based or combined school- and work-based programmes;c. formal initial education in early childhood education programmes, pre-primary, primaryand secondary schools, colleges, polytechnics, universities and in other post-secondaryinstitutions;d. formal adult education recognised by the relevant national education authorities;e. vocational or technical education and special needs education;f.distance education (especially at the tertiary level);g. formal education in public (or state) and in private schools, colleges, polytechnics oruniversities;h. both full-time and part-time formal education; andi.education provided in the reporting country of all students whether citizens or noncitizens.5
The education programmes covered by the survey should be classified according to the levelsand fields of education respectively defined in the 2011 revision of the International StandardClassification of Education (ISCED 2011) and the ISCED Fields of Education and Training 2013(ISCED-F 2013).The following is a set of basic definitions that helps to define the scope and coverage of thisdata collection.A.FORMAL INITIAL EDUCATIONFormal education is institutionalised, intentional and planned through public organizationsand recognised private bodies. Formal education programmes are thus recognised as suchby the relevant national education authorities or equivalent authorities, e.g. any otherinstitution in cooperation with the national or sub-national education authorities. Formaleducation consists mostly of initial education.Initial education is the education of individuals before their first entrance to the labourmarket, i.e. when they will normally be in full-time education. It thus targets individuals whoare regarded as children, youth and young adults by their society. It typically takes place ineducational institutions in a system designed as a continuous educational pathway.B.FORMAL ADULT EDUCATIONAdult education is specifically targeted at individuals who are regarded as adults by theirsociety to improve their technical or professional qualifications, further develop their abilities,enrich their knowledge with the purpose to complete a level of formal education, or to acquire,refresh or update their knowledge, skills and competencies in a particular field. This alsoincludes what may be referred to as ‘continuing education’, ‘recurrent education’ or ‘secondchance education’.In most countries adult education is not recognised as part of the formal education system andshould therefore be excluded from this survey. Formal adult education programmes includedin this data collection may be designed as second chance programmes for youth or adults andoffered in the same or similar formal settings as initial education. They do not have the sametypical entry age as equivalent programmes in initial education and may have a different,usually shorter, duration.Formal adult education programmes should be assigned to the most appropriate ISCED levels.They should not be treated as a separate level of education.C.SPECIAL NEEDS EDUCATIONFormal special needs education is treated similarly to other initial education programmesprovided the main aim of these programmes is the educational development of the individual.Special needs education is designed to facilitate learning by individuals who, for a widevariety of reasons, require additional support and adaptive pedagogical methods in order to6
participate and meet learning objectives in an education programme.Programmes in special needs education may follow a similar curriculum to that offered in theparallel regular education system (i.e. initial education designed for individuals without specialeducational needs), but they take individual needs into account by providing specific resources(e.g. specially-trained personnel, equipment or space) and, if appropriate, modified educationalcontent or learning objectives. These programmes can be offered to individual students withinalready-existing education programmes or as a separate class in the same or separateeducational institutions.D.VOCATIONAL EDUCATIONFormal vocational education programmes are covered by this data collection provided theyare delivered either as entirely school-based programmes or as combined school- and workbased programmes in which the school-based component represents at least 10% of the totalstudy over the whole programme. Entirely work-based training is excluded.Vocational education is designed for learners to acquire the knowledge, skills andcompetencies specific to a particular occupation, trade, or class of occupations or trades.Vocational education may have work-based components. Successful completion of suchprogrammes leads to labour market-relevant vocational qualifications acknowledged asoccupationally-oriented by the relevant national authorities and/or the labour market.Experience shows that for combined school- and work-based programmes the coverage ofwork-based components in national data collections is uneven. In order to ensure comparabilityacross countries, the reporting of student numbers should fully include participation in the workbased components, as part of combined or hybrid systems, while teaching staff (or trainers) ofthis component should always be excluded. Similarly, the financing of work-based componentsshould not be reported in education finance statistics.E.EDUCATION FINANCE AND EXPENDITUREThe data collection on education finance and expenditure covers government expenditure onformal education, including expenditure from all government ministries and agencies financingor supporting education programmes. Where possible, it should also include expenditure frominternational and private sources.Data on education finance and expenditure should be reported for the same programmes as forstudents, teaching staff and graduates. This means they should cover spending on formaleducation programmes which are delivered within the national territory, irrespective of thecitizenship of students enrolled in these programmes.Expenditure should be reported whether it is on instructional or non-instructional educationalinstitutions, public or private.Expenditure on education includes expenditure on core educational goods and services, suchas teaching staff, school buildings, or school books and teaching materials, and peripheral7
educational goods and services such as ancillary services, general administration and otheractivities.8
Section 2. REFERENCE PERIODS AND DATESA.SCHOOL OR ACADEMIC YEARThe start and end dates of the school or academic year should be reported separately forstudents and for graduates. The start date is the first day of the reference year the educationalinstitution was open to provide instruction to students. The end date is the last day of formalinstruction even if the institution remains open for teachers or if examinations are being held. Ifdata on graduates are collected according to a different year from students (for example within agiven calendar year rather than school or academic year) the start and end dates of the datacollection year should be reported.B.FINANCIAL YEARThe financial year is a 12-month period ending in the survey reference year during which theannual education budget is spent. It may or may not coincide with the school or academic year.C.REFERENCE DATE FOR AGESThe reference date for ages is the single date at which the ages of students are recorded.Where national data collection systems allow and to ensure cross-national comparability, thisdate should be as close as possible to the beginning of the reference school or academic yearto enable the more accurate calculation of net enrolment rates and similar indicators.9
Section 3. CROSS-CUTTING CONCEPTSA.LEVELSThe data reported in this survey should be disaggregated by the levels of education defined inthe 2011 revision of the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED 2011) andthe ISCED Fields of Education and Training 2013 (ISCED-F 2013). ISCED classifies educationprogrammes by their content using two main cross-classification variables: levels of educationand fields of education.Before completing this survey, education programmes should first be classified by levelaccording to the ISCED 2011 criteria. If your country does not have a recent validated ISCEDmapping or if there have been subsequent changes to your national education system, pleasedownload and complete or update the questionnaire on National Education Systems(UIS/ED/ISC11) at: country.aspx andreturn it by email to the UIS (uis.survey@unesco.org). The UIS will use these mappings tovalidate your data submission.Levels of education are an ordered set grouping education programmes in relation togradations of learning experiences, as well as the knowledge, skills and competencies whicheach programme is designed to impart. The ISCED level reflects the degree of complexityand specialisation of the content of an education programme, from foundational to complex.The levels are defin
c. formal initial education in early childhood education programmes, pre-primary, primary and secondary schools, colleges, polytechnics, universities and in other post-secondary . refresh or update their knowledge,
The UNESCO -IHE Institute for Water Education (UNESCO -IHE) became part of the UNESCO Water Familyduring the 31 st session of the UNESCO General Conference in October 2001 and started its operations in June 2003. Before becoming a UNESCO Category I Institute, UNESCO -IHE
UNESCO Office, Jakarta Publications 2006-2007 UNESCO Office, Jakarta www.UNESCO.or.id Jl. Galuh II no 5. Kebayoran Baru. Jakarta 12110 Tel: 62-21 7399818. Fax: 62-21 72796489 Email: Jakarta@unesco.org UNESCO Librarian : Rosinta P. Hutauruk (rp.hutauruk@unesco.org ) Basic Sciences (BSC) -2007 / 2006 Coastal and Small Island -2007 / 2006
Designed and printed by UNESCO Printed in France UNESCO Education Sector Education is UNESCO’s top priority because it is a basic human right and the foundation on which to build peace and drive sustainable development. UNESCO is the United Nations’ specialized agency for education and the Education Sector provides global and
c. formal initial education in early childhood education programmes, pre-primary, primary and secondary schools, colleges, polytechnics, universities and in other post-secondary . refresh or update their knowledge,
4 Resolution 1.341, 7th session of the UNESCO General Conference, 1952 5 Document UNESCO/ED/149 of 4 February 1957 6 Document ED/MD/19, 1971 7 UNESCO's Associated Schools Project Network (ASPnet) - List of Participating Institutions, UNESCO 1997 8 Approved Programme and Budget for 1998-1999, Document 29 C/5, Paragraph 06028, UNESCO, 1998 1 1
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