MSE 209: Introduction To The Science And Engineering Of .
MSE 209: Introduction to the Scienceand Engineering of MaterialsSpring 2010 MSE 209 - Section 1Instructor: Leonid ZhigileiMonday and Wednesday, 08:30 – 9:45 amOlsson Hall 009MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials ScienceChapter 1, Introduction1
MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials ScienceChapter 1, Introduction2
Research in Computational Materials Group:Generation of crystal defects and melting in a metal target irradiated bya short laser pulseSimulation of impact resistance ofcarbon nanotube materialsTemperature distribution in a simulation ofheat transfer in a carbon nanotube materialGroupWebSite: http://faculty.virginia.edu/CompMat/MSE 2090:Introductionto Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction3
Contact Information:Instructor: Leonid ZhigileiOffice: Wilsdorf Hall, Room 303DOffice Hours: 10:00 am to 12:00 pm Tuesday & openTelephone: (434) 243 3582E-mail: lz2n@virginia.eduClass web page:http://www.people.virginia.edu/ lz2n/mse209/Class e-mail list: 10f-mse-2090-1@collab.itc.virginia.eduGraduate Teaching Assistant: Ms. Priya GhatwaiOffice: Materials Science Building 109Office hours: 4-5 pm on Tuesdays and Wednesdaysin Materials Science Building, Room 125AYou can also e-mail Ms. Ghatwai for additionalappointments and individual consultations.E-mail: pg9j@virginia.eduMSE 2090: Introduction to Materials ScienceChapter 1, Introduction4
Grading:¾ Homework: 15 %¾ Two mid-term exams: 40 %¾ Final exam: 45 %Homework: 11 problem sets will be will be assignedand will be due at the beginning of class one weekafter assignment. Homework solutions should be neatand stapled. Homework does not require the pledgeand cooperation among students is permitted. Copyingis not permitted.Late homework is not acceptedTests: pledged, closed-book and closed-notesTextbook:W. D. Callister & D. G. Rethwisch, Materials Scienceand Engineering: An Introduction (John Wiley 2010,8th edition)I will also post my lecture notes on the web.MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials ScienceChapter 1, Introduction5
Syllabus:¾ From atoms to microstructure: Interatomicbonding, structure of crystals, crystal defects,non-crystalline materials.¾ Mass transfer and atomic mixing: Diffusion,kinetics of phase transformations.¾ Mechanical properties, elastic and plasticdeformation, dislocations and strengtheningmechanisms, materials failure.¾ Phase diagrams: Maps of equilibrium phases.¾ Polymer structures, properties and applicationsof polymers.¾ Electrical, thermal, magnetic, and opticalproperties of materials.MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials ScienceChapter 1, Introduction6
Chapter 1: Introduction Historical PerspectiveStone Bronze Iron Advanced materials What is Materials Science and Engineering ?Processing Structure Properties Performance Classification of MaterialsMetals, Ceramics, Polymers, Semiconductors Advanced MaterialsElectronic materials, superconductors, etc. Modern Material's Needs, Material of FutureBiodegradable materials, Nanomaterials, “Smart” materialsMSE 2090: Introduction to Materials ScienceChapter 1, Introduction7
Historical Perspective Beginning of the Material Science - People began tomake tools from stone – Start of the Stone Age abouttwo million years ago.Natural materials: stone, wood, clay, skins, etc. The Stone Age ended about 5000 years ago withintroduction of Bronze in the Far East. Bronze is analloy (a metal made up of more than one element),copper 25% of tin other elements.Bronze: can be hammered or cast into a variety ofshapes, can be made harder by alloying, corrode onlyslowly after a surface oxide film forms. The Iron Age began about 3000 years ago and continuestoday. Use of iron and steel, a stronger and cheapermaterial changed drastically daily life of a commonperson. Age of Advanced materials: throughout the Iron Agemany new types of materials have been introduced(ceramic, semiconductors, polymers, composites ).Understanding of the relationship among structure,properties, processing, and performance of materials.Intelligent design of new materials.MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials ScienceChapter 1, Introduction8
A better understanding of structure-compositionproperties relations has lead to a remarkable progressin properties of materials. Example is the dramaticprogress in the strength to density ratio of materials, thatresulted in a wide variety of new products, from dentalmaterials to tennis racquets.Figure from: M. A. White, Properties of Materials(Oxford University Press, 1999)MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials ScienceChapter 1, Introduction9
What is Materials Science and Engineering ?ProcessingMaterialsOptimization LoopStructureObservationalPropertiesMaterial science is the investigation of the relationshipamong processing, structure, properties, and performanceof materials.MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials ScienceChapter 1, Introduction10
Structure Subatomic level (Chapter 2)Electronic structure of individualatoms that defines interaction amongatoms (interatomic bonding). Atomic level (Chapters 2 & 3)Arrangement of atoms in materials(for the same atoms can havedifferent properties, e.g. two forms ofcarbon: graphite and diamond) Microscopic structure (Ch. 4)Arrangement of small grains ofmaterial that can be identified bymicroscopy. Macroscopic structureStructural elements that may beviewed with the naked eye.MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials ScienceChapter 1, IntroductionMonarch butterfly 0.1 m11
Length-scalesAngstrom 1Å 1/10,000,000,000 meter 10-10 mNanometer 10 nm 1/1,000,000,000 meter 10-9 mMicrometer 1µm 1/1,000,000 meter 10-6 mMillimeter 1mm 1/1,000 meter 10-3 mInteratomic distance a few ÅA human hair is 50 µmElongated bumps that make up the data track on a CD are 0.5 µm wide, minimum 0.83 µm long, and 125 nm highMSE 2090: Introduction to Materials ScienceChapter 1, Introduction12
The Scale of Things (DOE)Things ManmadeBee 15 mm1 meter (m)10-1 m0.1 m100 mmProgress in miniaturizationMonarch butterfly 0.1 mCat 0.3 m100 m10-2 m0.01 m1 cm10 mm10-3 m1 millimeter (mm)Objects fashioned frommetals, ceramics, glasses, polymers .Head of a pin1-2 mmMicroelectronicsMEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) Devices10 -100 μm wideThe MicroworldDust mite300 μmHuman hair 50 μm wideFly ash 10-20 μm10-4 m0.1 mm100 μm10-5 m0.01 mm10 μmRed blood cellsPollen grainMagnetic domainsgarnet film11 μm wide stripes10 nmCell membraneDNA 2 nm wideAtoms of siliconspacing tenths of nmmcmmmμmnm10010-210-310-610-91m0.01 m0.001 m0.000001 m0.000000001 m1 micrometer (μm)VisiblespectrumThe NanoworldATP synthaseProgress in atomic-level understandingSchematic, central -6 mRed blood cellswith white cell 2-5 μm10-7 m0.1 μm100 nm10-8 m0.01 μm10 nmIndium arsenidequantum dotQuantum dot array -germanium dots on siliconBiomotor using ATP10-9 m10-10 mSelf-assembled“mushroom”1 nanometer (nm)0.1 nmThe 21st century challenge -- Fashion materials at the nanoscale with desired properties and functionalityThings NaturalQuantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surfacepositioned one at a time with an STM tipCorral diameter 14 nmChart from http://www.sc.doe.gov/production/bes/scale of things.htmlMSE 2090: Introduction to Materials ScienceChapter 1, Introduction13
Length and Time Scales in Materials Modelingby Greg Odegard, NASAMSE 2090: Introduction to Materials ScienceChapter 1, Introduction14
110-710-9Leonid Zhigilei, UVAPhase transformation ondiamond surfaces10-12Nanoscopic106Farid Abraham, IBMMD of crack propagation10310-8Mo Li, JHU, Atomisticmodel of a nanocrystalline10-9Time Scale, secondsDislocation DynamicsNature, 12 February, 1998di ana, S ture lmlHo r frac modehbet anula ottsaziEl tergr arlo PIn te CnMoMicroscopic1027Length Scale, number of atoms109Mesoscopic0.1Length Scale, meters10-7Length and Time Scales in Materials ModelingMSE 2090: Introduction to Materials ScienceChapter 1, Introduction15
Types of MaterialsLet us classify materials according to the way the atoms arebound together (Chapter 2).Metals: valence electrons are detached from atoms, andspread in an 'electron sea' that "glues" the ions together.Strong, ductile, conduct electricity and heat well, are shinyif polished.Semiconductors: the bonding is covalent (electrons areshared between atoms). Their electrical properties dependstrongly on minute proportions of contaminants. Examples:Si, Ge, GaAs.Ceramics: atoms behave like either positive or negativeions, and are bound by Coulomb forces. They are usuallycombinations of metals or semiconductors with oxygen,nitrogen or carbon (oxides, nitrides, and carbides). Hard,brittle, insulators. Examples: glass, porcelain.Polymers: are bound by covalent forces and also by weakvan der Waals forces, and usually based on C and H. Theydecompose at moderate temperatures (100 – 400 C), andare lightweight. Examples: plastics rubber.MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials ScienceChapter 1, Introduction16
PropertiesProperties are the way the material responds to theenvironment and external forces.Mechanical properties – response to mechanical forces,strength, etc.Electrical and magnetic properties - response electricaland magnetic fields, conductivity, etc.Thermal properties are related to transmission of heat andheat capacity.Optical properties include to absorption, transmission andscattering of light.Chemical stability in contact with the environment corrosion resistance.MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials ScienceChapter 1, Introduction17
Material SelectionDifferent materials exhibit different crystal structures(Chapter 3) and resultant properties(a)(b)forceMSE 2090: Introduction to Materials ScienceChapter 1, Introduction18
Material SelectionDifferent materials exhibit different microstructures(Chapter 4) and resultant propertiesSuperplastic deformation involves low-stress sliding alonggrain boundaries, a complex process of which materialscientists have limited knowledge and that is a subject ofcurrent investigations.MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials ScienceChapter 1, Introduction19
Material selection: Properties/performance and costmetalsceramicssemiconductorsMSE 2090: Introduction to Materials SciencepolymersChapter 1, Introduction20
Composition, Bonding, Crystal Structureand Microstructure DEFINE Materials PropertiesCompositionBondingCrystal SE 2090: Introduction to Materials ScienceChapter 1, Introduction21
Future of materials scienceDesign of materials having specific desired characteristicsdirectly from our knowledge of atomic structure. Miniaturization:“Nanostructured" materials, withmicrostructure that has length scales between 1 and nents, materials for quantum computing. Smart materials: airplane wings that adjust to the airflow conditions, buildings that stabilize themselves inearthquakes Environment-friendly materials: biodegradable orphotodegradable plastics, advances in nuclear wasteprocessing, etc. Learning from Nature: shells and biological hard tissuecan be as strong as the most advanced laboratory-producedceramics, mollusces produce biocompatible adhesives thatwe do not know how to reproduce Materials for lightweight batteries with high storagedensities, for turbine blades that can operate at 2500 C,room-temperature superconductors? chemical sensors(artificial nose) of extremely high sensitivity, cotton shirtsthat never require ironing MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials ScienceChapter 1, Introduction22
MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 16 Types of Materials Let us classify materials according to the way the atoms are bound together (Chapter 2). Metals: valence electrons are detached from atoms, and spread in an 'electron sea' that "glues" the ions togethe
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
Modular block wall: Typical extensible reinforcement Precast concrete panel type of wall: Uses both extensible or inextensible reinforcement. Note: Current Indiana specification only allows inextensible reinforcement with precast concrete panel type of MSE wall. Slide 4. MSE Walls . Term "MSE" : Mechanically Stabilized Earth. Types of MSE .
The design of MSE walls follows the design steps provided in Chapter 18. This Appendix governs the design of permanent and temporary MSE wall structures. The design life of both permanent and temporary MSE walls is provided in Chapter 18. The design responsibilities of SCDOT (or its representative) and the MSE wall supplier are outlined with
