Uni Eco-Stone Guide And Research Summary
UNI ECO-STONE GUIDEANDRESEARCHSUMMARYPermeable Pavementfor Stormwater ManagementUNI-GROUP U.S.A.MANUFACTURERS OF UNI PAVING STONES
UNI-GROUP U.S.A.MANUFACTURERS OF UNI PAVING STONES4362 Northlake Blvd. Suite 204 Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33410 (561) 626-4666 Fax (561) 627-6403 (800) 872-1864This paper is a summary of the Eco-Stone research and studies that have been done to date and includes a general design overviewand other information that may be helpful to the designer. For a copy of any of these reports, theses, or articles call UNI-GROUPU.S.A. at 1-800-872-1864 or contact us via e-mail at info@uni-groupusa.org.The information included in this report is intended to provide guidance and recommendations for the design and construction ofUNI Eco-Stone interlocking concrete permeable pavements. Recommendations are guidelines only and will vary with localregulations, specifications, environmental conditions, materials, and established construction methods for an area. It is not intendedto replace the judgement or expertise of professional engineers or landscape architects, who should be consulted in the design andconstruction of permeable pavements. 2002-2003 UNI-GROUP U.S.A.This report may not be reproduced whole or in part without the express written consent of UNI-GROUP U.S.A.ACKER STONEKIRCHNER BLOCK & BRICK, INC.13296 Temescal Canyon Rd., Corona, CA 91719 12901 St. Charles Rock Rd.,(909) 674-0047 / FAX (909) 674-0477Bridgeton, MO 63044(314) 291-3200 / FAX (314) 291-0265ANCHOR CONCRETE PRODUCTSCORPORATE HEADQUARTERSMUTUAL MATERIALS, INC.1913 Atlantic Ave., Manasquan, NJ 08736605 119th Ave. N. E., Bellevue, WA 98005(732) 292-2500 / FAX (732) 292-2650(425) 452-2300 / FAX (425) 637-0794(800) 477-3008ANCHOR CONCRETE PRODUCTSIDEAL CONCRETE BLOCK CO.232 Lexington St., Waltham, MA 02454(781) 894-3200 / FAX (781) 894-8526(800) 444-7287PAVESTONE COMPANYUNILOCK, LTD.3215 State Highway 360, Grapevine, TX 76099 287 Armstrong Ave.(817) 481-5802 / FAX (817) 488-3216Georgetown, Ontario, Canada L7G-4X6(905) 453-1438 / FAX (905) 874-3034PAVESTONE COMPANY30001 Katy-Brookshire Rd., Katy, TX 77494UNILOCK, INC.(281) 391-7283 / FAX (281) 391-7337510 Smith St., Buffalo, NY 14210(716) 822-6074 / FAX (716) 822-6076PAVESTONE COMPANY1900 Clovis Barker Rd., San Marcos, TX 78666 UNILOCK NEW YORK, INC.(512) 558-7283 / FAX (512) 558-728951 International Blvd., Brewster, NY 10509MUTUAL MATERIALS, INC.(914) 278-6700 / FAX (914) 278-67886721 E. Trent, Spokane, WA 99212PAVESTONE COMPANY(509) 922-4100 / FAX (509) 922-7207169 Peggy Lane, Tyrone, GA 30290UNILOCK CHICAGO, INC.(800) 755-0413(770) 306-5082 / FAX (770) 306-8741301 E. Sullivan Rd., Aurora, IL 60504(630) 892-9191 / FAX (630) 892-9215MUTUAL MATERIALS, INC.PAVESTONE COMPANY18230 S.W. Boones Ferry Rd.64033 Highway 434, Lacombe, LA 70445UNILOCK MICHIGAN, INC.Portland, OR 97224(985) 882-9111 / FAX (985) 882-522512591 Emerson Dr., Brighton, MI 48116(503) 624-8860 / FAX (503) 620-4709(248) 437-7037 / FAX (248) 437-4619(800) 477-7137PAVESTONE COMPANY7322 Bonnyshire Dr., Chattanooga, TN 37416 UNILOCK OHIO, INC.PAVER SYSTEMS(423) 855-1899 / FAX (423) 855-099512560 Sheets Rd., Rittman, OH 442707167 Interpace Rd., West Palm Beach, FL 33407(330) 927-4000 / FAX (330) 927-4100PAVESTONE COMPANY(561) 844-5202 / FAX (561) 844-54548479BroadwellRd.,Cincinnati,OH45244(800) 226-0004WILLAMETTE GRAYSTONE, INC.(513) 474-3783 / FAX (513) 474-66832405 N. E. 244th Ave.,PAVER SYSTEMSWood Village, OR 97060PAVESTONECOMPANY39 West Landstreet Rd., Orlando, FL 32824(503) 669-7612 / FAX (503) 669-76191015 S. 43rd Ave., Phoenix, AZ 85009(407) 859-9117 / FAX (407) 851-9316(602) 257-4588 / FAX (602) 257-1224(800) 226-9117LICENSING OFFICE:PAVESTONE COMPANYF. VON LANGSDORFF LICENSING LTD.PAVER SYSTEMS601 N. E. Pavestone Dr.,14145 Kennedy Road, RR#1, Inglewood,8907 N. 12th St. & Busch Blvd.,Lee's Summit, MO 64064Ontario, Canada L0N-1K0Tampa, FL 33604(816) 524-9900 / FAX (816) 524-9901(905) 838-1980 / FAX (905) 838-1981(813) 932-2212 / FAX (813) 933-4914(800) 356-PAVEPAVESTONE COMPANYVisit our website at www.uni-groupusa.org for9401 E. 96th Ave., Henderson, CO 80640PAVER SYSTEMSupdated information on our manufacturer(303) 287-3700 / FAX (303) 287-9759343 Interstate Blvd., Sarasota, FL 34240listings, research, design guides and more.(941) 377-9594 / FAX (941) 377-9780PAVESTONE COMPANY4675 Wynn Rd., Las Vegas, NV 89103PAVESTONE COMPANY(702) 221-2700 / FAX (702) 221-2727CORPORATE HEADQUARTERSINTERLOCK PAVING SYSTEMS, INC.802 West Pembroke Ave., Hampton, VA 23669(757) 723-0774 / FAX (757) 723-8895(800) 572-3189 (In NC & VA)700 Heritage Square I4835 LBJ @ Dallas Parkway, Dallas, TX 75244(972) 404-0400 / FAX (972) 404-9200(800) 580-PAVE (Texas Only)(800) 245-PAVE (National)975 Burnt Tavern Rd., Brick, NJ 08724(732) 458-6888 / FAX (732) 840-4283ANCHOR CONCRETE PRODUCTS100 Foulrift Rd., Phillipsburg, NJ 08865(908) 475-1225 / FAX (908) 475-1787ANCHOR CONCRETE PRODUCTS6 Jerome Ave., Lyndhurst, NJ 07071(201) 939-2300 / FAX (201) 939-0600ANCHOR CONCRETE PRODUCTS103 Yellowbrook Rd., Farmingdale, NJ 07727(732) 919-2022 / FAX (732) 919-3946BALCON/BETCO2630 Conway Rd., Crofton, MD 21114(410) 721-1900 / FAX (410) 793-0657Baltimore (410) 793-0638Metro Washington, DC (301) 261-0200BORGERT PRODUCTS, INC.8646 Ridgewood Rd., St. Joseph, MN 56374(320) 363-4671 / FAX (320) 363-8516IDEAL CONCRETE BLOCK CO.45 Power Rd., Westford, MA 01886(781) 894-3200 / FAX (978) 692-0817(800) 444-7287PAVESTONE COMPANY4751 Power Inn Rd., Sacramento, CA 95826(916) 452-5233 / FAX (916) 452-9242PAVESTONE COMPANY27600 County Rd. 90, Winters CA 95694(916) 452-5233 / FAX (916) 452-92422
TABLE OF CONTENTSUNI ECO-STONE PROJECTS.4INTRODUCTION.5LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN.6UNI ECO-STONE PERMEABLE INTERLOCKING CONCRETE PAVEMENTS.7Features and Benefits of the Uni Eco-Stone Pavement System.7Municipal Regulations, Infiltration Practices, and Objectives.7General Construction Guidelines.8Design Options - Full, Partial, or No Exfiltration.8Site Selection Guidelines.9Infiltration Rate Design and Considerations.9Construction Materials and Installation Guidelines.10Cold Climate Design Considerations.11Maintenance.11RESEARCH AND TESTING - UNI ECO-STONE PERMEABLE PAVEMENT SYSTEM.13Design Considerations for the UNI Eco-Stone Concrete Paver.13Drainage Design and Performance Guidelines for UNI Eco-Stone Permeable Pavement.14Infiltration and Structural Tests of Permeable Eco-Paving.15ONGOING RESEARCH AT GUELPH UNIVERSITY.16The Leaching of Pollutants From Four Pavements Using Laboratory Apparatus.16Experimental Investigation of Thermal Enrichment of Stormwater Runoff From Two Paving Surfaces.20Design and Installation of Test Sections of Porous Pavements for Improved Quality of Parking Lot Runoff.22Long-Term Stormwater Infiltration Through Concrete Pavers.25Feasibility of a Permeable Pavement Option in the Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) forLong-Term Continuous Modeling.28Restoration of Infiltration Capacity of Permeable Pavers.30The Rate of Clogging of Concrete Pavers.33Clogging of Eco-Stone Permeable Pavers - Volume 2, Experiments 2, 3, and 4 at the University of Guelph.36GUELPH SYNOPSES OF RESEARCH.38WILLIAM JAMES PROFESSIONAL PAPERS.40ADDITIONAL UNI ECO-STONE RESEARCH AND TESTING.41Field Evaluation of Permeable Pavement Systems for Improved Stormwater Management.41The University of Washington Permeable Pavement Demonstration Project.41Expert Opinion on UNI Eco-Stone - Pedestrian Use.41Expert Opinion - In-Situ Test of Water Permeability of Two UNI Eco-Stone Pavements.41Drainage with Interlocking Pavers.42Development of Design Criteria for Flood Control and Groundwater Recharge UtilizingUNI Eco-Stone and ECOLOC Paving Units.42STRUCTURAL DESIGN SOFTWARE.42POWERPOINT PRESENTATION.43CASE STUDIES.43ADDITIONAL REFERENCES.44INSPECTION FORMS FOR STORMWATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS.453
UNI ECO-STONE PROJECTS Rio Vista Water Treatment Plant Ash Avenue Park & Ride Mickel Field & Highlands Park Private Residence Wilcox Lake Park, City of Richmond Hill Annsville Creek (ECOLOC ) Private Residence Atlanta Zoo Private Residence Private Residence English Park Homestead Village, VI West Seattle High School Private Residence Humberwood Development Center Commercial Parking Lot Kean Design Crazy Crab Restaurant Olympia School District Facility Cumberland Island National Seashore Museum Booth’s Cobblestone Parking Lot Private Residence Howland Hook, Port of New York/New Jersey (ECOLOC ) Lowes/Safeway Parking Lot Residential Housing Development Queenquay Community Center Wynnsong Cinemas Redwood Village Condominiums Private Residence Jordan Cove - Glen Brook Green Seattle Center Mural Stage Regent Court Apartments St. Andrews Church Harbourfront Fire Station No. 9 Jurgens Park Parkland Homes Sherwood Island State Park 4th Street Parking Lot Corkscrew Swamp State Park Trinity United Church Commercial Parking Lot Newark International Airport Ford Canada Corporation Suave Island Boat Ramp Parking Lot Private Residence Private Residence Multnomah Arts Center Sand Dollar Resort & Time Share Bed, Bath & Beyond Parking Lot Dominican University (ECOLOC ) Artesia Condominium Parking Lot Wings of Imagination Parking Lot Lucky Labrador Brew Pub Sand Dollar Resort & Time Share Private ResidenceCastaic Lake Water Agency, Santa Clarita, CAMarysville, WAWilton Manors, FLKirkland, WAOakridges, ONPeekskill, NYWinter Park, FLAtlanta, GAMercer Island, WASouth Shore, MAAtlanta, GADallas, TXSeattle, WAJupiter Island, FLEtobicoke, ONNorth Hampton, NHWinter Park, FLHilton Head, SCOlympia, WASt. Mary’s, GAOrlando, FLDallas, TXStaten Island, NYLacey, WAHilton Head Island, SCToronto, ONSavannah, GAWoodinville, WAWinter Park, FLWaterford, CTSeattle, WAVero Beach, FLSonoma, CAToronto, ONTualatin, ORWinter Park, FLWestport, CTLa Center, WANaples, FLGrimsby, ONNantucket, MANewark, NJOakville, ONSuave Island, ORLong Island, NYSanibel Island, FLPortland, ORSanibel Island, FLHyannis, MARiver Forest, ILCape Canaveral, FLKey West, FLMultnomah, ORSanibel Island, FLMercer Island, 8,00019,000120,0004,5002,4003,80028,0002,700sq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ftsq ft
INTRODUCTIONAs open land is developed and covered with impervious surfaces such as asphalt roadways, concrete parkingdecks, and buildings, there is an increase in stormwater runoff that may result in downstream flooding, streambankerosion, and excessive strain on existing drainage facilities. Numerous studies indicate that stormwater runoff is also theprimary source of pollutants found in surface waters and often contains a toxic combination of oils, pesticides, metals,nutrients, and sediments. Approximately 40% of America’s surveyed waterways are still too polluted for fishing orswimming and 90% of our population lives within 10 miles of these bodies of water.Mickel Field/Highlands Park, Wilton Manors, FLWith the implementation of the United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency’s National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System(NPDES) stormwater regulations in the early 1990s, state agencies,municipalities, and regional authorities began searching for new options instormwater management. Effective management of stormwater runoff offersa number of benefits, including improved quality of surface waters,protection of wetland and aquatic ecosystems, conservation of waterresources, and flood mitigation. Traditional flood control measures that relyon detention of peak flow are typical of many stormwater managementapproaches, but generally do not target pollutant reduction, and often causeunwanted changes in hydrology and hydraulics. The EPA recommends anapproach that integrates control of stormwater flows and the protection ofnatural systems to sustain aquatic habitats.Effective stormwater management is often achieved through a comprehensive management systems approachinstead of individual practices. Some individual practices may not be effective alone, but may be highly effective whenused in combination with other systems. The EPA’s Phase II rule encourages system building to allow for the use ofappropriate situation-specific practices that will achieve the minimum measures. Ordinances or other regulations are usedto address post-construction runoff from new development or redevelopment projects. In addition, it is important toensure adequate long-term operation and maintenance of BMPs. Governing authorities must develop and implementstrategies that include a combination of structural and/or non-structural best management practices (BMPs) appropriatefor their communities. Non-structural BMPs are preventative actions that involve management and source controls.Structural BMPs include storage practices, filtration practices, and infiltration practices that capture runoff and rely oninfiltration through a porous medium for pollutant reduction.Permeable pavements are considered structural BMPs under infiltration practices. From an engineeringviewpoint, permeable pavements are infiltration trenches with paving over them to support pedestrian and vehiculartraffic. Much of the design and construction is derived from experience withinfiltration trench design, which has been used for years as a way to reducestormwater runoff and recharge groundwater. Permeable pavements should bedesigned by civil engineers, architects, or landscape architects familiar withstormwater management concepts, especially the Soil Conservation Service (SCS)method, (now know as the National Resources Conservation Service or NRCSmethod). For years, porous pavements consisted of cast-in-place asphalt or concretecomprised of coarse aggregate, which had earned a poor reputation due to theirtendency for clogging, and there was no way to renew porosity. Today, permeableinterlocking permeable pavements offer a better solution.UNI Eco-Stone is a permeable interlocking concrete pavement systemdesigned to mitigate stormwater runoff through infiltration, thereby reducingvolume flows, improving water quality, and recharging groundwater. UNI EcoStone is a true interlocking paver that offers the structural support and stability ofWilcox Lake Park, Oakridges, ONtraditional concrete pavers, combined with the environmental benefit of stormwater management. Eco-Stone has a minimum compressive strength of 8000 psi, maximum 5% absorption, and meets orexceeds ASTM C-936 and freeze-thaw testing per section 8 of ASTM C-67. ECOLOC features the same infiltrationbenefits as Eco-Stone , but offers increased structural strength and stability for industrial pavement applications.5
LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENTAND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNIn addition to the EPA, other agencies and organizations are addressing the issue of development and the impactof stormwater runoff on the environment and society. According to the National Resources Defense Council, LowImpact Development (LID) has emerged as an attractive approach to controlling stormwater pollution and protectingwatersheds. LID attempts to replicate pre-development hydrology to reduce the impacts of development. By addressingrunoff close to the source, LID can enhance the environment and protect the public, while saving developers and localmunicipalities money. One of the primary goals of LID design is to reduce runoff volume by infiltrating rainwater intogroundwater and finding beneficial uses for water as opposed to pouring it down storm sewers. Some of LID runoffcontrol objectives include reducing impervious cover, preserving and recreating natural landscape features, and facilitatinginfiltration opportunities. LID principles are based on the premise that stormwater management should not be seen asstormwater disposal, but instead that numerous opportunities exist within a developed landscape to control stormwaterclose to the source. This allows development to occur with low environmental impact. LID is much more than themanagement of stormwater - it is about innovation in the planning, designing, implementing, and maintaining ofprojects. Permeable pavers,
GUIDE AND RESEARCH SUMMARY UNI-GROUP U.S.A. MANUFACTURERS OF UNI PAVING STONES . Howland Hook, Port of New York/New Jersey (ECOLOC . Suave Island Boat Ramp Parking Lot Suave Island, OR 2,
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