Freshwater Mollusk Field Guide
Field Guide to Survey andManage FreshwaterMollusk SpeciesTerrence J. Frest and Edward J. JohannesLyogyrus n. sp. 2 (Washington duskysnailscale bar length 1 mmU.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORBUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT
BLM/OR/WA/PL-99/045 1792
5.0 cm45 mm4.0 cm35 mm3.0 cm25 mm2.0 cm15 mm1.0 cm5 mm0 cm
Field Guide to Survey andManage FreshwaterMollusk SpeciesTerrence J. Frest and Edward J. Johannes1September 30, 1999
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSMany people contributed their time and expertise to thisguide. We would particularly like to thank reviewers andeditors Loyal Mehrhoff (USFWS, Regional EcosystemOffice, Survey and Manage Team, Portland, Oregon),Cheryl McCaffrey (BLM, Oregon State Office), and NancyDuncan (BLM, Roseburg); and editor and last-minuteexpediter Barbara Amidon (USFWS, Office of TechnicalSupport, Portland, Oregon). Participants in NancyDuncan’s August 10-11, 1999 Medford, Oregon seminarfor senior BLM and Forest Service mollusk survey teammanagers reviewed the first draft, put it through its paceswith real material, and made a number of helpful suggestions and comments for its improvement, most of whichare incorporated here.This field guide was produced through the cooperationof the USFWS Regional Ecosystem Office and the USDIBLM Oregon State Office, both in Portland, Oregon.
TABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTION . 1GENERAL FEATURES OF FRESHWATER SNAILS . 2OVERVIEW OF SURVEY &MANAGE FRESHWATER SNAILS . 8SPECIES DISCUSSIONS . 13FAMILY HYDROBIIDAE . 13Fluminicola n. sp. 1 . 17Fluminicola n. sp. 2 . 21Fluminicola n. sp. 3 . 25Fluminicola n. sp. 11 . 29Fluminicola n. sp. 14 . 35Fluminicola n. sp. 15 . 39Fluminicola n. sp. 16 . 43Fluminicola n. sp. 17 . 47Fluminicola n. sp. 18 . 51Fluminicola n. sp. 19 . 55Fluminicola n. sp. 20 . 59Fluminicola seminalis . 63Lyogyrus n. sp. 1 . 69Lyogyrus n. sp. 2 . 73Lyogyrus n. sp. 3 . 77FAMILY PLEUROCERIDAE . 79Juga (Oreobasis) n. sp. 2 . 85Juga (Oreobasis) n. sp. 3 . 89FAMILY PLANORBIDAE . 91Vorticifex klamathensis sinitsini . 94Vorticifex n. sp. 1 . 98GLOSSARY . 102REFERENCES . 112TABLE 1. Freshwater Survey & Manage Mollusk Taxa . 12Key 1. Upper Klamath Lake drainage Fluminicola Species . 13Key 2. Middle Klamath (Jenny Creek-Fall Creek)Fluminicola species . 27Key 3. Upper Sacramento-Pit River Fluminicola Species . 31
TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)Key 4. Some Western US Species of Amnicolinae . 65Key 5. Some ROD Juga Species and Related Taxa . 79Key 6. Extant Species of Vorticifex . 91Figure 1. General Features of Freshwater Gastropod shell . 7Figure 2. General Features of Freshwater Gastropod animal . 7Figure 3. Fluminicola n. sp. 1 . 20Figure 4. Fluminicola n. sp. 1 . 20Figure 5. Fluminicola n. sp. 2 . 24Figure 6. Fluminicola n. sp. 2 . 24Figure 7. Fluminicola n. sp. 3 . 28Figure 8. Fluminicola n. sp. 3 . 28Figure 9. Fluminicola n. sp. 11 . 32Figure 10. Fluminicola n. sp. 11 . 32Figure 11. Fluminicola n. sp. 14 . 38Figure 12. Fluminicola n. sp. 14 . 38Figure 13. Fluminicola n. sp. 15 . 42Figure 14. Fluminicola n. sp. 15 . 42Figure 15. Fluminicola n. sp. 16 . 46Figure 16. Fluminicola n. sp. 16 . .46Figure 17. Fluminicola n. sp. 17 . 50Figure 18. Fluminicola n. sp. 17 . 50Figure 19. Fluminicola n. sp. 18 . 54Figure 20. Fluminicola n. sp. 18 . 54Figure 21. Fluminicola n. sp. 19 . 58Figure 22. Fluminicola n. sp. 19 . 58Figure 23. Fluminicola n. sp. 20 . 62Figure 24. Fluminicola n. sp. 20 . 62Figure 25. Fluminicola seminalis (Hinds, 1842) . 66Figure 26. Fluminicola seminalis (Hinds, 1842) . 66Figure 27. Lyogyrus n. sp. 1 . 72Figure 28. Lyogyrus n. sp. 1 . 72Figure 29. Lyogyrus n. sp. 2 . 76Figure 30. Lyogyrus n. sp. 2 . 76Figure 31. Lyogyrus n. sp. 3 . 80Figure 32. Lyogyrus n. sp. 3 . 80
TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)Figure 33. Juga (Oreobasis) n. sp. 2 . 88Figure 34. Juga (Oreobasis) n. sp. 2 . 88Figure 35. Juga (Oreobasis) n. sp. 3 . 92Figure 36. Juga (Oreobasis) n. sp. 3 . 92Figure 37. Vorticifex klamathensis sinitsini (Baker, 1945) . 97Figure 38. Vorticifex klamathensis sinitsini (Baker, 1945) . 97Figure 39. Vorticifex n. sp. 1 . 101Figure 40. Vorticifex n. sp. 1 . 101Map 1. Distribution of Fluminicola n. sp. 1 . 20Map 2. Distribution of Fluminicola n. sp. 2 . 24Map 3. Distribution of Fluminicola n. sp. 3 . 28Map 4. Distribution of Fluminicola n. sp. 11 . 32Map 5. Distribution of Fluminicola n. sp. 14 . 38Map 6. Distribution of Fluminicola n. sp. 15 . 42Map 7. Distribution of Fluminicola n. sp. 16 . 46Map 8. Distribution of Fluminicola n. sp. 17 . 50Map 9. Distribution of Fluminicola n. sp. 18 . 54Map 10. Distribution of Fluminicola n. sp. 19 . 58Map 11. Distribution of Fluminicola n. sp. 20 . 62Map 12. Distribution of Fluminicola seminalis (Hinds, 1842) . 66Map 13. Distribution of Lyogyrus n. sp. 1 . 72Map 14. Distribution of Lyogyrus n. sp. 2 . 76Map 15. Distribution of Lyogyrus n. sp. 3 . 80Map 16. Distribution of Juga (Oreobasis) n. sp. 2 . 88Map 17. Distribution of Juga (Oreobasis) n. sp. 3 . 92Map 18. Distribution of Vorticifex klamathensis sinitsini (Baker, 1945) . 97Map 19. Distribution of Vorticifex n. sp. 1 . 101
FIELD GUIDE TO SURVEY AND MANAGEFRESHWATER MOLLUSKSINTRODUCTIONThis field guide is intended for use in identification of the 19 currentlyrecognized (September, 1999) ROD (1994) [Record of Decision] Surveyand Manage freshwater mollusks. All of the Survey and Manage taxaare freshwater gastropods (snails). The basic arrangement is taxonomic,following that in Turgeon et al. (1998). Snail descriptive terminology isunfamiliar to many and not completely standardized. In this work, wefollow Hershler & Ponder (1998) for hydrobiids, the majority of theSurvey and Manage species. Other terminology may be derived fromBurch (1989), which see: a more comprehensive overview of terminologyis provided in Frest & Johannes (in press) and in Arnold (1965). Alsoconsult the GLOSSARY at the end of the text.Identification of these animals is complicated by their relatively smallsize; many are less than 4 mm in maximum dimension. Also complicating matters is the fairly large number of possibly co-occurring, non-RODtaxa (or at least non-Survey & Manage; many of these other taxa, as wellas most Survey & Manage taxa, are Riparian Reserve or otherwisespecial-status species). In fact, there is a real possibility that the user willencounter species not known to the authors at the time this field guidewas compiled. Fortunately, most Survey & Manage taxa occur in relatively well-surveyed drainages. Quite often, detailed recent reports (e.g.,Frest & Johannes, 1995a, 1998a, in press: see REFERENCES) will beavailable for the drainages in which the Survey & Manage taxa arefound. Consultation with these may be very helpful.To help simplify the identification process, we have included six detailedkeys. Keys 1-3 cover sets of Fluminicola endemic to particular largedrainages, specifically those of the Upper Klamath Lake area, southernOregon, 3 Survey & Manage freshwater mollusk taxa); the Upper Sacramento River - Pit River drainage, northern California (8 such taxa), andthe middle Klamath River-Jenny Creek drainage, southern JacksonCounty, Oregon and adjacent northern Siskiyou County, California (1taxon). In each of these cases, a large swarm ( 7) of endemic Fluminicolaspecies is known to be present, of which only a few are Survey & Man1
age taxa. The keys cover all known Fluminicola species from each endemic region. Note that these keys cover very specific geographic areas:they should not be used outside of these areas, even for streams immediately adjacent to them. The remaining three keys cover the less speciosegenera. Key 4 includes all western US species in the hydrobiid subfamilyAmnicolinae. This group has “Lyogyrus”, with 3 Survey & Manage taxa,as a constituent. Key 5 covers Survey & Manage and related taxa in thefamily Pleuroceridae; here, 2 taxa, both in the genus Juga, are involved.Finally, Key 6 covers all known species of the planorbid genus Vorticifex,which includes 2 Survey & Manage taxa.GENERAL FEATURES OF FRESHWATER SNAILSIt is useful to know both some common features of freshwater snails(gastropods) and certain specialized characteristics of the ROD taxa inorder to make identification easier, especially in the field. Terminologyfor shell and body morphology has varied considerably through timeand is still not completely formulaic. That used here will be derivedlargely from two sources: Burch (1989) generally, Hershler & Ponder(1998) for hydrobiids. Frest & Johannes (in press) make a few modifications and additions. The first and third cited sources each have glossaries; one is provided here also to clarify usage. In the following discussion, bold-face words are likely to be defined further in the GLOSSARY.Keep in mind that older literature, and some current, may employdifferent terms. To keep this guide user-friendly, we emphasize shellterminology and external body morphology. Readers wishing moredetail should note that anatomical features or, less often, biochemicalproperties, are the most important determinants.All freshwater snails have a shell, a hard structure covering most of thebody, providing protection. That shell normally consists of several layers,one to several mineral (calcium carbonate, usually aragonite or calcite)and one outermost (periostracum), composed mostly or entirely oforganic material and usually pigmented. The shell is basically a tubecoiled variously around a central pillar, termed an axis. Each completeturn is called a whorl: generally, the first 1 or 2 whorls are formed beforethe snail egg hatches and are termed embryonic, or nuclear, whorls.Collectively, these make up the protoconch. Often, coiling and surfacemorphology of these whorls are different from those that follow, termedpostembryonic or teleoconch whorls. While most mollusks do not havedeterminant growth, strictly speaking, the total number of whorls and2
shell size are pretty stable features of sexually mature individuals of eachspecies. Adults seem to put much of their physiological efforts intogamete production instead of growth. The whole shell is termed theconch; all whorls except the last one make up the spire. The final (last,ultimate) whorl often differs in morphology in some way from thosepreceding, most often in terms of aperture (mouth; shell opening proper:the rim or border itself is termed the peristome) features. This is mostlythe case if the animal is mature; descriptions without specificationalways refer to mature (adult; sexually capable) individuals. The whorlpreceding may also be discriminated as the penultimate whorl. The lineof contact between adjacent whorls is the suture. Usually, it is sunken tosome degree, i. e. impressed. Whorl profile is important, also. Generally,a whorl in side view is rounded to some extent; if very evenly so, it isconvex; often, whorl shape is flattened to some degree. The whorlperiphery may be even, so that the outermost point is at midwhorl; or itmay be shouldered to varying extent, with the outermost point displaced adapically or abapically.Shells are generally oriented with the earliest whorls uppermost (north:Figure 1) and the aperture and peristome directly facing the observer. Insuch an orientation, the top (earliest formed whorls) is the shell apex; theaperture of a dextrally (right) coiled shell will be to the observer’s right(east) and of a sinistrally coiled shell to the observer’s left (west). In thisposition, the direction toward the shell apex is termed adapical (with theanimal in the shell, this would be posterior: Figure 2) and movementtoward the shell base or aperture is termed abapical (with the animalincluded, this is the anterior end). With or without the animal, there areleft or right sides to the shell (and animal); apertural terminology differs,however. With the animal, the base of the aperture is termed anterior andthe summit (often angled) posterior. In shell-only terms, aperture andperistome terminology is more complicated, as a number of shell modifications commonly are seen at this location. In freshwater forms, these aremore simple than in marine; so only the minimum terminology is usedhere. The peristome has four quadrants, a basal; that along the columella(that part of the shell directly around the axis, mostly covered butincluding a part exposed at the aperture; often pillar-shaped), termedcolumellar; a parietal portion where the last whorl meets or approachesthe preceding; and an outer. The peristome portions are walls or lips,with the appropriate specifier added. Degree of contact with precedingwhorls varies and so affects the parietal wall; contact mostly or all alongis appressed; minor contact is adnate; with none, the whorl portion andwall are disjunct. Obviously, degree of contact may affect sutural mor3
phology and other features such as aperture shape also. There is a rangeof terms, mostly common-sense, to describe apertural shape, such ascircular; angular; lunate (shaped like a crescent moon), etc. (see Burch,1989, fig. 9 for one useful scheme). Appressed-aperture forms tend tohave the posterior aperture angular to varying degrees; strongly disjunctapertures are usually circular. The peristome may be simple and thin; orit may be differently reinforced with extra mineral matter in variousways. Most commonly, it is the columellar peristome or wall that isreinforced and the parietal not; the basal and outer walls may also be. Inhydrobiids, the columellar reinforcement is termed a columellar shelf.As might be expected, other modifications are also more or less restrictedto the columellar area. Important here is the columellar furrow (Figure1) of some hydrobiids and a few other taxa. The columellar furrow is anexcavated area to the left of the columella, beginning at some point (notnecessarily basal) on it and terminating adapically, often in the umbilicalarea but sometimes extending across the parietal wall. The columellarfurrow is often lunate or wedge-shaped (almost always narrowerabapically); the left border is the columellar ridge and the right border isthe left edge of the columellar shelf or wall and/or parietal wall. Thearea in between often bears growth lines or columellar grooves and isdark-colored. Rarely in freshwater forms, the peristome may have extracomplications, such as raised
FIELD GUIDE TO SURVEY AND MANAGE FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS INTRODUCTION This field guide is intended for use in identification of the 19 currently recognized (September, 1999) ROD (1994) [Record of Decision] Survey and Manage freshwater mollusks. All of the Survey and Manage taxa are freshwater
Service (FWS) to list 32 species of the phylum Mollusca (henceforth “mollusk species”) from freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems of the northwestern United States as Threatened or Endangered under the Endangered Species Act, and to designate critical habitat for them concurrent with listing.
Direct students to spend some time visiting the Freshwater biome on our explorable globe, and use the information there to complete the questions and tasks below. 1. List examples of freshwater habitats and the species that can be found there Freshwater Habitats (target: 4 Freshwater Species (target: 5) Rivers, lakes, streams, canals, wetlands,
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and evolution of forms. 57 1.1 Seashell growth mechanics 58 Mollusk shells grow via an accretive process occurring at the shell margin, by a part of 59 the mollusk’s anatomy called the mantle, which is a thin elastic membrane that lines 60 the inner surface of the shell.
Squid Dissection Lab Name: _ Date: _ Core: _ LT1: I can gain an understanding of mollusk anatomy and adaptations. LT2: I can learn how to perform a dissection properly with respect LT3: I can make connections between mollusk anatomy and human body systems. Source:
Mammals (Terrestrial and Marine) 24 Birds 111 Reptiles and Amphibians 52 Freshwater Fishes 56 Diadromous Fishes 6 Crayfish (Freshwater and Terrestrial) 23 Freshwater Mussels 26 Freshwater Snails 4 Marine Fishes 163 Marine Invertebrates 775 Total Number of Species 1,240 BOX 2-1:
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