Present Situation With Emerald Ash Borer In Colorado
Present Situationwith EmeraldAsh Borer inColoradoWebinar for CSU Master Gardeners – November 1, 2019Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University
Emerald ash borer(EAB) is a greencolored beetle . that develops inash trees (Fraxinusspecies)
and is native to AsiaIn its native range emerald ash borer isinsignificant as a species, limiting attacksto very stressed trees.
Emerald ash borer was first detected in NorthAmerica in the Detroit area in 2002It is thought to have arrived some time during the early1990’sKnowndistributionin 2006
Damage is done by thelarvae that tunnelunder the bark, girdlingthe cambiumPhoto by Edward Czerwinski
Effects of larval tunneling are cumulative, and damage willaccelerate as larval populations increase within the treePhotograph by MI Department of Agriculture
Symptoms of EABinjury are expressed asprogressive thinning ofthe crop canopy
EAB larval injuriesprogress to tree death,if the tree is noteffectively treated tocontrol the insect.
EAB Will Kill All Unprotected AshThanks to Cliff Sadof of Purdue University for this graphic9
Known distribution of Emerald AshBorer as of about a month agoYou are here
How does Emerald Ash Borer compare to the borerwe already have in ash - Lilac/Ash Borer?Lilac/ash borer,a clearwingborer mothEmerald ashborer, a metallicwood borer/flatheaded borer
Emerald ash borer is a wood boring beetle in the family BEmerald ashborerAgrilus plannipennisPhotograph by Debbie MillerOrder Coleoptera(beetles)Family Buprestidae(metallic woodborers, flatheadedborers)Photograph by David Cappaert
Lilac/Ash BorerPodosesia syringaeOrder: Lepidoptera(Moths and butterflies)Family: Sesiidae (Clearwingborers)
Emerald ash borer larvaecreate meandering tunnelsin the cambium thatproduce girdling wounds.Note: Attacks canoccur throughout thecrown and on thetrunk of the tree.Photograph by Eric Day
Lilac/ash borer larvae createirregular gouging wounds thatextend often into theheartwood.Photograph byDavid CappaertAttacks areconcentrated atthe lower trunkof the tree
EAB adults chew throughthe bark, producingD-shaped exit holes
Chewing of the exit hole is done bythe larva of the lilac/ash borer – theadult stage cannot chew.gh irregularly
Extrudedpupal skinLilac/ash borer emerges fromirregularly round holes. The pupalskin is pulled out when the adultemerges. through irregularly
Photograph by Debbie MillerPhotograph by Debbie MillerAfter emergence emerald ash boreradults feed on ash foliage for a coupleof weeks, and eggs mature
EAB likely willemerge sometimein midMay.Photograph by David CappaertMost all eggswill be laid inJune and intoearly JulyPhotograph by Dan Herms
Adult stages of thelilac ash borer donot feed on anyparts of the ashtree.Male flying to apheromone trapAdults of thelilac/ash borer arepresent in mid-latespring. Most eggsare generally laid inMay through earlyJune.
Eggs of both speciesare laid on the bark ofthe host treeEAB eggClearwingborer eggs
Damage potential to itshost10 – EAB nowdefines an aggressivetree killing insect inNorth America.
Damage potential to its host2, maybe 3 – Lilac/ashborer has far lower ability toseriously damage its host
Emerald ashborer isdevastating toall species ofash that arenative to NorthAmericaGreen ashWhite ash
No EAB ResistanceWhy is EAB sodestructive to ash treesin North America?NA ash species lackability to ability toresist EABNo EAB Resistance
Common question: How is this different frommountain pine beetle? MPB killed a lot of trees.
Chestnut blight – DevastatedAmerican chestnut in early1900s, caused by a fungusTwo tree diseases of exoticorigin that have permanentlyaltered North AmericanecologyDutch elm disease –Devastated American elmin mid 1900s. Caused bya fungus, vectored by abark beetle
Colorado EABTree #1Located near theintersection of 30thand Valmont, BoulderSeptember 23, 2013How did it get toColorado?
This is the known distribution of EAB in North America at the timeit was first found in Colorado in 2013
Emerald ash borerdistribution in April 2010
Area of original EAB infestation in Colorado
Important difference withColorado infestation –Colorado has geography!
Unlike states to theeast, Colorado is wellcompartmentalizeddue to its geographyWithin Colorado thecurrent infestationis an infestation ofthe South PlatteRiver drainage, notthe State ofColorado
Within the next five years, emerald ash borer will move outof Boulder into the surrounding countiesThis is a slide I have been using since January 2014. The titleshould now read, “After 6 years, emerald ash borer has movedinto the edge of adjacent counties”
Over time the South Platte River Drainage will be colonizedby emerald ash borer
Colorado EABTree #1Located near theintersection of 30thand Valmont, BoulderSeptember 23, 2013
Area of original EAB infestation in Colorado
Areas knownto be infestedwith emeraldash borer inBoulder(original site ofColoradoestablishment)
2016 detection ofEAB in Longmont2017 detectionin GunbarrelOriginalBoulder EABinfestationReported emerald ash borerdistribution in Colorado –four years after Day Zero2017 detection ofEAB in Lafayette
Sixth Anniversary!Emerald Ash Borer in Colorado
2018 detection Lyons2019 DetectionSW of BerthoudReported emerald ash borerdistribution in Colorado – TodayOriginalBoulder EABinfestation2019 detectionBroomfield2018 detectionSuperior2019 detectionWestminster(Adams County)
This is the map you can find ofEAB distribution on the ColoradoDepartment of Agriculture (CDA)Web SiteThe newest findings are outside BoulderCounty, which has been quarantined forEAB since 2013
This is the map you can find of EAB distributionon the Colorado Department of Agriculture (CDA)Web SiteThe newest findings areoutside Boulder County, whichhas been an EAB quarantinezone since 2013
How will EAB spread onceestablished? Wind-blown dispersal of adults–Peak period of adult dispersal islate May through late July Butt-heads that move woodcontaining developing stages
EAB likely willemerge sometimein mid-late May.Photograph by David CappaertMost eggs willbe laid in June,egg laying willcontinuethrough summerPhotograph by Dan Herms
Wind Direction from Boulder(with wind speed correction)May-August 2013-2015SSSESSWSESWESEWSWEWENEWNWNENWNNENNWN
2018 detection Lyons2019 DetectionSW of BerthoudReported emerald ash borerdistribution in Colorado – TodayOriginalBoulder EABinfestation2019 detectionBroomfield2018 detectionSuperior2019 detectionWestminster(Adams County)
Wind Direction from Boulder(with wind speed correction)May-August 2013-2015SSSESSWSESWESEWSWEWENEWNWNENWNNENNWN
How far away is emerald ashborer from your community?
How far away is emerald ashborer from your community?Onetruckload
Can you control Emerald Ash Borer?- How do you define control? Will you be able to eliminate it from thestate (or a municipality)? Will you be able to slow its spread? Will you be able to protect individualtrees?
Can you control EAB once it gets here?- How do you define control? Will you be able to eliminate it from thestate (or municipality)?– No. Once it is established in an areawhere ash are common, it will not bepossible to eradicate it. Ability to detect the distribution of the insect isdifficult – it will be more widespread thandetection abilities allow
Can you control EAB once it gets here?- How do you define control? Will you be able to eliminate it from the state?– No. Once it is established in a municipality area where ash arecommon, it will not be possible to eradicate it. Will you be able to slow its spread?– Yes. Insecticide treatment of trees cancontrol the insect. Removal of infestedtrees can decrease EAB populationbuild-up. Strict enforcement ofrestrictions on ash wood movementwill slow spread to new areas.
Can you control EAB once it gets here?- How do you define control? Will you be able to eliminate it from the state?– No. Once it is established in a municipality area where ashare common, it will not be possible to eradicate it. Will you be able to slow its spread?– Yes. Insecticide treatment of trees can control the insect.Removal of infested trees can decrease EAB populationbuild-up. Strict enforcement of restrictions on ash woodmovement will slow spread to new areas. Will you be able to save individual trees?– Definitely yes. There are some highlyeffective treatments – but they are andmust be sustained for the life of the tree.
Control Options forManagement ofEmerald Ash Borer
Emerald Ash Borer ControlOptions Soil applications with systemicinsecticides– imidacloprid, dinotefuran Non-invasive trunk sprays of systemicinsecticides– dinotefuran Trunk injections of systemicinsecticides– emamectin benzoate, azadirachtin
For prevention of damageby most wood boringinsects persistentinsecticides are applied assprays to the trunk andlimbs to kill wood borersbefore they enter the treeTo control emerald ashborer systemicinsecticides are used,usually applied eitherto the roots or injectedinto the lower trunk
Adults as they feedon foliageYoung larvae that tunnel inthe phloem and cambiumTarget Life Stagesfor EAB Treatments
Important noteregarding EABcontrol!Present controls canallow trees torecover if EABinduced crownthinning has notexceeded 30%,perhaps 50%This will take years to happen after EAB has firststarted colonizing a tree
Important noteregarding EABcontrol!Present controls can allowtrees to recover if EABinduced crown thinning hasnot exceeded 30%, perhaps50%This will take years tohappen after EAB hasfirst startedcolonizing a tree
Has EAB-induced crown thinning progressed this far yet?
Emerald Ash Borer Insecticides Imidacloprid (Merit, Xytect, Criterion,many others)– Soil drench, possible trunk injection Dinotefuran (Safari, Zylam, Transtect)– Basal trunk spray, possible soil drench Emamectin benzoate (Tree-Age,Arbormectin, others)– Trunk injection only Azadirachtin (Treeazin, Azasol, others)– Trunk injection only
Soil application option –imidacloprid applied asdrench or injection
Primary method of imidacloprid application – soilapplications for root uptake
Some Over-theCounterimidaclopridformulations
Imidacloprid Soil Drenchesfor EAB Control Best applied in spring shortly after budbreak (after flowering)– Fall applications are inefficient, wastechemical and provide reduced control
Imidacloprid Soil Drenches forEAB Control Best applied in spring shortly after bud break (afterflowering) Insecticide mixed with water anddrenched around the base of the tree– Rates of use vary with tree size– Do not apply if there are flowering plants atthe base of the tree!
Optimal Application of Soil Drench – Within 1824 inches of the trunk, then water it into the soilSoil injections are anothermethod of application
Soil applications ofsystemic insecticidesshould not be made ifthere are floweringplants at the applicationsite
Modifying DBH-basedrates by tree sizeWith imidacloprid large trees ( 15inch DBH) require a doubling ofthe rate per inch DBH.
Use rates vary bytree size.For large trees, over15-inch diameter,rates need to bedoubled.Over-the-Counterimidaclopridformulations do nothave labels thatallow the higher rate.
Imidacloprid Soil Drenches forEAB Control Best applied in spring shortly after bud break (afterflowering) Insecticide mixed with water and drenched around the baseof the tree The site must be watered after application– The soil must be kept moist for the roots to pickup the insecticide and move itWater moves theinsecticide into theroots and allowtransport throughthe tree
Imidacloprid Soil Drenches forEAB Control Best applied in spring shortly after budbreak (after flowering) Insecticide mixed with water and drenchedaround the base of the tree The site must be watered after application Treatments must be made annually
Use of High or Low Rates ofImidacloprid?Low Rates (1X, 1/2X)High Rates (2X) Smaller trees EAB populationslow, moderate Springapplications Large trees High EABpopulationspresent (peakoutbreak phase) Fall applicationsRetail products only allow use rates of 1/2X. Commercialformulations have labelling that allows higher rates.
Photo credit : Utah State UniversityBasal trunk spray withdinotefuran (Safari,Zylam, Transtect)
Basal TrunkSprays ofDinotefuran Enters tree through thin areas of bark Can be expected to reach peak levels infoliage in about 2-3 weeks Needs annual application for EAB
Trunk Injections
Trunk injection withemamectin benzoate
Emamectin Benzoate TrunkInjectionsAdvantages Can consistentlyprovide 2, likely 3years control Applications can bemade at many timesduring the growingseasonDisadvantages Involves trunkwounding Requires skill inproper application High cost
Trunk injection withazadirachtin (TreeAzin,Azasol, AzaGuard, etc.)
Azadirachtin Trunk InjectionsAdvantages Natural product withlow environmentalimpact and goodpublic perceptionDisadvantages Involves trunkwounding– Must be applied by askilled applicator Often requiresannual application– Some evidence of 2ndyear activity High cost
Effects of Insecticides on DifferentEAB Life StagesCourtesy of Cliff Sadof, Purdue UniversityInsecticideEggLarvaeL1L2L3L4Toxicity ofpoisoned leavesto adultsImidaclopridNoYesYesNo No Sustained feedingDinotefuranNoYesYesNo No A few bitesEmamectinbenzoateNoYesYesYes Yes One or two bitesAzadirachtinNoYesYesYes Yes Not toxic, butreduces fecundity ofadults
When should a homeowner begin to takeactions to manage Emerald Ash Borer? All owners of ash trees should evaluatetheir plantings and consider their longterm interests in the tree(s)– Tree condition– Tree location– Available resources for long term protection
Note on a DefinitionTriage - (in medical use) the assignment ofdegrees of urgency to wounds or illnesses todecide the order of treatment of a large numberof patients or casualtiesTREE-age – an emamectinbenzoate insecticide formulationwidely used as a trunk injectionto control emerald ash borer andother insects
When should a homeowner begin to takeactions to manage Emerald Ash Borer? All owners of ash trees should evaluate their plantingsand consider their long term interests in the tree(s) Mitigation efforts may be appropriate atany time– Planting alternative replacements– Removal of low value ash
Dead Ash are a Threat to Public HealthDying Ash Branches are Styrofoam BRITTLE!!Vertical splits occurwhen larval feedingkills vascular tissuesunderneath bark,eacausing it to die andsplit open.April 2 EABUDead Ash DangersRisk and RemovalStrategiesTim WalshDavey TreeSlide Credit: Cliff Sadof, Purdue University
When should a homeowner begin to takeactions to manage Emerald Ash Borer? All owners of ash trees should evaluate theirplantings and consider their long term interestsin the tree(s) Mitigation efforts may be appropriate at any time Insecticide applications will havebenefit, if the insect is present– Very little, usually no, benefit from anyapplications made if the insect is not present– Decision to treat is a personal decision
Considerations of when to begininsecticide applications So far, Colorado has been able to do agood job of catching new EAB infestationsat an early stage– EAB is difficult to detect when in lowpopulations– However A great many people are looking forthis insect in the state One can have good confidence that there likelyare no undetected seriously advancedinfestation in the Northern Front Range (I think)
A Guide for Diagnosing EAB in Colorado
An Extension Fact Sheet to help differentiate EAB from otherwood boring Insects found in Colorado Ash Trees
A sheet that distinguishes EAB from other insects foundin Colorado that have similar appearance
Many metalliccolored beetles occurin Colorado that maybe mistaken foremerald ash borer
If EAB is suspected to be present in a new area, the specimen must besubmitted to the Colorado Department of Agriculture. There is a formalprocess of confirming the identification that must be followed before there is anyrelease of public information on the finding.
Considerations of when to begininsecticide applications So far, Colorado has been able to do a good job ofcatching new EAB infestations at an early stage EAB damage is progressive and, to apoint, reversible with insecticides– When an area is newly colonized, there is alag phase before any visible damage willbe visible– With rescue treatments of insecticidestrees can recover if the injury is not tooadvanced
EAB Invasion Wave and Protection NeedsManagement PhaseAggressivePercentage of Maximum100%Maintenance80%60%Affected AshEAB40%20%0%15913Time (Years)CuspCrestPost CrestSlide credit: Cliff Sadof, Purdue University* Assumes doubling of affected ash and EAB yearly during growth
EAB Invasion Wave and Protection NeedsManagement PhaseAggressivePercentage of Maximum100%Maintenance80%60%Affected AshEAB40%20%0%15913Time (Years)CuspBroomfieldMost everyone elseCrest perhapsBoulder,parts of LongmontPost Crest* Assumes doubling of affected ash and EAB yearly during growth
Important noteregarding EABcontrol!Present controls canallow trees torecover if EABinduced crownthinning has notexceeded 30%,perhaps 50%This will take years to happen after EAB has firststarted colonizing a tree
Good Source of Information – ColoradoDepartment of Agriculture EAB Website
Good Source of Information – Colorado StateForest Service EAB Web Page
Good Source of Information – Colorado StateUniversity Insect Information Web Site
Entertaining visitors fromthe East this year? – Tellthem you will provide allthe firewood they need.
Questions?Webinar for CSU Master Gardeners – November 1, 2019Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University
Photograph by Debbie Miller Photograph by Debbie Miller. EAB likely will emerge sometime in midMay. Most all eggs will be laid in June and into early July Photograph by David Cappaert Photograph by Dan Herms. Adults of the lilac/ash bore
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To make your own ash tree ID poster! Follow this grid to redraw the ash leaf in a larger size. Color it in and spread the word to protect ash trees from the Emerald Ash Borer Beetle (EAB)! Help USDA in its efforts to STOP the EAB. It hides under the bark and destroys a
