Hindi Urdu Machine Transliteration Using Finite-State .

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Hindi Urdu Machine Transliteration using Finite-state TransducersM G Abbas MalikChristian BoitetGTALP, Laboratoire d’Informatique GrenobleUniversité Joseph Fourier, AbstractFinite-state Transducers (FST) can bevery efficient to implement inter-dialectaltransliteration. We illustrate this on theHindi and Urdu language pair. FSTs canalso be used for translation between surface-close languages. We introduce UIT(universal intermediate transcription) forthe same pair on the basis of their common phonetic repository in such a waythat it can be extended to other languageslike Arabic, Chinese, English, French, etc.We describe a transliteration model basedon FST and UIT, and evaluate it on Hindiand Urdu corpora.1IntroductionTransliteration is mainly used to transcribe aword written in one language in the writing system of the other language, thereby keeping anapproximate phonetic equivalence. It is useful forMT (to create possible equivalents of unknownwords) (Knight and Stall, 1998; Paola and Sanjeev, 2003), cross-lingual information retrieval(Pirkola et al, 2003), the development of multilingual resources (Yan et al, 2003) and multilingual text and speech processing. Inter-dialectaltranslation without lexical changes is quite usefuland sometimes even necessary when the dialectsin question use different scripts; it can beachieved by transliteration alone. That is the caseof HUMT (Hindi-Urdu Machine Transliteration)where each word has to be transliterated fromHindi to Urdu and vice versa, irrespective of its 2008. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unportedlicense . Some rights reserved.Pushpak BhattacharyyaDept. of Computer Science and Engineering,IIT Bombay, Indiapb@cse.iitb.ac.intype (noun, verb, etc. and not only proper nounor unknown word).“One man’s Hindi is another man’s Urdu”(Rai, 2000). The major difference between Hindiand Urdu is that the former is written in Devanagari script with a more Sanskritized vocabularyand the latter is written in Urdu script (derivationof Persio-Arabic script) with more vocabularyborrowed from Persian and Arabic. In contrast tothe transcriptional difference, Hindi and Urdushare grammar, morphology, a huge vocabulary,history, classical literature, cultural heritage, etc.Hindi is the National language of India with 366million native speakers. Urdu is the National andone of the state languages of Pakistan and Indiarespectively with 60 million native speakers(Rahman, 2004). Table 1 gives an idea about thesize of Hindi and Urdu.HindiUrduTotalNative2nd 0,000591,000,0001,017,000,000Table 1: Hindi and Urdu speakersHindi and Urdu, being varieties of the samelanguage, cover a huge proportion of world’spopulation. People from Hindi and Urdu communities can understand the verbal expressionsof each other but not the written expressions.HUMT is an effort to bridge this scriptural dividebetween India and Pakistan.Hindi and Urdu scripts are briefly introducedin section 2. Universal Intermediate Transcription (UIT) is described in section 3, and UITmappings for Hindi and Urdu are given in section 4. Contextual HUMT rules are presented anddiscussed in section 5. An HUMT system implementation and its evaluation are provided insection 6 and 7. Section 8 is on future work andconclusion.537Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008), pages 537–544Manchester, August 2008

2HUMT3There exist three languages at the border betweenIndia and Pakistan: Kashmiri, Punjabi and Sindhi.All of them are mainly written in two scripts, onebeing a derivation of the Persio-Arabic script andthe other being Devanagari script. A person using the Persio-Arabic script cannot understandthe Devanagari script and vice versa. The same istrue for Hindi and Urdu which are varieties ordialects of the same language, called Hindustaniby Platts (1909).PMT (Punjabi Machine Transliteration) (Malik, 2006) was a first effort to bridge this scriptural divide between the two scripts of Punjabinamely Shahmukhi (a derivation of Perio-Arabicscript) and Gurmukhi (a derivation of Landa,Shardha and Takri, old Indian scripts). HUMT isa logical extension of PMT. Our HUMT systemis generic and flexible such that it will be extendable to handle similar cases like Kashmiri, Punjabi, Sindhi, etc. HUMT is also a special type ofmachine transliteration like PMT.A brief account of Hindi and Urdu is first given for unacquainted readers.2.1HindiThe Devanagari (literally “godly urban”) script, asimplified version of the alphabet used for Sanskrit, is a left-to-right script. Each consonantsymbol inherits by default the vowel sound [ə].Two or more consonants may be combined together to form a cluster called Conjunct thatmarks the absence of the inherited vowel [ə] between two consonants (Kellogg, 1872; Montaut,2004). A sentence illustrating Devanagari is given below:िहन्दी िहन्दःु तान की क़ौमी ज़ुबान है .[hɪnḓi hɪnḓustɑn ki qɔmi zubɑn hæ](Hindi is the national language of India)2.2UrduUrdu is written in an alphabet derived from thePersio-Arabic alphabet. It is a right-to-left scriptand the shape assumed by a character in a wordis context-sensitive, i.e. the shape of a characteris different depending on whether its position isat the beginning, in the middle or at the end of aword (Zia, 1999). A sentence illustrating Urdu isgiven below:Universal Intermediate TranscriptionUIT (Universal Intermediate Transcription) is ascheme to transcribe texts in Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, etc. in an unambiguous way encoded in ASCII range 32 – 126, since a text in this range isportable across computers and operating systems(James 1993; Wells, 1995). SAMPA (SpeechAssessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet) is awidely accepted scheme for encoding the IPA(International Phonetic Alphabet) into ASCII. Itwas first developed for Danish, Dutch, French,German and Italian, and since then it has beenextended to many languages like Arabic, Czech,English, Greek, Hebrew, Portuguese, Russian,Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Turkish, etc.We define UIT as a logical extension ofSAMPA. The UIT encoding for Hindi and Urduis developed on the basis of rules and principlesof SAMPA and X-SAMPA (Wells, 1995), thatcover all symbols on the IPA chart. Phonemesare the most appropriate invariants to mediatebetween the scripts of Hindi, Punjabi, Urdu, etc.,so that the encoding choice is logical and suitable.4Analysis of Scripts and UIT MappingsFor the analysis and comparison, scripts of Hindiand Urdu are divided into different groups on thebasis of character types.4.1ConsonantsThese are grouped into two categories:Aspirated Consonants: Hindi and Urdu bothhave 15 aspirated consonants. In Hindi, 11 aspirated consonants are represented by separate characters e.g. ख [kʰ], भ [bʰ], etc. The remaining 4consonants are represented by combining a simple consonant to be aspirated and the conjunctform of HA ह[h], e.g. ल [l] ् ह [h] ल्ह [lʰ].In Urdu, all aspirated consonants arerepresented by a combination of a simple consonant to be aspirated and Heh Doachashmee ( )ه [h], e.g. [ ﮎ k] [ ه h] [ ﮐﻬ kʰ], [ ب b] [ ه h] ﺑﻬ [bʰ], [ ل l] [ ه h] [ ﻟﻬ lʰ], etc.The UIT mapping for aspirated consonants isgiven in Table 2.Xì y6[6Ei ÌòâF ÌÐ y636G¾6[6 zEegEZ[ʊrḓu pɑkɪstɑn ki qɔmi zubɑn hæ](Urdu is the National Language of Pakistan.)538Hindiभ [ ﺑﻬ bʰ]UrduUITb hHindiहर् [ ره rʰ]UrduUITr hफ [ ﭘﻬ pʰ]p hढ़ [ ڑه ɽʰ]r hथ [ ﺗﻬ ṱʰ]t d hख [ ﮐﻬ kʰ]k hठ [ ﭨﻬ ʈʰ]t hघ [ ﮔﻬ gʰ]g hझ [ ﺟﻬ ʤʰ]d Z hल्ह [ ﻟﻬ lʰ]l h

छ [ ﭼﻬ ʧʰ]t S hम्ह [ ﻣﻬ mʰ]m hध [ ده ḓʰ]d d hन्ह [ ﻧﻬ nʰ]n hढUrdu contains 10 vowels and 7 of them havenasalized forms (Hussain, 2004; Khan, 1997).Urdu vowels are represented using four long vowels (Alef Madda ( )ﺁ , Alef ( )ا , Vav ( )و and ChotiYeh ( ))ﯼ and three short vowels (Arabic Fatha –Zabar َ-, Arabic Damma – Pesh ُ- and Arabic Kasra – Zer ِ-). Vowel representation is contextsensitive in Urdu. Vav ( )و and Choti Yeh ( )ﯼ arealso used as consonants.Hamza ( )ء is a place holder between two successive vowel sounds, e.g. in [ ﮐﻤﺎﺋﯽ kəmɑi](earning), Hamza ( )ء separates the two vowelsounds Alef ( [ )ا ɑ] and Choti Yeh ( [ )ﯼ i]. Noonghunna ( )ں is used as nasalization marker. Analysis and mapping of Hindi Urdu vowels is givenin Table 5.d h [ ڈه ɖʰ]Table 2: Hindi Urdu aspirated consonantsNon-aspirated Consonants: Hindi has 29non-aspirated consonant symbols representing 28consonant sounds as both SHA (श) and SSA (ष)represent the same sound [ʃ]. Similarly Urdu has35 consonant symbols representing 27 sounds asmultiple characters are used to represent thesame sound e.g. Heh ( )ح and Heh-Goal ( )ﮦ represent the sound [h] and Theh ( )ث , Seen ( )س and Sad ( )ص represent the sound [s], etc.UIT mapping for non-aspirated consonants isgiven in Table 3.HindiबUrduप [ ب b]UITbHindiसUrdu [ ص s]UITs2 [ پ p]pज़ [ ض z]z2त [ ت ṱ]t dत [ ط ṱ]t d1ट [ ٹ ʈ]t ज़ [ ظ z]z3स [ ث s]s1- [ ع ʔ]?ज [ ج ʤ]d Zग़ [ غ ɣ]Xच [ چ ʧ]t Sफ़ [ ف f]fह [ ح h]h1क़ [ ق q]qख़ [ خ x]xक [ ﮎ k]kद [ د ḓ]d dग [ گ g]gड [ ڈ ɖ]d ल [ ل l]lज़4.3Urdu contains 15 diacritical marks. Theyrepresent vowel sounds, except Hamza-e-Izafat ٔand Kasr-e-Izafat ِ- that are used to build compound words, e.g. [ اِدارﮦٔ ﺳﺎﺋﻨﺲ ɪḓɑrəhɪsɑɪns] (Institute of Science), ﺦ ﭘﻴﺪاﺋﺶ ِ [ ﺗﺎرِﻳ tɑrixɪpedɑɪʃ](date of birth), etc. Shadda ّ- is used to geminatea consonant e.g. ب ّ [ ر rəbb] (God), [ اﭼّﻬﺎ əʧʧʰɑ](good), etc. Jazm ْ- is used to mark the absence ofa vowel after the base consonant (Platts, 1909).In Hindi, the conjunct form is used to geminate aconsonant. Urdu diacritical marks mapping isgiven in Table 4. [ ذ z]z1म [ م m]mर [ ر r]rन [ ن n]nHindiUrduUITHindiUrduUITउ [ ڑ ɽ]r व [ و v]vज़ ाhG [ɑ]A [ ﮦ h]F [ə]@zह- [ ز z]ज़ [ ژ ʒ]Zय [ ﯼ j]jि G [ɪ]IनF [ən]@nस [ س s]sत [ ة ṱ]t d2 ुU ुन [ ش ʃ]SणE [ʊn]UnशE [ʊ]- [ɳ]n षS1 ं [ ں ŋ] ूE [u]uि नF [ɪn]In [ ش ʃ] ीTable 3: Hindi Urdu non-aspirated consonants4.2Diacritical MarksVowelsHindi has 11 vowels and 10 of them have nasalized forms. They are represented by 11 independent vowel symbols e.g. आ [ɑ], ऊ [u], औ [ɔ],etc. and 10 dependent vowel symbols e.g. ा[ɑ], ू [u], ौ [ɔ], etc. called maatraas. When avowel comes at the start of a word or a syllable,the independent form is used; otherwise the dependent form is used (Kellogg, 1872; Montaut,2004).iG [i] Table 4: Diacritical Marks of UrduDiacritical marks are present in Urdu but sparingly used by people. They are very importantfor the correct pronunciation and understandingthe meanings of a word. For example, ﻳہ ﺳﮍﮎ ﺑﮩﺖ ﭼﻮڑﯼ ﮨﮯ۔ [je səɽək bʊhəṱ ʧɔɽi hæ] (This is a wide road.) ﻣﻴﺮﯼ ﭼﻮڑﯼ ﺳﺮخ ﮨﮯ۔ [meri ʧuɽi sʊrəx hæ] (My bangle is red.)In the first sentence, the word ﭼﻮڑﯼ is pronounced as [ʧɔɽi] (wide) and in the second, it is539

essential for removing ambiguities, natural language processing and speech synthesis.pronounced as [ʧuɽi] (bangle). There should beZabar (َ ) and Pesh (ُ ) after Cheh ( )چ in abovewords and correct transcriptions are ( ﭼَﻮڑﯼ wide)and ( ﭼُﻮڑﯼ bangle). Thus diacritical marks areVoweləUrduIt is represented by Alef ( )ا Zabar َ- at the start of a word e.g. [ اَب əb] (now) and by Zabar َ- in the middleof a word respectively e.g. ب ّ [ َر rəbb] (God). It never comes at the end of a word.It is represented by Alef Madda ( )ﺁ at the start of a word e.g. [ ﺁدﻣﯽ ɑḓmi] (man) and by Alef ( )ا or AlefMadda ( )ﺁ in the middle of a word e.g. [ ﺟﺎﻧﺎ ʤɑnɑ] (go), [ ﺑِﻶﺧﺮ bɪlɑxər] (at last). At the end of a word, it isrepresented by Alef ( )ا . In some Arabic loan words, it is represented by Choti Yeh ( )ﯼ Khari Zabar ٰ- atthe end of a word e.g. ٰ [ اﻋﻠﯽ ə?lɑ] (Superior) and by Khari Zabar ٰ- in the middle of a word e.g. [ اﻟٰﮩﯽ ɪlɑhi](God).It is represented by Alef ( )ا Choti Yeh ( )ﯼ at the start of a word e.g. [ اﻳﺜﺎر esɑr] (sacrifice), [ اﻳﮏ ek] (one),ɑetc. and by Choti Yeh ( )ﯼ or Baree Yeh ( )ے in the middle of a word e.g. [ ﻣﻴﺮا merɑ] (mine), اﻧﺪهﻴﺮا e[ənḓʰerɑ] (darkness), [ ﺑﮯﮔﻬﺮ begʰər] (homeless) etc. At the end of a word, It is represented by Baree Yeh( )ے e.g. [ ﺳﺎرے sɑre] (all).It is represented by Alef ( )ا Zabar َ- Choti Yeh ( )ﯼ at the start of a word e.g. [ اَﻳﮩہ æh] (this) and by Zabarَ- Choti Yeh ( )ﯼ in the middle of a word e.g. [ ﻣَﻴﻞ mæl] (dirt). At the end of a word, it is represented byZabar َ- Baree Yeh ( )ے e.g. [ ﮨَﮯ hæ] (is).It is represented by Alef ( )ا Zer ِ- at the start of a word e.g. [ اِس ɪs] (this) and by Zer ِ- in the middle of aæɪword e.g. [ ﺑﺎرِش bɑrɪʃ] (rain). It never comes at the end of a word. At the end of a word, it is used as Kasr-eIzafat to build compound words.It is represented by Alef ( )ا Zer ِ- Choti Yeh ( )ﯼ at the start of a word e.g. [ اِﻳﻤﺎن imɑn] (belief) and byiZer ِ- Choti Yeh ( )ﯼ in the middle or at the end of a word e.g. [ اﻣِﻴﺮﯼ ɑmiri] (richness), [ ﻗﺮِﻳﺐ qərib] (near),etc.It is represented by Alef ( )ا Pesh ُ- at the start of a word e.g. [ ُادّهﺮ ʊḓḓʰər] (there) and by Pesh ُ- in theʊmiddle of a word e.g. ّ [ ُﻣﻞ mʊll] (price). It never comes at the end of a word.It is represented by Alef ( )ا Pesh ُ- Vav ( )و at the start of a word e.g. [ اُوﻧﮕﻬﺘﺎ ũgʰəṱɑ] (dozzing) and byuPesh ُ- Vav ( )و in the middle or at the end of a word e.g. [ ﺻُﻮرت surəṱ] (face), [ ﺗﺮازُو ṱərɑzu] (physical balance), etc.It is represented by Alef ( )ا Vav ( )و at the start of a word e.g. [ اوﭼﻬﺎ oʧʰɑ] (nasty) and by Vav ( )و in themiddle or at the end of a word e.g. [ ﮨﻮﻟﯽ holi] (slowly), [ ﮐﮩﻮ kəho] (say), etc.It is represented by Alef ( )ا Zabar َ- Vav ( )و at the start of a word e.g. [ اَوٹ ɔʈ] (hindrance) and by Zabar َ-oHindi (UIT)अ (@)आ or ा (A)ए or े (e)ऐ or ै ({)इ or ि (I)ई or ी (i)उ or ु (U)ऊ or ू (u)ओ or ो (o)औ or ौ (O) Vav ( )و in the middle or at the end of a word e.g. [ ﻣَﻮت mɔṱ] (death).It is represented by a consonant symbol Reh ( [ )ر r] as this vowel is only present in Sanskrit loan words. It isऋ or ृ (r1)r̥almost not used in modern standard Hindi. It is not present in Urdu as it is used only in Sanskrit loan words.Note: In Hindi, Nasalization of a vowel is done by adding Anunasik ( ँ) or Anusavar ( ं) after the vowel. Anusavar ( ं) is used whenɔthe vowel graph goes over the upper line; otherwise Anunasik ( ँ) is used (Kellogg, 1872; Montaut, 2004). In UIT, is added at end ofUIT encoding for nasalization of all above vowels except the last one that do not have a nasalized form.Table 5: Analysis and Mapping of Hindi Urdu Vowels5HUMT RulesIn this section, UIT mappings of Hindi Urdu alphabets and contextual rules that are necessaryfor Hindi-Urdu transliteration are discussed.5.1UIT MappingsUIT mappings for Hindi and Urdu alphabets andtheir vowels are given in Table 2 – 5. In Hindi,SHA (श) and SSA (ष) both represent the soundSheen ( )ش . To make distinction between SHA(श) and SSA (ष) in UIT, they are mapped on Sand S1 respectively. Similarly in Urdu, Seh ( )ث ,Seen ( )س and Sad ( )ص represent the sound [s]and have one equivalent symbol in Hindi, i.e. SA(स). To make distinction among them in UIT,they are mapped on s1, s and s2 respectively. Allsimilar cases are shown in Table 6.[ʃ] and have one equivalent symbol in Urdu, i.e.540IPAṱUrdu (UIT) ( ت t d), ( ط t d1), ( ة t d2)Hindi (UIT)त (t d)s ( ث s1), ( س s), ( ص s2)स (s)H ( ح h1), ( ﮦ h)ह (h)

z ( ذ z1), ( ز z), ( ژ Z), ( ض z2), ( ظ z3)ज़ (z)ʃ ( ش S)श (S), ष (S1)r ( ر r)र (r), ऋ (r1)Table 6: Multiple Characters for one IPAMulti-equivalences are problematic for HindiUrdu transliteration.UIT is extendable to other languages like English, French, Kashmiri, Punjabi, Sindhi, etc. Forexample, Punjabi has one extra character thanUrdu i.e. Rnoon [ɳ] ( )ڻ , it is mapped on ‘n ’ inUIT. Similarly, UIT, a phonetic encodingscheme, can be extended to other languages.All these mappings can be implemented bysimple finite-state transducers using XEROX’sXFST (Beesley and Karttunen, 2003) language.A sample XFST code is given in Figure 1.read regex [ ب - b, پ - p, ج - [d “ ” Z] ];read regex [[ ]ه ج - [d “ ” Z “ ” h]];read regex [ و - v, ﯼ - j .#. ];read regex [ و - v, ﯼ - j [ ;]]ا ﺁ read regex [ ﯼ - e CONSONANTS ];read regex [ ﯼ - i [ْ .#.]]; read regex [ब - b, प - p, ज़ - z, झ - [d “ ” Z “ ” h]];read regex [अ - “@”, आ - A, ई - i .#. ] Figure 1: Sample XFST codeFinite-state transducers are robust and timeand space efficient (Mohri, 1997). They are alogical choice for Hindi-Urdu transliteration viaUIT as this problem could also be seen as stringmatching and producing an analysis string as anoutput like finite-state morphological analysis.5.26HUMT SystemThe HUMT system exploits the simplicity, robustness, power and time and space efficiency offinite-state transducers. Exactly the same transducer that encodes a Hindi or Urdu text into UITcan be used in the reverse direction to generateHindi or Urdu text from the UIT encoded text.This two-way power of the finite-state transducer(Mohri, 1997) has significantly reduced theamount of efforts to build the HUMT system.Another very important and powerful strength offinite-state transducers, they can be composedtogether to build a single transducer that can perform the same task that could be done with helpof two or more transducers when applied sequentially (Mohri, 1997), not only allows us to build adirect Hindi Urdu transducer, but also helps todivide difficult and complex problems into simple ones, and has indeed simplified the process ofbuilding the HUMT system. A direct Hindi Urdu transducer can be used in applicationswhere UIT encoding is not necessary like HindiUrdu MT system.The HUMT system can be extended to perform transliteration between two or more different scripts used for the same languages likeKashmiri, Kazakh, Malay, Punjabi, Sindhi, etc.or between language pairs like English–Hindi,English–Urdu, English–French, etc. by just introducing the respective transducers in the Finite-state Transducer Manager ofthe HUMT system to build a multilingual machine transliteration system.Contextual HUMT RulesUIT mappings need to be accompanied by necessary contextual HUMT rules for correct Hindi toUrdu transliteration and vice versa.For example, Vav ( )و and Choti Yeh ( )ﯼ areused to represent vowels like [o], [ɔ], [i], [e], etc.but they are also used as consonants. Vav ( )و andChoti Yeh ( )ﯼ are consonants when they come atthe beginning of a word or when they are followed by Alef mada ( )ﺁ or Alef ( )ا . Also, ChotiYeh ( )ﯼ represents the vowel [e] when it is preceded by a consonant but when it comes at theend of a word and is preceded by a consonantthen it represents the vowel [i]. These rules areshown in red colour in Figure 1.Thus HUMT contextual rules are necessary forHindi-Urdu transliteration and they can also beimplemented as finite-state transducer usingXFST. All these rules can’t be given here due toshortage of space.Figure 2: HUMT SystemIn the HUMT system, Text Tokenizertakes the input Hindi or Urdu Unicode text, tokenizes it into Hindi or Urdu words and passes541

6.2them to UIT Enconverter. The enconverterenconverts Hindi or Urdu words into UIT wordsusing the appropriate transducer from Finitestate Transducers Manager, e.g. forHindi words, it uses the Hindi UIT transducer.It passes these UIT encoded words to UIT Deconverter, which deconverts them into Hindior Urdu words using the appropriate transducerfrom Finite-state Transducers Manager in reverse and generates the target Hindior Urdu text.6.1For the deconversion, Hindi UIT or Urdu UIT transducer is applied in reverse on the UITenconverted words to generate Hindi or Urduwords. To continue with the example in the previous section, the UIT words are deconvertedinto the Urdu words by the UIT Deconverter using Urdu UIT transduc

Urdu 60,290,000 104,000,000 164,290,000 Total 426,290,000 591,000,000 1,017,000,000 Table 1: Hindi and Urdu speakers Hindi and Urdu, being varieties of the same language, cover a huge proportion of world s population. People from Hindi and Urdu com-munities can understand the verbal e

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