Biotechnology Program Introduction To Biotechnology
Department of BiologyBiotechnology ProgramIntroduction to BiotechnologyBTEC2301Prepared ByDr. Tarek ELBASHITIAssoc. Prof. of Biotechnology20190
برنامج التكنولوجيا الحيويت - قسم األحياء غزة - الجامعت اإلسالميت Description and Plan of/ Introduction toBiotechnology (BTEC 2301)07/09/2019 : التاريخ طارق عبد القادر البشيتى / الدكتور : المدرس Room No.: C529 أربعاء , أثنين , سبج 11-11 / الساعاث المكتبيت Description:This course includes the fundamental aspects and principles of biotechnologicalprocesses. Definition, History, Introduction to processes and products, biotechnologicallyimportant microorganisms, primary and secondary metabolites, Strain Improvement,Recombinant DNA Technology, Bioprocess are covered. It also covers Batch peration,bioreactors:immobilization techniques, downstream processes. Medical, pharmaceutical, agricultural,environmental applications are discussed.The Plan:Time )weeks(123456789101112131415ContentsGeneral Lectures (Introduction to Biotechnology in Gaza Strip)Definition of Biotechnology, Introduction to processes andproductsHistory, Time line and Significance of BiotechnologyIndustrial Statistics & How Biotechnology Works?Biotechnologically important microorganisms, primary andsecondary metabolitesPlant and animal cell culturesStrain Improvement, Recombinant DNA TechnologyBioprocess. Batch Operations, Continuous SystemsMid-term ExamBioprocess: Heat transfer and sterilization, Oxygen supply,Mixing and AerationBioreactors: types, design, and operationBioreactors: Immobilization techniquesDownstream ProcessesAgricultural applications & From Biomass to Fuels (Biomassand Ethanol)Pharmaceutical, Medical, Warfare, Food and EnvironmentalApplicationsSafety and Regulations1
LCD10301050: المراجع االساسيت 1- Understanding Biotechnology, Aluízio Borém, Fabrício R. Santos & David E. Bowen,Prentice Hall PTR Publisher, 2003.2. Biology of Microorganisms, Thomas D. Brock et al., 10th Edition, 2000.3. Microbial Biotechnology, Fundamental of Applied Microbiology, Alexander N. Glazerand Hiroshi Nikaido, W. H. Freeman and company, 1995.4. Basic Biotechnology, Colin Ratledge and Bjorn Kristiansen, Cambridge UniversityPress, 2001.5. Biotechnology–Present Position and Future Developments, Martina NewellMcGloughlin & James I. Burke, Teagasc Publishers, 2000.6. Introduction to Biotechnology, William J. Thieman and Michael A. Palladino,Benjamin Cummings, 2004.7. Biotechnology an Introduction, Susan R. Barnum, Brooks/cole, Second Edition, 2005.8. Principles of Fermentation Technology, P. F. Standbury, A. Whitaker and S. J. Hall,Elsevier Science Ltd, Second Edition, 2003.9. Biotechnology, Christopher Lewis, Global Media Publisher, First Edition, 2007.2
LECTURE NOTES:CHAPTER 1 : What is biotechnology? Definition, introduction to process andproductsCHAPTER 2 : History, Time Line and Significance of BiotechnologyCHAPTER 3: Industrial StatisticsCHAPTER 4: How Biotechnology Works?CHAPTER 5: Biotechnologically important microorganisms, primary andsecondary metabolitesCHAPTER 6 : Plant and animal cell culturesCHAPTER 7 : Strain Improvement. Old & new technologiesCHAPTER 8 : Bioprocesses. Batch operations, continuous systemsCHAPTER 9 : Bioprocesses principles: Heat transfer and sterilization, Oxygensupply and mass transfer, Mixing and aerationCHAPTER 10 : Bioreactors: types, design, and operationCHAPTER 11 : Downstream processesCHAPTER 12 : Applications of biotechnology: Pharmaceutical andmedical biotechnology, Food biotechnology, Environmental biotechnology,Industrial biotechnology, Biosensors and biochipsCHAPTER 13 : Safety and regulations3
CHAPTER 1: What is biotechnology?We will start with the introduction to biotechnology and see how various people havegiven their own versions and meaning to biotechnology. This will enable you tounderstand the subject you have come here for and make your own opinion about it. Thisis to remind you that all of us here, have gathered to see how we can merge the qualitiesof mother nature with the intelligence of human brain and work for betterment ofmankind.OBJECTIVES Learn the definition of Biotechnology i.e. exactly what is biotechnology: Its application in various fields. The historical background of biotechnology. Differentiating between the old and the new technologies.Defining BiotechnologyBIOTECHNOLOGY IS UTILIZATION OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMSOR PART OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS TO GET ANY PRODUCTOR SERVICEINTRODUCTIONBiotechnology is the culmination of more than 8,000 years of human experience usinglive organisms and the process of fermentation to make useful products. Biotechnologycan be viewed as a group of useful, enabling technologies with wide and diverseapplications in the industry, commerce and environment.Historically, biotechnology evolved as an artisanal skill rather than a science, exemplifiedin the manufacture of beers, wines, cheese etc. Today biotechnology is applied tomanufacturing processes used in health care, food and agriculture, industrial processesand environmental cleanup, among other applications.As an area of science, biotechnology is often defined as a combination of advances in ourunderstanding of molecular and cellular biology, plant, animal and human genetics and4
how the human immune system fights disease. The sections of this guide offer specificproduct descriptions and examples of how biotechnology is used in these differentapplications.Another prehistoric or ancient biotechnology is the use of yeast, a microorganism, toferment fruit or grains to produce alcohol and use of other microorganisms to makecheese, yogurt, pickles, some sausages, etc. (Again, we started using thesemicroorganisms long before the invention of the microscope, so of course we didn’tknow they were microorganisms).It is the technological exploitation and control of biological systems and attempts havebeen made to define biotechnology and it has been interpreted in different ways bydifferent groups of workers. However, the following definitions seem to be mostappropriate.(i) The application of science and engineering in the direct or indirect use of livingorganisms, or parts or products of living organisms, in their natural or modified form.(ii) The integrated use of biochemistry, microbiology and engineering sciences in order toachieve technological (industrial) application of the capabilities of the microorganisms,cultured tissue cells and parts thereof (European Federation of Biotechnology).(iii) The controlled use of biological agents such as microorganisms or cellularcomponents for beneficial use (US National Science Foundation).Clearly what goes on in industry, is better defined as Process Biotechnology. This issimply described as a discipline which enables its exponents to convert raw materials tofinal products when either the raw material and/or a stage in the production processinvolves biological entities. Biotechnology in the broad sense, however, involves thecloners, the hybridisers and the molecular and cell biologists. It involves the conjointinteraction of two identifiable sub-components; bioscience and deposits arebiotechnology.1. Biotechnology is also defined as the applications of scientific and engineeringprinciples to the processing of material by biological agents to provide goods andservices.2. The Spinks Report (1980) defined biotechnology as the application of biologicalorganisms, systems or processes to the manufacturing and service industries.5
3. United States Congress's Office of Technology Assessment defined biotechnology asany technique that used living organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plantsor animals or to develop microorganisms for specific uses. The document focuses on thedevelopment and application of modern biotechnology based on new enabling techniquesof recombinant-DNA technology.4. British Biotechnologist: Application of biological organisms, system or processes tomanufacturing and service industries5. European Federation of Biotechnology: The integrated use of biochemistry,microbiology and engineering sciences in order to achieve technological (industrial)application of the capabilities of micro-organisms, cultured tissue cells and parts thereof.6. Japanese Biotechnologists: A technology using biological phenomena for copying andmanufacturing various kinds of useful substances.7. US National Science Foundation: The controlled use of biological agents, such asmicroorganisms or cellular components for beneficial use.Under the convention on Biological diversity (5th June 1992) Biotechnology is definedas any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, orderivatives thereof to make or modify products or processes for specific use.Biotechnology is employing plant cells, animal cells and microorganisms not only tomanufacture goods and medicines that are useful to mankind, but also to generateproducts and procedures which will improve the quality and health of livestock,agricultural crops and our environment at large.Biotechnology involves integration of such advanced disciplines as biochemistry,microbiology, genetics, chemistry, chemical engineering, process engineering andcomputer science.Red biotechnology is applied to medical processes. Some examples are the designing oforganisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genomicmanipulation.White biotechnology, also known as grey biotechnology, is biotechnology applied toindustrial processes. An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful6
chemical. White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditionalprocesses used to produce industrial goods.Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. An example isthe designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific environmental conditions or inthe presence (or absence) of certain agricultural chemicals. One hope is that greenbiotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly solutions than traditionalindustrial agriculture. An example of this is the engineering of a plant to express apesticide, thereby eliminating the need for external application of pesticides. An exampleof this would be Bt corn. Whether or not green biotechnology products such as this areultimately more environmentally friendly is a topic of considerable debate.Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field which addresses biological problems usingcomputational techniques. The field is also often referred to as computational biology. Itplays a key role in various areas, such as functional genomics, structural genomics, andproteomics, and forms a key component in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector.The term blue biotechnology has also been used to describe the marine and aquaticapplications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare.7
Origin of Biotechnology Old vs. New TechnologyThe origin of biotechnology goes back to 6000 B.C with the story of the use of biologicalsystems for the fulfillment of human needs, when Sumerians and Babylonians fermenteda kind of beer. Beginning with fermentation of beer, the use of biological processes thenexperienced has undergone many changes over the centuries.But greatest revolution has taken place in the 1970's and 1980's, when a product ofinteraction between the science of biology and technology came into wider existence.This relationship thus got the name Bio- technology.The origin of biotechnology can be traced back to prehistoric times when microorganismswere already used for processes like fermentation, formation of yoghurt and cheese frommilk, vinegar from molasses, production of butanol and acetone from starch byClostridium acetobutylicum.Fast forward to modern biotechnology in the last few hundred years: Some of themost important modern biotechnologies were the development of vaccines and antibioticssuch as the production of antibiotics like penicillin from Penicillium notatum. Jenner,1795, is credited with invention of vaccination in Western medicine. Jenner found (andpublished) that vaccination with cowpox virus makes people immune to smallpox, whichis caused by smallpox virus (though of course the germ theory of disease and the conceptof viruses did not come until much later). Sometime between 1795 and 1930, the cowpoxvirus used for vaccination against smallpox was replaced with vaccinia virus, acontaminant of unknown origin that is NOT the same as cowpox virus. The termsvaccinia and vaccination are based on the Latin name for cow (vacca).Example A recurring theme of this course is that technologies often have unanticipatedadverse effects. The closest thing to smallpox virus that we know of is cowpox virus,suggesting that smallpox virus may have evolved from cowpox virus. Hence, smallpox, adisease that is estimated to have killed hundreds of millions of people in the last 500years, might be considered an adverse effect of the domestication of cattle & theinvention of agriculture. Other diseases that might have come from cattle includetuberculosis and measles, which have also killed huge number of people.8
With the discovery of Penicillin, the first antibiotic by Alexander Fleming around 1940;many other antibiotics were also found (i.e. the substances made by one microorganismto inhibit the growth of, or kill, other microorganisms).So why are we talking about a biotechnology revolution?In the 1960s and 70s, our knowledge of cell and molecular biology reached the pointwhere we could begin to manipulate organisms at those levels. Essentially, we learnedhow to move genes around, at will. Manipulating organisms to our advantage is not new.What is new is how we are manipulating them. The key to new technology wasrecombinant DNA, and I think I remember that at first, the term biotechnology impliedthe use of recombinant DNA. But the meaning of the word has become broader by theuse of cells and biological molecules to solve problems or make useful products.Nowadays it can mean almost anything that has to do with biology and technology.Defenders of the use of genetically engineered plants and animals are fond of the pointthat biotechnology (def. 1) is not new and of the idea that manipulating organisms to ouradvantage (by selective breeding) is not new.We will focus on other aspects of biotechnology i.e. human health, which expertsestimate is the aim of more than 80% of biotech research funds (but that is difficult tomeasure). Biotechnology makes its contribution in all fields related to health care,especially in the fields of Microbiology, Genetics, Biochemistry and Immunology whichhave principal contribution to the medical field for many years. Biotechnology research isaimed towards: Diseases caused by infective agents, including viruses Diseases due to imbalance in body’s natural chemistry Genetic disorders AIDS, Tumor and Cancer Therapy Organ TransplantationThe numerous tools and sciences that are the basis for biotechnology are kind ofoverwhelming, but remember no one person knows everything about all of this which arealso fundamental to success in biotechnology. Through the centuries with the increase inpopulation of the world and consequently increase in the demand for food supply, variousnovel methods have been used to increase the production of food and also improve the9
quality and there by fulfill the demands of the increasing population. Since plants are thekey to life on earth, they directly supply 90% of human calorie intake, and 80% of theprotein intake and the remainder being derived from animal products, although theseanimals have also derive their nutrition from plants. Of the three thousand plant specieswhich have been used as food by man, the world now depends mainly on around twentycrop species for the majority of its calories, with 50% being contributed by eight speciesof cereals. Minerals and vitamins are supplied by a further thirty species of fruits andvegetables. Most important of the staple foods are the cereals, particularly wheat and rice,with more than one-third of all cultivated land used to produce these two crops.As the population continues to expand, there has been a concern over the large number ofpeople that the world agriculture can support. It has been calculated that the earth cansupport about 15 billion people on a strictly vegetarian diet, or five billion on a mixeddiet.The population is expected to be fifteen billion by 2025. The farming practices and cropscultivated today have developed over a relatively short time span. Crop plants of todayhave changed in a number of ways so that they now bear very little resemblance to theirwild type ancestors. These changes have come about through selection, either consciousor unconscious, for traits which are advantageous to the people growing the crops. Thusmodern wheat do not disperse their seeds or legumes do not have pods which burst open.Today, varieties are the result of generation of plants cultivated under ideal conditionsfrom the man's point of view.From the beginning of crop cultivation to the late nineteenth century, all improvements inthe species used were brought about by those who were directly involved, i.e. farmersthemselves. In the following 100 years, the laws of genetic inheritance and rulesgoverning species variation were laid down by Mendel, Darwin and others whichredefined the breeding techniques by making them predictable and therefore quicker,more precise and more productive. Furthermore, despite the implementation of breedingtechniques, the time taken to produce and test varieties is an important limitingconsideration.10
Similar to the improvements in plant production, there has been a considerable advancesin animal production, such as breeding animals for disease resistance, high productivityof milk in bovine animals, etc.Microorganisms have been extensively used in various industries for the production ofvaccines for various diseases, production of antibiotics, in fermentation processes etc.Biotechnology thus consists of a variety of techniques, designed to genetically improveand/or exploit living systems or their components for the benefit of man. In fact,biotechnology is the product of interaction between sciences of biology and technology.However, biotechnology got a boost in the 1970's with the discovery of restrictionenzymes which led to the development of a variety of gene technologies and is thusconsidered to be the greatest scientific revolution of this century.11
Biotechnology Present and FutureThe following are the Areas of applied biotechnology:In 1885, a scientist named Roux demonstrated embryonic chick cells could be kept aliveoutside an animal's body. For the next hundred years, advances in cell tissue culture haveprovided fascinating glimpses into many different areas such as biological clocks andcancer therapy.Monoclonal antibodies are new tools to detect and localize specific biologicalmolecules. In principle, monoclonal antibodies can be made against any macromolecule12
and used to locate, purify or even potentially destroy a molecule as for example withanticancer drugs.Molecular biology is useful in many fields. DNA technology is utilized in solving crimes.It also allows searchers to produce banks of DNA, RNA and proteins, while mapping thehuman genome. Tracers are used to synthesize specific DNA or RNA probes, essential tolocalizing sequences involved in genetic disorders.With genetic engineering, new proteins are synthesized. They can be introduced intoplants or animal genomes, producing a new type of disease resistant plants, capable ofliving in inhospitable environments (i.e. temperature and water extremes,). Whenintroduced into bacteria, these proteins have also produced new antibiotics and usefuldrugs.Techniques of cloning generate large quantities of pure human proteins, which are usedto treat diseases like diabetes. In the future, a resource bank for rar
immobilization techniques, downstream processes. Medical, pharmaceutical, agricultural, environmental applications are discussed. The Plan: Time)weeks( Contents 1 General Lectures (Introduction to Biotechnology in Gaza Strip) Definition of Biotechnology, Introduction to processes and products 2 3 History, Tim
Unit B: Plant Biotechnology 75 1. Overview of Biotechnology (1 3 10 hrs) 14 hrs Introduction : A) Origin and History of biotechnology, B) Scope and importance of biotechnology: a) Biotechnology in Medicine, b) Biotechnology in food industry, c) . Dubey R.C. 2009. A text Book of Biotechnology
UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY . Lesson 1: An Overview of Biotechnology . Competency/Objective: Summarize the importance of biotechnology to agriculture. Study Questions . 1. What is biotechnology? 2. What has been the role of biotechnology in agr iculture? 3. What is the current
What is agricultural biotechnology? Biotechnology is a broad collection of tools and technolo-gies that involve the manipulation of living cells and/or biological molecules to solve problems and make useful products. Agricultural biotechnology is the application of biotechnology to agriculture. Agricultural biotechnology
Biotechnology BT 20412 BT Plant Biotechnology 3 1 - 20 15 15 50 70 120 4 3 Biotechnology BT 20413 BT Food Biotechnology 3 1 - 20 15 15 50 70 120 4 4 Biotechnology BT 20414 BT Recombinant DNA Technology 3 1 . A textbook of Biotechnology by R.C. Dubey, S.Chand & company Ltd. References Books:
students of Botany at University level, which is organised every year since last 7 years. The Department aims to be a Centre of Excellence. The Department of Biotechnology established in 2002, at present offers UG, PG and Ph.D. programmes in Biotechnology. There are 4 recognized research guides for Ph.D. in Biotechnology and M.Sc. (by research) in Biotechnology. Name of the research centre .
But recent developments in molecular biology have given biotechnology new meaning, new prominence, and new potential. It is (modern) biotechnology that has captured the attention of the public. Modern biotechnology can have a dramatic effect on the world economy and society (3). One example of modern biotechnology is genetic engineering.
Agricultural biotechnology is the term used in crop and livestock improvement through biotechnology tools. This monograph will focus only on agricultural crop biotechnology. Biotechnology encompasses a number of tools and elements of conventional breeding techniques,
up and as a follow-up to the 11th World Trade Organization (WTO) Ministerial Conference (MC11) in December 2017. At MC11 in Buenos Aires, differences on digital commerce could not be bridged. Views were signifi- cantly opposed. Discussions were heated. While negotiators cannot reach compromise let alone consensus, the digital economy continues to grow very fast, with major economic and .
