The Prince
The Princeby Nicolo MachiavelliWritten c. 1505, published 1515Translated by W. K. MarriottDownloaded from https://www.holybooks.com
The Prince1Nicolo MachiavelliCHAPTER IHow Many Kinds Of Principalities ThereAre, And By What Means They AreAcquiredALL STATES,all powers, that have held andhold rule over men have been and areeither republics or principalities.Principalities are either hereditary, in which thefamily has been long established; or they are new.The new are either entirely new, as was Milan toFrancesco Sforza, or they are, as it were, membersannexed to the hereditary state of the prince whohas acquired them, as was the kingdom of Naplesto that of the King of Spain.Such dominions thus acquired are eitheraccustomed to live under a prince, or to live infreedom; and are acquired either by the arms of theprince himself, or of others, or else by fortune orby ability.Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.com
The Prince2Nicolo MachiavelliCHAPTER IIConcerning Hereditary PrincipalitiesIWILL leave out all discussion on republics,inasmuch as in another place I have written ofthem at length, 1 and will address myself onlyto principalities. In doing so I will keep to theorder indicated above, and discuss how suchprincipalities are to be ruled and preserved.I say at once there are fewer difficulties inholding hereditary states, and those longaccustomed to the family of their prince, than newones; for it is sufficient only not to transgress thecustoms of his ancestors, and to deal prudentlywith circumstances as they arise, for a prince ofaverage powers to maintain himself in his state,unless he be deprived of it by some extraordinaryand excessive force; and if he should be sodeprived of it, whenever anything sinister happensto the usurper, he will regain it.We have in Italy, for example, the Duke ofFerrara, who could not have withstood the attacksof the Venetians in '84, nor those of Pope Julius in'10, unless he had been long established in hisdominions. For the hereditary prince has less causeand less necessity to offend; hence it happens thathe will be more loved; and unless extraordinaryvices cause him to be hated, it is reasonable to1 Discourses.Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.com
The Prince3Nicolo Machiavelliexpect that his subjects will be naturally welldisposed towards him; and in the antiquity andduration of his rule the memories and motives thatmake for change are lost, for one change alwaysleaves the toothing for another.Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.com
The Prince4Nicolo MachiavelliCHAPTER IIIConcerning Mixed PrincipalitiesBthe difficulties occur in a newprincipality. And firstly, if it be notentirely new, but is, as it were, a memberof a state which, taken collectively, may be calledcomposite, the changes arise chiefly from aninherent difficulty which there is in all newprincipalities; for men change their rulerswillingly, hoping to better themselves, and thishope induces them to take up arms against himwho rules: wherein they are deceived, because theyafterwards find by experience they have gone frombad to worse. This follows also on another naturaland common necessity, which always causes a newprince to burden those who have submitted to himwith his soldiery and with infinite other hardshipswhich he must put upon his new acquisition.In this way you have enemies in all those whomyou have injured in seizing that principality, andyou are not able to keep those friends who put youthere because of your not being able to satisfy themin the way they expected, and you cannot takestrong measures against them, feeling bound tothem. For, although one may be very strong inarmed forces, yet in entering a province one hasalways need of the goodwill of the natives.For these reasons Louis XII, King of France,UTDownloaded from https://www.holybooks.com
The Prince5Nicolo Machiavelliquickly occupied Milan, and as quickly lost it; andto turn him out the first time it only neededLodovico's own forces; because those who hadopened the gates to him, finding themselvesdeceived in their hopes of future benefit, would notendure the ill-treatment of the new prince. It isvery true that, after acquiring rebellious provincesa second time, they are not so lightly lostafterwards, because the prince, with littlereluctance, takes the opportunity of the rebellion topunish the delinquents, to clear out the suspects,and to strengthen himself in the weakest places.Thus to cause France to lose Milan the first time itwas enough for the Duke Lodovico to raiseinsurrections on the borders; but to cause him tolose it a second time it was necessary to bring thewhole world against him, and that his armiesshould be defeated and driven out of Italy; whichfollowed from the causes above mentioned.Nevertheless Milan was taken from France boththe first and the second time. The general reasonsfor the first have been discussed; it remains toname those for the second, and to see whatresources he had, and what any one in his situationwould have had for maintaining himself moresecurely in his acquisition than did the King ofFrance.Now I say that those dominions which, whenacquired, are added to an ancient state by him whoacquires them, are either of the same country andlanguage, or they are not. When they are, it isDownloaded from https://www.holybooks.com
The Prince6Nicolo Machiavellieasier to hold them, especially when they have notbeen accustomed to self-government; and to holdthem securely it is enough to have destroyed thefamily of the prince who was ruling them; becausethe two peoples, preserving in other things the oldconditions, and not being unlike in customs, willlive quietly together, as one has seen in Brittany,Burgundy, Gascony, and Normandy, which havebeen bound to France for so long a time: and,although there may be some difference inlanguage, nevertheless the customs are alike, andthe people will easily be able to get on amongstthemselves. He who has annexed them, if hewishes to hold them, has only to bear in mind twoconsiderations: the one, that the family of theirformer lord is extinguished; the other, that neithertheir laws nor their taxes are altered, so that in avery short time they will become entirely one bodywith the old principality.But when states are acquired in a countrydiffering in language, customs, or laws, there aredifficulties, and good fortune and great energy areneeded to hold them, and one of the greatest andmost real helps would be that he who has acquiredthem should go and reside there. This would makehis position more secure and durable, as it hasmade that of the Turk in Greece, who,notwithstanding all the other measures taken byhim for holding that state, if he had not settledthere, would not have been able to keep it.Because, if one is on the spot, disorders are seen asDownloaded from https://www.holybooks.com
The Prince7Nicolo Machiavellithey spring up, and one can quickly remedy them;but if one is not at hand, they heard of only whenthey are one can no longer remedy them. Besidesthis, the country is not pillaged by your officials;the subjects are satisfied by prompt recourse to theprince; thus, wishing to be good, they have morecause to love him, and wishing to be otherwise, tofear him. He who would attack that state from theoutside must have the utmost caution; as long asthe prince resides there it can only be wrested fromhim with the greatest difficulty.The other and better course is to send coloniesto one or two places, which may be as keys to thatstate, for it necessary either to do this or else tokeep there a great number of cavalry and infantry.A prince does not spend much on colonies, forwith little or no expense he can send them out andkeep them there, and he offends a minority only ofthe citizens from whom he takes lands and housesto give them to the new inhabitants; and thosewhom he offends, remaining poor and scattered,are never able to injure him; whilst the rest beinguninjured are easily kept quiet, and at the sametime are anxious not to err for fear it shouldhappen to them as it has to those who have beendespoiled. In conclusion, I say that these coloniesare not costly, they are more faithful, they injureless, and the injured, as has been said, being poorand scattered, cannot hurt. Upon this, one has toremark that men ought either to be well treated orcrushed, because they can avenge themselves ofDownloaded from https://www.holybooks.com
The Prince8Nicolo Machiavellilighter injuries, of more serious ones they cannot;therefore the injury that is to be done to a manought to be of such a kind that one does not standin fear of revenge.But in maintaining armed men there in place ofcolonies one spends much more, having toconsume on the garrison all income from the state,so that the acquisition turns into a loss, and manymore are exasperated, because the whole state isinjured; through the shifting of the garrison up anddown all become acquainted with hardship, and allbecome hostile, and they are enemies who, whilstbeaten on their own ground, are yet able to do hurt.For every reason, therefore, such guards are asuseless as a colony is useful.Again, the prince who holds a country differingin the above respects ought to make himself thehead and defender of his powerful neighbours, andto weaken the more powerful amongst them,taking care that no foreigner as powerful as himselfshall, by any accident, get a footing there; for itwill always happen that such a one will beintroduced by those who are discontented, eitherthrough excess of ambition or through fear, as onehas seen already. The Romans were brought intoGreece by the Aetolians; and in every othercountry where they obtained a footing they werebrought in by the inhabitants. And the usual courseof affairs is that, as soon as a powerful foreignerenters a country, all the subject states are drawn tohim, moved by the hatred which they feel againstDownloaded from https://www.holybooks.com
The Prince9Nicolo Machiavellithe ruling power. So that in respect to these subjectstates he has not to take any trouble to gain themover to himself, for the whole of them quickly rallyto the state which he has acquired there. He hasonly to take care that they do not get hold of toomuch power and too much authority, and then withhis own forces, and with their goodwill, he caneasily keep down the more powerful of them, so asto remain entirely master in the country. And hewho does not properly manage this business willsoon lose what he has acquired, and whilst he doeshold it he will have endless difficulties andtroubles.The Romans, in the countries which theyannexed, observed closely these measures; theysent colonies and maintained friendly relationswith the minor powers, without increasing theirstrength; they kept down the greater, and did notallow any strong foreign powers to gain authority.Greece appears to me sufficient for an example.The Achaeans and Aetolians were kept friendly bythem, the kingdom of Macedonia was humbled,Antiochus was driven out; yet the merits of theAchaeans and Aetolians never secured for thempermission to increase their power, nor did thepersuasions of Philip ever induce the Romans to behis friends without first humbling him, nor did theinfluence of Antiochus make them agree that heshould retain any lordship over the country.Because the Romans did in these instances what allprudent princes ought to do, who have to regardDownloaded from https://www.holybooks.com
The Prince10Nicolo Machiavellinot only present troubles, but also future ones, forwhich they must prepare with every energy,because, when foreseen, it is easy to remedy them;but if you wait until they approach, the medicine isno longer in time because the malady has becomeincurable; for it happens in this, as the physicianssay it happens in hectic fever, that in the beginningof the malady it is easy to cure but difficult todetect, but in the course of time, not having beeneither detected or treated in the beginning, itbecomes easy to detect but difficult to cure. Thus ithappens in affairs of state, for when the evils thatarise have been foreseen (which it is only given toa wise man to see), they can be quickly redressed,but when, through not having been foreseen, theyhave been permitted to grow in a way that everyone can see them. there is no longer a remedy.Therefore, the Romans, foreseeing troubles, dealtwith them at once, and, even to avoid a war, wouldnot let them come to a head, for they knew that waris not to be avoided, but is only put off to theadvantage of others; moreover they wished to fightwith Philip and Antiochus in Greece so as not tohave to do it in Italy; they could have avoided both,but this they did not wish; nor did that ever pleasethem which is for ever in the mouths of the wiseones of our time:— Let us enjoy the benefits of thetime — but rather the benefits of their own valourand prudence, for time drives everything before it,and is able to bring with it good as well as evil,and evil as well as good.Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.com
The Prince11Nicolo MachiavelliBut let us turn to France and inquire whether shehas done any of the things mentioned. I will speakof Louis [XII] (and not of Charles [VIII]) as theone whose conduct is the better to be observed, hehaving held possession of Italy for the longestperiod; and you will see that he has done theopposite to those things which ought to be done toretain a state composed of divers elements.King Louis was brought into Italy by theambition of the Venetians, who desired to obtainhalf the state of Lombardy by his intervention. Iwill not blame the course taken by the king,because, wishing to get a foothold in Italy, andhaving no friends there — seeing rather that everydoor was shut to him owing to the conduct ofCharles — he was forced to accept thosefriendships which he could get, and he would havesucceeded very quickly in his design if in othermatters he had not made some mistakes. The king,however, having acquired Lombardy, regained atonce the authority which Charles had lost: Genoayielded; the Florentines became his friends; theMarquess of Mantua, the Duke of Ferrara, theBentivoglio, my lady of Forli, the Lords of Faenza,of Pesaro, of Rimini, of Camerino, of Piombino,the Lucchesi, the Pisans, the Sienese — everybodymade advances to him to become his friend. Thencould the Venetians realize the rashness of thecourse taken by them, which, in order that theymight secure two towns in Lombardy, had madethe king master of two-thirds of Italy.Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.com
The Prince12Nicolo MachiavelliLet any one now consider with what littledifficulty the king could have maintained hisposition in Italy had he observed the rules abovelaid down, and kept all his friends secure andprotected; for although they were numerous theywere both weak and timid, some afraid of theChurch, some of the Venetians, and thus theywould always have been forced to stand in withhim, and by their means he could easily have madehimself secure against those who remainedpowerful. But he was no sooner in Milan than hedid the contrary by assisting Pope Alexander tooccupy the Romagna. It never occurred to him thatby this action he was weakening himself, deprivinghimself of friends and those who had thrownthemselves into his lap, whilst he aggrandized theChurch by adding much temporal power to thespiritual, thus giving it great authority. And havingcommitted this prime error, he was obliged tofollow it up, so much so that, to put an end to theambition of Alexander, and to prevent hisbecoming the master of Tuscany, he was himselfforced to come into Italy.And as if it were not enough to haveaggrandized the Church, and deprived himselffriends, he, wishing to have the kingdom ofNaples, divides it with the King of Spain, andwhere he was the prime arbiter of Italy he takes anassociate, so that the ambitious of that country andthe malcontents of his own should have where toshelter; and whereas he could have left in theDownloaded from https://www.holybooks.com
The Prince13Nicolo Machiavellikingdom his own pensioner as king, he drove himout, to put one there who was able to drive him,Louis, out in turn.The wish to acquire is in truth very natural andcommon, and men always do so when they can,and for this they will be praised not blamed; butwhen they cannot do so, yet wish to do so by anymeans, then there is folly and blame. Therefore, ifFrance could have attacked Naples with her ownforces she ought to have done so; if she could not,then she ought not to have divided it. And if thepartition which she made with the Venetians inLombardy was justified by the excuse that by it shegot a foothold in Italy, this other partition meritedblame, for it had not the excuse of that necessity.Therefore Louis made these five errors: hedestroyed the minor powers, he increased thestrength of one of the greater powers in Italy, hebrought in a foreign power, he did not settle in thecountry, he did not send colonies. Which errors, ifhe had lived, were not enough to injure him had henot made a sixth by taking away their dominionsfrom the Venetians; because, had he notaggrandized the Church, nor brought Spain intoItaly, it would have been very reasonable andnecessary to humble them; but having first takenthese steps, he ought never to have consented totheir ruin, for they, being powerful, would alwayshave kept off others from designs on Lombardy, towhich the Venetians would never have consentedexcept to become masters themselves there; alsoDownloaded from https://www.holybooks.com
The Prince14Nicolo Machiavellibecause the others would not wish to takeLombardy from France in order to give it to theVenetians, and to run counter to both they wouldnot have had the courage.And if any one should say: King Louis yieldedthe Romagna to Alexander and the kingdom toSpain to avoid war, I answer for the reasons givenabove that a blunder ought never be perpetrated toavoid war, because it is not to be avoided, but isonly deferred to your disadvantage. And if anothershould allege the pledge which the king had givento the Pope that he would assist him in theenterprise, in exchange for the dissolution of hismarriage and for the hat to Rouen, to that I replywhat I shall write later on concerning the faith ofprinces, and how it ought to be kept.Thus King Louis lost Lombardy by not havingfollowed any of the conditions observed by thosewho have taken possession of countries andwished to retain them. Nor is there any miracle inthis, but much that is reasonable and quite natural.And on these matters I spoke at Nantes withRouen, when Valentino, 1 as Cesare Borgia, theson of Pope Alexander, was usually called,occupied the Romagna, and on Cardinal Rouenobserving to me that the Italians did not understandwar, I replied to him that the French did notunderstand statecraft, meaning that otherwise theywould not have allowed the Church to reach such1 So called — in Italian — from the duchy of Valentinois,conferred on him by Louis XII.Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.com
The Prince15Nicolo Machiavelligreatness. And in fact it has been seen that thegreatness of the Church and of Spain in Italy hasbeen caused by France, and her ruin may beattributed to them. From this a general rule isdrawn which never or rarely fails: that he who isthe cause of another becoming powerful is ruined;because that predominancy has been brought abouteither by astuteness or else by force, and both aredistrusted by him who has been raised to power.Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.com
The Prince16Nicolo MachiavelliCHAPTER IVWhy The Kingdom Of Darius, ConqueredBy Alexander, Did Not Rebel Against TheSuccessors Of Alexander At His DeathCthe difficulties which menhave had to hold a newly acquired state,some might wonder how, seeing thatAlexander the Great became the master of Asia ina few years, and died whilst it was yet scarcelysettled (whence it
afterwards, because the prince, with little reluctance, takes the opportunity of the rebellion to punish the delinquents, to clear out the suspects, and to strengthen himself in the weakest pla
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. 3 Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
