From Policy To Practice - Livingroofs
Living Roofs and Wallsfrom policy to practice10 years of urban greening in London and beyond
AcknowledgmentsThis report is published by the EuropeanFederation of Green Roof and Green WallAssociations (EFB) and Livingroofs.org on behalfof the Greater London AuthorityContact .london.gov.ukIt was written by Gary Grant and Dusty Gedge ofThe Green Infrastructure Consultancy Ltd (GIC)www.greeninfrastructureconsultancy.comGreen roof data by GIC, converted into GIS andinfographics by Jamie Devereux of The EcologyConsultancy Ltdwww.ecologyconsultancy.co.ukEdited and designed by Blanche Cameron ofThe Bartlett, UCLThe authors wish to thank this report’s sponsors:Berkeley Group, ANS Global, Bauder, Bridgman& Bridgman, Eco Green Roofs, Polypipe,Radmat, Scotscape, Vegetal ID, Wallbarn andZinCo. livingroofs.org 2019Cover photo: Goodman’s Fields, BerkeleyHomes North East
ForewordShirley RodriguesDeputy Mayor of London,Environment and EnergyMore and more people want to live in cities. Theyprovide economic opportunities and are centresof culture and learning. With the right policies,planning and governance they can also be at theforefront of a more sustainable future.London, like many other cities around the world,is growing. The Mayor is committed to ensuringthat this growth has the potential to improve thehealth and quality of life of all Londoners, toreduce inequalities and to make the city a betterplace to live, work and visit - sustainable growththat works for everyone, using London’sstrengths to overcome its weaknesses.I was privileged to be leading the GreaterLondon Authority’s Environment Team when thefirst green roof policy was included in the LondonPlan in 2008. In the intervening 10 years I havebeen delighted to witness the patchwork of greenroofs and walls spreading across London’sskyline, alongside the establishment of a worldclass industry that is working towards thegreening of London and other cities and which is,moreover, supporting our objectives on airquality, climate resilience and biodiversity.Ten years later, and now as the Deputy Mayorfor Environment and Energy, I want London tocontinue to be a pace-setter. The Mayor hasmade a commitment to make London the firstNational Park City and for more than half ofLondon to be green by 2050. To make that areality we must continue to green the builtenvironment whilst ensuring the protection of ourexisting green spaces.We have introduced an Urban Greening Factorinto the London Plan to ensure that all new majordevelopment includes an element of greeningwhich contributes to making the city healthier,wilder or more resilient. This is urban greening asinfrastructure not as ornament, and it is essentialif we want to create the sustainable cities of thefuture that we urgently need.1
SponsorsWe are grateful to the following sponsors forsupporting the research and writing of this report.2
ContentsExecutive summary4Introduction51. Typologies62. Benefits and economic value93. London: measuring the success of the2008 Living Roofs and Walls Policy154. London’s success in a global context205. Conclusions and future frameworks26Case studies28References46Biosolar roof at Here East in the Queen ElizabethOlympic Park, London Photo: Dr Stuart Connop
Executive summaryas a leader in urban greening, in terms of policy,planning and design, as well as in the overallamount of green roofs and walls being installed.This report is a summary of the progress that hasbeen made in mainstreaming green roofs andwalls as a response to the challenges facingcities now and in the future. It also updatesinformation about the benefits of green roofs andwalls and highlights policy development inLondon and elsewhere which aims to encouragemore urban greening to ensure the urbanenvironment becomes greener, healthier andmore resilient to the impacts of climate change.The 2008 technical report has influencedpolicymakers in other cities around the world andraised awareness of the benefits of green roofsand walls within the construction and propertyindustry. Now many companies embrace theiruse as part of their own approach to deliveringgreener, healthier and more climate-resilientbuildings and neighbourhoods.Green roofs (living roofs) and green walls (livingwalls) have, over the last decade, become themost obvious manifestation of urban greening inLondon. This has been driven by the ambitiousand pioneering Living Roofs and Walls Policywhich was first introduced into the London Plan in2008 following the publication in that year of atechnical report, Living Roofs and Walls,supporting the policy.Since then, green roof and wall uptake in bothlarge and small developments has increasedannually across London. The main focus ofactivity has been in the inner London boroughsand in a few of the outer London boroughs wherethere is major regeneration. As a result: The total area of green roofs in the GreaterLondon Area was 1.5 million m2, which equatesto 0.17m2 of green roof per inhabitant (2017figures) In the Central Activity Zone (CAZ) green roofscovered 290,000m2, which equates to 1.26m2 ofgreen roof per inhabitant (2017 figures). This ishigher than many other cities in the world whichare famed for their green roofs 42% of the total UK green roof market is inLondon (2016 figures)This has been achieved without the subsidies orfinancial incentives that have been available inmany other leading cities. Whilst some of thosecities are recognised as global leaders indelivering green roofs and walls, London’sprogress, for the most part, has not been widelyacknowledged.This report shows that the London Living Roofsand Walls Policy has begun to transform thecapital’s roofscapes. The city is now regarded4The future is certain to be one in which theprovision of green roofs and walls on newdevelopments across the whole of London willcontinue to grow. The projected increase inpopulation in London (and most other cities) willrequire more intensive use of developed sitesand therefore a significant increase in thequantity of green roofs and walls.However, urban greening policy and practice willneed to develop further. It is imperative that newapproaches, such as biosolar roofs (green roofscombined with photovoltaic arrays) and bluegreen roofs (green roofs that can storestormwater), become part of the standard rangeof urban greening measures planned, designed,managed and integrated into the wider greeninfrastructure network, to make the cities of thefuture more sustainable.
IntroductionTen years have passed since the GreaterLondon Authority published the technical report,Living Roofs and Walls, to inform new policyintroduced into the London Plan of 2008 - thespatial planning framework for London. Muchhas changed during that time and much hasbeen achieved.The inclusion of a policy for green roofs andwalls in the London Plan of 2008 wastransformative. The policy stated that:“The Mayor will, and boroughs should, expectmajor developments to incorporate living roofsand walls where feasible and reflect this principlein Local Development Framework policies.”At the time, policymakers were aware of thelongstanding and widespread use of green roofsin Germany, Austria and Switzerland, andexamples of green roofs were emerging inLondon. However, green roofs were still arelatively novel idea and the technology was newand somewhat controversial, while green wallswere generally regarded as an expensive andunreliable ornament.A decade later, the picture - as a result of thisbold policy move - is very different. Architects,urban designers and planners are now familiarwith both green roofs and walls and thedevelopment industry expects to be asked toinclude them in new developments.2Currently, there is more than 290,000m ofgreen roofs installed in central London, and 1.5million m2 across the whole of the GreaterLondon Authority area. Green walls are nowrelatively commonplace and successful, withseveral large installations in prominent locations.There is also a thriving green roof and wallindustry that delivers both small and very largescale projects across the whole London area.It is also the case that while the environmental,health and economic benefits of green roofs andwalls were understood in 2008, there now existsa substantial body of evidence that is able toquantify these benefits. In section 2, this reportsets out in detail the positive impact that greenroofs and walls have on the urban environmentespecially in terms of biodiversity, sustainablewater management, and general health andwellbeing.A measure of the success of the London Plan isthat London currently accounts for around 40%of all green roofs installed in the UK. This hasbeen achieved primarily through the land-useplanning process; unlike many other citiesaround the world, London does not providefinancial incentives for their provision. In section3, this report surveys the progress made acrossGreater London in the past 10 years. (Includedat the end of the report is a series of casestudies which represent the variety and breadthof provision now seen in the UK capital city.)Section 4 assesses the capital’s achievement ina global context, looking at the various policiesof cities around the world and the impact theyhave had on green roof and wall provision.The report concludes by evaluating - in the lightof the evidence collated and presented herein how successful the 2008 Living Roofs and WallsPolicy has been. It measures this success inrelative terms against a global backdrop of greenroof delivery, and uses the findings to set out itsvision for how the greening of our urban spacescan continue to evolve and play an increasinglyimportant part in greening our capital city andcities around the world.Extensive green roofs, Woodberry Down, northLondon Photo: Berkeley Homes North East5
1. TypologiesWhilst the general concept of a green roof orgreen wall has not changed in the past 10 years,innovations in design and technology have led toa number of variants to established systems andfurther advances in the ability of the constructionindustry to integrate vegetation into the builtenvironment.This is especially the case when green roofs arecombined with other technologies such asphotovoltaic arrays and blue roofs.a) Intensive green roofsIntensive green roofs are usually irrigated andreceive several maintenance visits each year.Soils (artificial growing media usually known assubstrates) are relatively deep on intensivegreen roofs (typically greater than 200mm).These green roofs are often referred to as roofgardens. The effect is generally a formallandscape such as a garden, park or parklet ona roof or podium. Where urban food growing isdesired, intensive green roofs are usuallynecessary to provide sufficient soil volume.Definitions and descriptions of the various greenroofs and walls are provided below.Green roofsA green roof (also known as a living roof oroccasionally an eco-roof) is a roof or deck wherevegetation or habitat for wildlife is deliberatelyestablished.Although ‘green’ refers to vegetation, it isimportant to note that not all green roofs areuniformly green in colour. Different vegetationtypes, or features such as stones, sandy soils ordead wood added to create wildlife habitat, canresult in a variety of colours and textures.Urban food growing on Nomura Bank, centralLondon Photo: Dusty Gedgeb) Extensive green roofsThe German Landscape Research,Development and Construction Society (FLL),and the Green Roof Code of Practice in the UK,divides green roofs into two major categories:intensive and extensive. These terms refer to theintensity of maintenance required.Extensive green roofs are usually vegetated withlow-growing, drought-tolerant vegetation such asstonecrops (Sedum species) and dry meadowvegetation. They vary in depth between 40mmand 150mm. They are low maintenance, notusually irrigated (except during establishment)and have a relatively shallow build-up.Intensive green roof, Embankment Place, centralLondon Photo: Dusty GedgeSedum green roof, Charing Cross, centralLondon Photo: Bridgman & Bridgman6
Biodiverse green roofsBiodiverse green roofs are designed to provide aparticular native vegetation type or bespokehabitat for particular species of wildlife. As withmost categories, there are examples that havethe characteristics of both, known as semiintensive roofs. These green roofs typically havedeeper soils than extensive roofs, may or maynot be irrigated and tend to have wider variety ofplant types, including shrubs.roof. There are now specific systems designedto ensure a seamless integration of the twotechnologies.Blue green roofsA blue roof is a roof that has been designedto store rainwater, thereby acting as asource-control feature in a sustainable drainagesystem. In their simplest form, blue roofs arenot vegetated. However, blue green roofsconsist of a green roof that overlies a void whichis above the waterproofing. The blue componentof the roof continues to act as a source-controlfeature but it also irrigates the green roof layer.Extensive ‘brown’ biodiverse green roof,Bishopsgate, London Photo: Dusty GedgeBiosolar roofsA biosolar roof is one where an extensive roof iscombined with photovoltaic (PV) arrays. Thegreen roof substrate is used as the ballastrequired to support the frames to which the PVsare attached, resulting in benefits to both thegreen roof and the PV array.Blue green roof, Antwerp Photo: Vegetal IDIn recent years, these types of roofs havebecome ’smart’, with sensors and software thatallow the stored water to be discharged atslower rates than on normal green roofs, thusmaintaining an irrigation reservoir. Alternatively,the void can be emptied in advance of heavyrain to maximise water storage. Blue green roofscan also be designed to create a wet biodiverseroof that combines habitat and amenity provisionwhilst storing rainwater.Biosolar roof, Clapham Park, Lambeth, LondonPhoto: BauderRecent research in the USA shows that thecombination of these technologies results ingreater efficiency of the PVs. This is becausethe efficiency of the PVs falls when theyoverheat, but this negative effect is reduced bythe evaporative cooling provided by the greenBlue green roof, New Hythe, Kent Photo: Polypipe7
Green wallsIn the UK National Building Certification (NBS)the NBS4 divides green walls into threecategories, as follows:However, there are examples of passive livingwalls (or vertical rain gardens) where waterwicks or seeps into planters from tanks thatcollect rainwater run-off from roofs.Green façades: these are the traditional greenwalls where climbing plants are rooted into theground or into planter boxes. Climbing plantsmay be grown directly onto the building façadeor be trained against wires or trellises. Greenfaçades may take some time to establish;however, maintenance requirements are lowand irrigation may not be necessary whereplants are rooted into the ground.Green wall, Ridgfield Photo: ScotscapeBioactive façades: more recently, researchershave also begun to investigate these types ofwalls, where the intention is to produce buildingmaterials (often modified concrete) that havesurfaces which are deliberately created toprovide opportunities for self-supportingvegetation like algae and mosses - the aimbeing to create inexpensive, low maintenancegreen walls in locations where more heavilyvegetated systems are not feasible.Green wall, Finchley Road, north LondonPhoto: ANS GlobalLiving walls: these are proprietary systems,installed and maintained as a package. Textiles,plastics and metal (boxes and cages) are usedto provide pockets or troughs that supportplants. Some systems are substrate-basedwhilst others are soil-free with water held bymineral wool or foam. Living walls are usuallyirrigated, often with the use of pumps that areactivated by timers or when sensors detectmoisture levels below a certain threshold.8Green wall, London Wall Place, central LondonPhoto: ANS Global
2. Benefits and economicvalueWhen the technical report, Living Roofs andWalls, was published in 2008, many of thebenefits had already been identified anddescribed, largely as a result of work undertakenin Germany and Switzerland.However, now that green roofs and walls havebecome widely adopted, a significant body ofnew evidence has been assembled that makesthe case for urban greening even morecompelling. This is summarised below with linksfor those who wish to dig deeper.Empirical evidence is now available to quantifymost benefits – evidence that is necessary forpolicymakers and decision-makers advocatingand implementing municipal and city-widepolicies, plans and projects.In this brief review, the benefits are consideredunder the following categories: Surface water managementUrban coolingBiodiversityAir qualityHealth and wellbeingNoise reductionPotential for carbon sequestrationSurface water managementSurface water flooding and sewer floodingcaused by heavy rain is a significant problem inurban areas because of the prevalence ofimpermeable surfaces which prevent theinfiltration of water into the soil.Floodwater can overwhelm drains, pollutewatercourses and flood streets, basements andtunnels, resulting in costly damage to property,delays and disruption to transport systems, andan increased risk of disease, all of which havean increasing economic impact as eventsbecome more frequent.Surface water flooding in cities is predicted tobecome more frequent and more severe as aresult of climate change. Therefore, it isessential that every opportunity is taken toreduce the problem, preferably as close aspossible to where rain falls, as recommended bythe Sustainable Drainage (SuDS) ManagementTrain approach.Green roofs are an ideal source-control, coveringotherwise impermeable surfaces and absorbingand slowing down stormwater. They can reducethe volume and smooth out peak flows, whilstsimultaneously removing some pollutants.These benefits can be significant. VariousGerman studies that date back to the 1980shave shown that typical extensive green roofs(between 60mm and 100mm deep) can intercept50% of annual rainfall and that roof gardens, withmuch deeper soils – typically 500mm deep – canintercept up to 90%.1A study in Pennsylvania found that a89mm-deep green roof delayed the start ofroof run-off by 5.7 hours and delayed the peak ofrun-off by 2 hours. It is important to note that thehydrological performance of green roofs doesvary from season to season, from climate toclimate and from site to site, and is affected byshade, aspect, slope and the composition ofvegetation. However, it is generally the case thatdeeper substrates have a greater water-holdingcapacity than shallow ones.Extensive green roofs retain more rainfall whenthey have had time to dry out. Run-off reductionstherefore tend to be highest in summer, whenrainfall is more sporadic. For example, for32mm-deep green roofs in New York City,70% of rainfall was retained in summer and only28% in winter when soil moisture was higher.2Light rainfall events (5mm or less) are normallycompletely absorbed by a green roof.3 In the UK,80mm-deep green roofs have been shown toretain 80% of the rainfall from events of 10mm orless, but this capacity falls as the rain becomesheavier.4Where accurate predictions of performance arerequired, it is possible to create permanent voidsunder green roofs in order to store exactlyquantified volumes of water.Green walls can also contribute towards thereduction of stormwater run-off. The simplestapproach is to create a rain garden at the foot ofa wall of climbing plants; however, these may belimited by the amount of impermeable groundcreated.9
A more complex approach, but one that can bebased on a calculation of the water volumesheld back from the drainage system is to harvestrainwater from rooftops and use the retainedwater to irrigate the green wall.in the young and old, particularly affecting peoplewith breathing conditions and ca
1. Typologies 6 2. Benefits and economic value 9 3. London: measuring the success of the 2008 Living Roofs and Walls Policy 15 4. London’s success in a global context 20 5. Conclusions and future frameworks 26 Case studies 28 Refere
work/products (Beading, Candles, Carving, Food Products, Soap, Weaving, etc.) ⃝I understand that if my work contains Indigenous visual representation that it is a reflection of the Indigenous culture of my native region. ⃝To the best of my knowledge, my work/products fall within Craft Council standards and expectations with respect to
This code has been developed in partnership with national and European experts, including The Green Roof Centre at the University of Sheffield, Livingroofs.org, GRO (Green Roof Organisation) members, the Environment Agency and Homes and Communities Agency and Groundwork Sheffield.
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