Reported By ACI Committee 371 ACI 371R-16
Guide for the Analysis,Design, and Constructionof Elevated Concreteand Composite SteelConcrete Water StorageTanksACI 371R-16Reported by ACI Committee 371
First PrintingJune 2016ISBN: 978-1-945487-00-2Guide for the Analysis, Design, and Construction of Elevated Concrete andComposite Steel-Concrete Water Storage TanksCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This materialmay not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or otherdistribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoidambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACIdocuments occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than oneinterpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement ofACI documents are requested to contact ACI via the errata website at px. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata for the mostup-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate thesignificance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility forthe application of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume allrisk and accept total responsibility for the application and use of this information.All information in this publication is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express orimplied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particularpurpose or non-infringement.ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental,or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may resultfrom the use of this publication.It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriateto the specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regardto health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability ofall regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws andregulations, including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA) health and safety standards.Participation by governmental representatives in the work of the American Concrete Institute and inthe development of Institute standards does not constitute governmental endorsement of ACI or thestandards that it develops.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronicsubscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual ofConcrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331Phone: 1.248.848.3700Fax: 1.248.848.3701www.concrete.org
ACI 371R-16Guide for the Analysis, Design, and Construction ofElevated Concrete and Composite Steel-ConcreteWater Storage TanksReported by ACI Committee 371Jeffrey S. Ward, ChairKenneth Ryan Harvey, SecretaryVoting membersKevin A. BinderNoel J. EverardAnthony J. GalterioJohn M. GonzalezCharles S. HanskatM. Reza KianoushAtis A. LiepinsStephen MeierRolf P. PawskiWes PogorzelskiBrian K. RostedtConsulting memberJames D. Copley Jr.This guide presents recommendations for materials, analysis,design, and construction of concrete-pedestal elevated waterstorage tanks, including all-concrete and composite tanks.Composite tanks consist of a steel water storage vessel supportedon a cylindrical reinforced concrete pedestal.Concrete-pedestal elevated water storage tanks are structuresthat present special problems not encountered in typical environmental engineering concrete structures. This guide refers toACI 350 for design and construction of those components of thepedestal tank in contact with the stored water, and to ACI 318for design and construction of components not in contact withthe stored water. Determination of snow, wind, and seismic loadsbased on ASCE/SEI 7 is included. These loads conform to therequirements of national building codes that use ASCE/SEI 7 asthe basis for environmental loads as well as those of local buildingcodes. Special requirements, based on successful experience, forthe unique aspects of loads, analysis, design, and construction ofconcrete-pedestal tanks are presented.CONTENTSCHAPTER 1—GENERAL, p. 21.1—Introduction, p. 21.2—Scope, p. 21.3—Construction documents, p. 21.4—Sample tank photos, p. 3CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS, p. 52.1—Notation, p. 52.2—Definitions, p. 7CHAPTER 3—MATERIALS, p. 73.1—Materials common to both composite and concretetank types, p. 73.2—Materials specific to composite tanks, p. 83.3—Materials specific to concrete tanks, p. 8Keywords: composite tanks; concrete-pedestal tanks; earthquake-resistantstructures; elevated water tanks; formwork (construction).CHAPTER 4—DESIGN, p. 84.1—General recommendations common to bothcomposite and concrete tank types, p. 84.2—Load recommendations common to both compositeand concrete tank types, p. 104.3—Design of components common to both compositeand concrete tank types, p. 154.4—Design of components specific to composite tanks, p. 204.5—Design of components specific to all-concrete tanks,p. 22ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries areintended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, andinspecting construction. This document is intended for the useof individuals who are competent to evaluate the significanceand limitations of its content and recommendations and whowill accept responsibility for the application of the material itcontains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any andall responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shallnot be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are desired bythe Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents,they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporationby the Architect/Engineer.ACI 371R-16 supersedes ACI 371R-08 and was adopted and published June 2016.Copyright 2016, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic ormechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission inwriting is obtained from the copyright proprietors.1
2ELEVATED CONCRETE AND COMPOSITE STEEL-CONCRETE WATER STORAGE TANKS (ACI 371R-16)CHAPTER 5—CONSTRUCTION, p. 245.1—Construction common to both composite andconcrete tank types, p. 245.2—Construction specific to composite tanks, p. 285.3—Construction specific to concrete tanks, p. 29CHAPTER 6—GEOTECHNICALRECOMMENDATIONS, p. 306.1—General, p. 306.2—Foundation depth, p. 306.3—Settlement limits, p. 306.4—Shallow foundations, p. 316.5—Deep foundations, p. 316.6—Seismic recommendations, p. 326.7—Special considerations, p. 32CHAPTER 7—APPURTENANCES ANDACCESSORIES, p. 327.1—General, p. 327.2—Pedestal access, p. 327.3—Ventilation, p. 327.4—Tank access, p. 347.5—Rigging devices for steel vessel, p. 357.6—Above-ground piping, p. 367.7—Below-ground piping, p. 367.8—Interior floors within pedestal, p. 377.9—Electrical and lighting, p. 37CHAPTER 8—REFERENCES, p. 38Authored references, p. 39APPENDIX A—GUIDE SUPPLEMENT, p. 39Preface, p. 39A.1—Factored design wind pressures, p. 39A.2––Composite steel concrete tank approximate periodof vibration derivation, p. 39A.3—Pedestal: vertical load capacity derivation, p. 40CHAPTER 1—GENERAL1.1—IntroductionThis guide provides recommendations for the designand construction of elevated concrete and composite steelconcrete water storage tanks based on practices used insuccessful projects. Elevated tanks are used by municipalities and industry for potable water supply and fire protection.Commonly built sizes of elevated concrete and compositesteel-concrete water storage tanks range from 500,000to 3,000,000 gal. (1900 to 11,000 m3). Concrete pedestalheights range from 25 to 200 ft (8 to 60 m), depending onwater system requirements and site elevation. The interiorof the concrete pedestal may be used for material and equipment storage, office space, and other applications.Since the 1970s, concrete-pedestal elevated water storagetanks have been constructed in North America with a steelwater-containing element and an all-concrete supportstructure. The generic term “composite elevated tank” isoften used to describe tanks of this configuration. A fewall-concrete elevated tanks have been built in the UnitedStates throughout the last century, as well as a few elevatedprestressed tanks jacked into place. Elevated post-tensionedtanks as detailed in this guide have a long history in Europe,and were introduced to the U.S. market in the 1990s.All-concrete and composite steel concrete elevated tanksare competitively marketed as complete entities, includingdesign, and are constructed under design-build contracts usingproprietary designs, details, and methods of construction. Thedesigns, however, are frequently reviewed by owners andtheir consulting engineers, or by city or county officials.Elevated tanks designed and constructed in accordancewith the recommendations of this guide are expected to bedurable structures that require only routine maintenance.Details of concrete surfaces that promote good drainage andavoid low areas conducive to ponding essentially eliminatethe problems associated with cyclic freezing and thawingof fresh concrete in cold climates. The quality of concretefor elevated tanks in this guide meets the requirements fordurable concrete as defined in ACI 201.2R. It has adequatestrength, a low water-cementitious materials ratio (w/cm),and air entrainment for frost exposure. The concrete supportstructure loads are primarily compressive with little or nocyclic loading with stress reversal.1.2—ScopeRecommendations supplement the general requirementsfor reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete design andconstruction given in ACI 318, ACI 301, ACI 350, and ACI350.5. Design and construction recommendations includematerials, determination of structural loads, design ofconcrete elements including foundations, design of concreteor steel tank components, construction requirements,geotechnical requirements, appurtenances, and accessories.Materials, design, fabrication, and construction of the steelvessel of composite steel-concrete tanks are addressed byapplicable sections of AWWA D100.Design and construction recommendations are presentedfor the types of elevated concrete and composite steelconcrete water storage tanks shown in Fig. 1.2a and 1.2b.The elevated concrete tank consists of a post-tensionedconcrete vessel on a cast-in-place concrete pedestal. Thecomposite steel-concrete tank consists of a steel vessel on acast-in-place concrete pedestal.This guide may be used in whole or part for other tankconfigurations; however, the designer should determine thesuitability of such use for other configurations and details.1.3—Construction documentsConstruction documents should show all features of thework, including:(a) Tank capacity(b) Codes and standards used in design(c) Design basis and loads used in design(d) Size and position of structural components andreinforcement(e) Structural details(f) Specified concrete compressive strengthAmerican Concrete Institute – Copyrighted Material – www.concrete.org
ELEVATED CONCRETE AND COMPOSITE STEEL-CONCRETE WATER STORAGE TANKS (ACI 371R-16) 3Fig. 1.2a—Common configuration of elevated concrete tanks.Fig. 1.4a—Completed composite elevated tank (photo courtesy of Landmark).(g) Strength or grade of reinforcement and structural steelWhere the tank builder is providing both design andconstruction of the tank, full calculations detailing the structural aspects of the tank should be provided to the owner orowner’s agent.1.4—Sample tank photosThis section presents photographs of numerous varietiesof tanks (Fig. 1.4a to 1.4h).Fig. 1.2b—Common configuration of elevated compositesteel-concrete tanks.American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted Material – www.concrete.org
4ELEVATED CONCRETE AND COMPOSITE STEEL-CONCRETE WATER STORAGE TANKS (ACI 371R-16)Fig. 1.4b—Completed composite elevated tank (photo courtesy of CBI).Fig. 1.4d—Completed concrete elevated tank (photo courtesy of Crom LLC).Fig. 1.4e—Construction of composite elevated tank (photocourtesy of Landmark).Fig. 1.4c—Completed composite elevated tanks (photocourtesy of Caldwell Tanks, Inc.).American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted Material – www.concrete.org
ELEVATED CONCRETE AND COMPOSITE STEEL-CONCRETE WATER STORAGE TANKS (ACI 371R-16) 5CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND DEFINITIONSFig. 1.4f—Construction of composite elevated tank pedestal(photo courtesy of CBI).Fig. 1.4g—Construction of composite elevated tank pedestal(photo courtesy of Caldwell Tanks, Inc.).Fig. 1.4h—Construction of concrete elevated tank (photocourtesy of Crom LLC).2.1—NotationA areaAc area of gross section of pedestalAcv concrete shear area of a section, in.2 (mm2)Af horizontal projected area of a portion of the structure where the wind force coefficient Cf and thewind pressure pz are constant, in.2 (mm2)Ag gross concrete area of a section, in.2 (mm2)As area of nonprestressed tension reinforcement, in.2(mm2)At cross-sectional area of vessel at mid-depth of waterAw gross horizontal cros
Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI. Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP). American Concrete Institute 38800 Country Club Drive
The ACI Manual of Concrete Practice is a seven-part compilation of current ACI standards and committee reports. Part 1—ACI 117-10 to ACI 228.1R-03 Part 2—ACI 228.2R-13 to ACI 314R-11 Part 3—ACI 318-14 to ACI 346-09 Part 4—ACI 347R-14 to ACI 355.2-07 Part 5—ACI 355.3R-11 to ACI 440R-07 Part 6—ACI 440.1R-06 to ACI 533.1R-02
Cracking: ACI 224.1R, ACI 562, ACI 364.1R, and ACI RAP Bulletins Spalling/scaling: ACI 562, ACI 364.1R, ACI 506R, and ACI RAP Bulletins AMP should reference criteria used to determine which inspection results will require either: An Action Request
- ACI 304R-00, Guide for Measuring, Mixing, Transporting, and Placing Concrete - ACI 305R-10, Guide to Hot Weather Concreting - ACI 306R-10, Guide to Cold Weather Concreting - ACI 308R-01, Guide to Curing Concrete - ACI 309R-05, Guide for Consolidation of Concrete - ACI 311.4R-05, Guide for Concrete Construction - ACI 318-08/318R-08,
Requisitos de Reglamento para Concreto Estructural (ACI 318S-05) y Comentario (ACI 318SR-05) (Versión en español y en sistema métrico) Es un Estándar del ACI Producido por el Comité ACI 318 american concrete institute P.O. BOX 9094 FARMINGTON HILLS, MICHIGAN 48333-9094 USA ACI 318S-05 ACI 318SR-05 .
A. American Concrete Institute (ACI): 1. ACI 214-77 2. ACI 506R-90 3. ACI 506.2-90 4. ACI 506.3R-91 5. ACI 305R-91 6. ACI 306R-88 . acceptance a proposed mix design for the shotcrete with the tolerances of any variable components identified. The design shall include a complete list of materials and copies of test
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several ACI documents, including ACI 318, ACI 301, ACI 117, ACI 131.1R, and ACI 132R. 1.2—Scope This guide provides general and specific information, as well as illustrative design details that are required for steel-reinforced concrete members such as slabs, beams, and columns. The importance of this information is emphasized
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