1.1 The Scope Of Chemistry - St. Joseph High School

9/5/141.1 The Scope of Chemistry Chapter 1Introduction to Chemistry1.1 The Scope of Chemistry1.2 Chemistry and You1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist1.4 Problem Solving in Chemistry1Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.1.1 The Scope of Chemistry What Is Chemistry?Matter is anything thathas mass and occupiesspace.The trees, the water,and the buildings in thefigure are all examplesof matter.2Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.1

9/5/141.1 The Scope of Chemistry What Is Chemistry?Chemistry answers many questions youmay have about the world you live in. Chemistry is the study of the compositionof matter and the changes that matterundergoes.3Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.1.1 The Scope of Chemistry What Is Chemistry?Chemistry affects all aspects oflife and most natural eventsbecause all living and nonlivingthings are made of matter.4Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.2

9/5/141.1 The Scope of Chemistry What is wrong with an advertisement forjuice drinks that claims the juice is allnatural and free of chemicals?5Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.1.1 The Scope of Chemistry What is wrong with an advertisement forjuice drinks that claims the juice is allnatural and free of chemicals?Everything is made up of matter;therefore, everything containschemicals. Even all-natural productsare made of chemicals.6Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.3

9/5/141.1 The Scope of Chemistry Areas of StudyAreas of StudyWhat are five traditional areas ofstudy in chemistry?7Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.1.1 The Scope of Chemistry Areas of StudyFive traditional areas of study are: organic chemistry inorganic chemistry biochemistry analytical chemistry physical chemistry8Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.4

9/5/141.1 The Scope of Chemistry Areas of StudyMost chemicals found in organismscontain carbon. Organic chemistry is defined as thestudy of all chemicals containing carbon.9Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.1.1 The Scope of Chemistry Areas of StudyAn organicchemist mightdevelop newlightweight plasticsfor flying disks.10Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.5

9/5/141.1 The Scope of Chemistry Areas of StudyThe study of chemicals that, ingeneral, do not contain carbon iscalled inorganic chemistry.11Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.1.1 The Scope of Chemistry Areas of StudyThe study of chemicals that, ingeneral, do not contain carbon iscalled inorganic chemistry. Many inorganic chemicals are found innonliving things, such as rocks.12Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.6

9/5/141.1 The Scope of Chemistry Areas of StudyAn inorganic chemistmight develop metalmaterials that providestrong structural partsfor buildings.13Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.1.1 The Scope of Chemistry Areas of StudyThe study of processes that take placein living organisms is biochemistry. These processes include muscle contractionand digestion.14Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.7

9/5/141.1 The Scope of Chemistry Areas of StudyA biochemist mightstudy how the energyused for thecontraction ofmuscles is producedand stored.15Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.1.1 The Scope of Chemistry Areas of StudyThe area of study that focuses on thecomposition of matter is analyticalchemistry. A task that would fall into this area of chemistryis measuring the level of carbon dioxide in theatmosphere.16Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.8

9/5/141.1 The Scope of Chemistry Areas of StudyAn analytical chemistmight test the air for thepresence of pollutants.17Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.1.1 The Scope of Chemistry Areas of StudyPhysical chemistry is the area thatdeals with the mechanism, rate, andenergy transfer that occurs whenmatter undergoes a change.18Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.9

9/5/141.1 The Scope of Chemistry Areas of StudyA physical chemistmight study factorsthat affect the rateof photosynthesisin trees.19Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.1.1 The Scope of Chemistry Areas of StudyThe boundaries between the fiveareas are not firm. A chemist is likely to be workingin more than one area ofchemistry at any given time. For example, an organic chemistuses analytical chemistry todetermine the composition of anorganic chemical.20Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.10

9/5/141.1 The Scope of Chemistry Areas of StudyPure chemistry is the pursuit ofchemical knowledge for its own sake. The chemist doesn’t expect that there willbe any immediate practical use for theknowledge.21Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.1.1 The Scope of Chemistry Areas of StudyApplied chemistry is research thatis directed toward a practical goal orapplication. In practice, pure chemistry and appliedchemistry are often linked.22Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.11

9/5/141.1 The Scope of Chemistry CHEMISTRY& YOUWhy would you study a puffer fish ifyou were a biochemist? If you were anorganic chemist?23Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.1.1 The Scope of Chemistry CHEMISTRY& YOUWhy would you study a puffer fish ifyou were a biochemist? If you were anorganic chemist? Biochemists mightstudy the puffer fish todetermine how its toxinacts on the humanbody. Organic chemists mightstudy the compositionof the puffer fish toxin.24Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.12

9/5/141.1 The Scope of Chemistry Big Ideas in ChemistryBig Ideas in ChemistryWhat are the centralthemes of chemistry?25Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.1.1 The Scope of Chemistry Big Ideas in ChemistrySome of chemistry’s big ideas areas follows: chemistry as the central science electrons and the structure of atoms bonding and interactions reactions kinetic theory the mole and quantifying matter matter and energy carbon chemistry26Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.13

9/5/141.1 The Scope of Chemistry BIG IDEAChemistry as the Central Science Chemistry overlaps with all of the othersciences. Many physicists, biologists, astronomers,geologists, environmental scientists, and othersuse chemistry in their work.27Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.1.1 The Scope of Chemistry BIG IDEAElectrons and the Structure of Atoms Carbon, oxygen, and copper are all examples ofelements. Elements are composed of particles calledatoms, and every atom contains a nucleus andone or more electrons. The type of products obtained in a chemicalreaction is largely determined by the electrons inthe reacting chemicals.28Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.14

9/5/141.1 The Scope of Chemistry BIG IDEABonding and Interactions Most elements exist in chemical compounds,which are collections of two or more elementsheld together by relatively strong attractiveforces. These forces, called chemical bonds, greatlyinfluence the properties of compounds.– Weak bonds between the particles of an element orcompound can also contribute to the properties ofthe material.29Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.1.1 The Scope of Chemistry BIG IDEAReactions Chemical reactions involve processes in whichreactants produce products.– When you strike a match, the compounds in thehead of the match combine with oxygen in the air toproduce a flame.– New compounds, along with light and heat, areformed.– The compounds in the match head and oxygen arethe reactants, and the new compounds are theproducts.30Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.15

9/5/141.1 The Scope of Chemistry BIG IDEAKinetic Theory The particles of matter are in constant motion.– The ways in which these motions vary with changesin temperature and pressure determine whether asubstance will be a solid, liquid, or gas.31Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.1.1 The Scope of Chemistry BIG IDEAThe Mole and Quantifying Matter In conducting a chemical reaction, you wouldwant to use just the right amount of the reactingmaterial so none is wasted. This precise measurement is possible using themole, the chemist’s invaluable unit forspecifying the amount of material.32Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.16

9/5/141.1 The Scope of Chemistry BIG IDEAMatter and Energy Every chemical process uses or producesenergy, often in the form of heat.– The heat changes that occur in chemical reactionsare easy to measure. Changes in a quantity called free energy allowyou to predict whether a chemical reaction willactually occur under the given conditions.33Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.1.1 The Scope of Chemistry BIG IDEACarbon Chemistry There are about 10 million carbon-containingcompounds, with new ones being preparedeach day.– Many of these compounds, including plastics andsynthetic fibers, are produced from petroleum. Carbon compounds are the basis of life in allliving organisms.34Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.17

9/5/141.1 The Scope of Chemistry Key ConceptsChemistry affects all aspects of life and mostnatural events because all living and nonlivingthings are made of matter.Five traditional areas of study are organicchemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry,analytical chemistry, and physical chemistry.Some of chemistry’s big ideas are chemistry asthe central science, electrons and the structure ofatoms, bonding and interactions, reactions,kinetic theory, the mole and quantifying matter,matter and energy, and carbon chemistry.35Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.1.1 The Scope of Chemistry Glossary Terms matter: anything that has mass and occupies space chemistry: the study of the composition of matter andthe changes that matter undergoes organic chemistry: the study of compounds containingcarbon inorganic chemistry: the study of substances that, ingeneral, do not contain carbon biochemistry: the area of chemistry that focuses onprocesses that take place in organisms36Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.18

9/5/141.1 The Scope of Chemistry Glossary Terms analytical chemistry: the area of chemistry thatfocuses on the composition of matter physical chemistry: the area of chemistry that dealswith the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transferthat occurs when matter undergoes a change pure chemistry: the pursuit of chemical knowledge forits own sake applied chemistry: research that is directed toward apractical goal or application37Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.19

Sep 05, 2014 · matter and energy, and carbon chemistry. Chemistry affects all aspects of life and most natural events because all living and nonliving things are made of matter. Five traditional areas of study are organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, analytical chemistry, and physical chemistry