Energy And Power Generation Handbook
Energy and PowerGeneration HandbookEstablished and Emerging TechnologiesEditorK. R. Rao
2011, ASME, 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA (www.asme.org)All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of thispublication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior writtenpermission of the publisher.Information contained in this work has been obtained by the American Society of MechanicalEngineers from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither ASME nor its authors or editorsguarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published in this work. Neither ASME norits authors and editors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of theuse of this information. The work is published with the understanding that ASME and its authors andeditors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professionalservices. If such engineering or professional services are required, the assistance of an appropriateprofessional should be sought.ASME shall not be responsible for statements or opinions advanced in papers or . . . printed in its publications (B7.1.3).Statement from the Bylaws.For authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under those circumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of theCopyright Act, contact the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: 978-750-8400,www.copyright.com.Requests for special permission or bulk reproduction should be addressed to the ASME Publishing Department, or submittedonline ration/Permissions.cfmASME Press books are available at special quantity discounts touse as premiums or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, contact Special Sales at infocentral@asme.orgLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataEnergy and power generation handbook : established and emerging technologies / editor K.R. Rao.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references.ISBN 978-0-7918-5955-11. Electric power production — Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Rao, K. R., 1933–TK1001.E56 2011621.31’21— dc222011009559
DEDICATIONThis ENERGY AND POWER GENERATION HANDBOOK isdedicated to:The late Dr. Baira Gowda, Pittsburgh, PA for introducing me toASME, in the late 1980s;Dr. Robert Toll Norman and Dr. Liane Ellison Norman, staunchsupporters of the “Green Peace Movement” and Clean Energy atPittsburgh, PA, where I was in the 1970s and 1980s, in whom I sawfirsthand what these movements symbolize;Mr. VRP Rao, Fellow-IE for encouraging in me interest in actuallytaking up of this project to cover energy generation sources “otherthan nuclear,” especially renewable energy generation, and finally;Victims and Site Staff of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plantsat Japan devastated by the Tohoku-Taiheiyou-Oki Earthquakeand Tsunami of March 11, 2011. This publication is especiallydedicated to these and other victims of Japan for the “Fortitude ofJapan as a Nation,” that shows national strength in their hour of anutterly tragic accident.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe editor is indebted to several individuals who had directly orindirectly helped in coming up with this handbook.My thanks are due to all of the 53 contributors whose dedi cated efforts made this possible by their singular attention todetail, presentation of graphics, procuring the copyrights for the“artwork” and taking time to research the references to complement the write-up. Even while they succinctly conveyed thewealth of information and knowledge they acquired during theirprofessional career, they followed the guidelines provided foradhering to the page length.It was challenging to enlist 53 experts from around the worldto address varied power and energy generation topics. The editor contacted professionals who knew the worldwide ensembleof energy and generation experts. Efforts were made not to missany power generation sources, and this was largely facilitatedby contacting over 100 practicing professionals and academiabefore settling down with 53 authors. The formidable task ofacquiring the correct authors took over six months and was amply rewarded.While it is difficult to chronicle everyone the editor contacted,worthy of particular mention are Dr. Gregory J. Walker, Universityof Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; Mr. V. R. P. Rao F-IE,Hyderabad, India; Dr. Hardayal Mehta of GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy, San Jose, CA; Mr. Richard Bunce of Siemens Energy, Inc.,Orlando, FL; Mr. Roger Reedy of REEDY Engineering, Inc., Cambell, CA; Ms. Katherine Knurek Martin, NASA Glenn ResearchCenter, Cleveland, OH; Mr. Clifford Wells of Structural IntegrityAssociates, San Jose, CA; Dr. Bob Swindemann, Oak Ridge, TN;Mr. Roger Bedard formerly of EPRI; and Dr. E. V. R. Sastry, Osmania University College of Engineering, Hyderabad, India.This publication was ably supported by the staff of ASME Technical Publishing. My appreciation and thanks to them for their cooperation.Finally, all of this enduring effort, spread over 18 months, wouldhave never been possible had it not been for the constant help anduntiring zeal provided by my wife, Dr. Indira Rao, that included allof the sundry-editorial chores associated with this project.
CONTRIBUTOR BIOGRAPHIESAGRAWAL, RAVI K.Dr. Ravi K. Agrawal is a Senior Process Manager at KBR. He is currently the process manager and work group leader for a 600-MWKemper County IGCC Project (formerly Mississippi Gasification Project). He has over 25years of experience in a wide variety of technologies including gasification, syngas production, gas-to-liquids, coal-to-liquids, biomass conversion, bioethanol, carbon capture,acid gas removal, combustion, sour water treatment, and specialtychemicals. He is the inventor of two patents and six patent applications. He is also the author of over 60 technical publications in refereed journals.Previously, he was with ETEC, Fluor Daniel, Woodward ClydeConsultants, and Argonne National Laboratory. As a principal atETEC, he developed and executed marketing plans to increasesales that resulted in ETEC being recognized by the Houston Business Journal as the sixth fastest growing small business in 2002.He has been responsible for sales, engineering, construction, andstartup of over 41 combustion and air pollution control systemsinstalled at several utilities and refineries. He is a registered Professional Engineer in the states of Texas and Pennsylvania. Dr.Agrawal holds a PhD and a MS degree in chemical engineeringfrom Clarkson University, as well as a B.Tech from Osmania University (Hyderabad, India).ANDREONE, CARL F.Carl F. Andreone, PE, Fellow of the ASMEis registered in Massachusetts. He was President of Heat Transfer Consultants, Inc. until2001, but now practices as an individualcontractor. He was a Staff Consultant atStone & Webster Engineering Corporation,Boston, MA, and held several other positions from 1970 to his retirement in 1991.Before joining Stone & Webster, he was aheat exchanger specialist with Badger America and Crawford &Russell Inc.Mr. Andreone gained broad experience as a maintenance engineer on refinery exchangers at Aramco. His career includes nearlya decade with Lummus Heat Exchanger Division (now Yuba HeatTransfer Corporation) as an application and product engineer onpower and process heat exchangers. Mr. Andreone has been con-tinuously active in the heat exchanger industry since 1951. Hiswork in this field has involved specification, design, maintenance,and repair of more than 3000 power and process heat exchangers.From 1981 to the present, he has assisted in trouble-shooting,failure analysis, repair, modification, and replacement of morethan 400 feedwater heaters at various power stations.From 1982 through 2007, he and Stanley Yokell presentedannual seminars on Closed Feedwater Heaters and Inspection,Maintenance and Repair of Tubular Exchangers. He is the authorof numerous papers on feedwater heaters and tubular heat transfer equipment. With Mr. Yokell, he has written, Tubular HeatExchanger Inspection, Maintenance and Repair, published byMcGraw-Hill Book Company 1997.Mr. Andreone served on the ASME Power Division Heat Exchanger Committee. He has served on the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Committee’s Special Working Group on HeatTransfer Equipment, and the ASME Codes and Standards Committee for the ASME/ANSI Performance Test Code 12.1, ClosedFeedwater Heaters. Mr. Andreone received the B.Ch.E. from Villanova University.BAILEY, SHEILA GAYLESheila G. Bailey has been a Senior Physicistworking in photovoltaics at NASA GlennResearch Center for over 25 years. Her mostrecent projects include nanomaterials andnanostructures for space photovoltaics,quantum wire IIIV solar cells and quantumdot alpha-voltaics. She has authored or coauthored over 165 journal and conferencepublications, nine book chapters and twopatents.Dr. Bailey is on the Editorial Board of “Progress in Photovoltaics”. She is a member of the American Physical Society and aspeaker for the American Institute of Physics Visiting ScientistProgram. She is a member of AIAA Aerospace Power Systemstechnical committee and the IEE Electron Devices Society Photovoltaic Devices Committee. She was the chair of the 4th WorldConference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion in 2006. She isexecutive vice president of the Lewis Engineers and ScientistsAssociation.Dr. Sheila Bailey was an adjunct professor at Baldwin WallaceCollege for 27 years and is currently an associate faculty member of the International Space University. She has a BS degree in
vi Contributor Biographiesphysics from Duke University, a MS degree in physics from theUniversity of NC at Chapel Hill, and a PhD in condensed matterphysics from the University of Manchester in England. She spenta post-doctoral year at the Royal Military College (part of the University of New South Wales) in Canberra, Australia.Dr. Bailey is the recipient of the faculty excellence award fromBaldwin Wallace College and the Federal Women’s Programaward. She is an Ohio Academy of Science “Exemplar”. She wasawarded the NASA Exceptional Service Medal for her work inspace photovoltaics in 1999. She has completed the Office of Personnel Management’s Executive Potential Program. She was inducted into the Ohio Women’s Hall of Fame in 2003 by GovernorTaft.BALDWIN, THOMAS L.Thomas L. Baldwin, PE, PhD, IEEE Fellow, is a senior engineer at the Idaho National Laboratory. He conducts engineeringstudies and research in electrical powergeneration and transmission for the U.S.Department of Energy, U.S. Navy, andEPRI. His research interests are in distribution energy system design, industrial powersystems, grounding issues, transformers,and the analysis of power quality problems.Dr. Baldwin also holds the rank of professor at the FAMU-FSUCollege of Engineering at Florida State University, Tallahassee,FL, and has conducted research at the Center for Advanced PowerSystems since 1999. He is a Registered Professional Engineer inthe State of North Carolina.Thomas L. Baldwin received the BSEE and MSE.E degrees fromClemson University, Clemson, SC, and the PhD degree in electrical engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, in 1987, 1989, and 1993, respectively.Dr. Baldwin is a member of the IEEE Power and Energy Societyand the Industrial Applications Society and serves on several committees and working groups including Power System Groundingand the IEEE Green Book.BANNERJEE, RANGANRangan Banerjee is a Professor of the Department of Energy Science and Engineering and currently the Dean of Research andDevelopment at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. He was Associate Dean(R & D) of IIT Bombay from 2003 to 2006and Head of the Department of Energy Science and Engineering (2006 to 2009).Dr. Banerjee is a Convening Lead Analystfor Industrial End Use Efficiency and a member of the executivecommittee for the Global Energy Assessment (2008 to 2010) coordinated by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. He is also an Adjunct faculty (Honorary) in the Departmentof Engineering & Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University. Hewas a member of the Planning Commission’s Integrated EnergyPolicy (2004 to 2005) Committee and on the working group forrenewable energy and energy efficiency and DSM for the EleventhFive Year Plan.Dr. Banerjee has coauthored a book on Planning for DemandSide Management in the Power sector, a book on Energy Cost inthe Chemical Industry, and a book on Engineering Education in India. He has been involved in industrial projects with organizationslike Essar, Indian Chemical Manufacturers Association, KSIDC,HR Johnson, Tata Consulting Engineers, BSES, Sterlite, International Institute of Energy Conservation and sponsored projects withthe Department of Science & Technology, UN, MERC, PCRA,MNES, Hewlett Foundation.Dr. Banerjee’s areas of interest include energy management,modeling of energy systems, energy planning and policy, hydrogen energy, and fuel cells. He has conducted two internationaltraining programs on solar energy and several National programson renewable energy and Energy Management.BOEHM, ROBERT F.Robert F. Boehm is a Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Directorof the Energy Research Center at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). Hiswork has been primarily in the area of renewable and conventional energy conversion. He was on the faculty of the Universityof Utah Department of Mechanical Engineering prior to coming to UNLV. He holdsa PhD in Mechanical Engineering from the University of California at Berkeley.Dr. Boehm is a registered professional engineer, a Fellow of theAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers, and has received several awards, including the Harry Reid
annual seminars on Closed feedwater heaters and Inspection, Maintenance and repair of tubular Exchangers. he is the author of numerous papers on feedwater heaters and tubular heat trans-fer equipment. with Mr. Yokell, he has written, Tubular Heat Exchanger Inspection, Maintenance and Repair, published by Mcgraw-hill book Company 1997.
on work, power and energy]. (iv)Different types of energy (e.g., chemical energy, Mechanical energy, heat energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy, sound energy, light energy). Mechanical energy: potential energy U mgh (derivation included ) gravitational PE, examples; kinetic energy
Renewable Energy Resources in the Republic of Korea 2.1. Solar Power Generation Solar power generation is the fastest-growing technology in electric power generation [4]. Europe and the United States have played a major role in this rapid growth beginning in the 2000s [4].
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1.311.331.3 About EDF Energy Nuclear GenerationAbout EDF Energy Nuclear GenerationAbout EDF Energy Nuclear Generation EDF Energy Generation (NG) operates eight nuclear power stations in the UK with a combined capacity of almost 9,000 megawatts - electricity that is vital to the UK economy. Figure 2: EDF Energy's Nuclear Power Stations .
