SECTION VERTEBRATE ORIGINS 25.1 Study Guide
SECTION25.1VERTEBRATE ORIGINSStudy GuideKEY CONCEPTAll vertebrates share common characteristics.MAIN IDEA:VOCABULARYchordatenotochordendoskeletonThe phylum Chordata contains all vertebrates and some invertebrates.1. What three groups make up the phylum Chordata?Choose the correct term from the box below to fit each description.notochordhollow nerve cordpharyngeal slitstail2. extends beyond the anal opening, and contains segments ofmuscle tissue used for movement3. runs along the animal’s back, forms from a section ofCHAPTER 25Vertebrate DiversityectodermCopyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.4. slits through the body wall in the pharynx5. flexible skeletal support rod embedded in the animal’s backMAIN IDEA:All vertebrates share common features.6. What is an endoskeleton?7. How does the growth of an animal with an endoskeleton differ from the growth ofan animal with an exoskeleton?Unit 8 Resource BookMcDougal Littell BiologyStudy Guide65
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUEDComplete the following chart with the missing information for each vertebrate class.ClassDescriptionExample8. Agnatha9. Chondrichthyes10. Osteichthyes11. Amphibia12. Reptilia13. AvesMAIN IDEA:Fossil evidence sheds light on the origins of vertebrates.15. Where has most of the early vertebrate fossil evidence been found?16. Which animals are recognized as the first vertebrates?17. Which two groups of jawless fish still exist today?Vocabulary Check18. The prefix endo- means “inside,” while the prefix exo- means “outside.” How does thishelp you to distinguish between an endoskeleton and an exoskeleton?66Study GuideUnit 8 Resource BookMcDougal Littell BiologyCopyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.CHAPTER 25Vertebrate Diversity14. Mammalia
SECTION25.1VERTEBRATE ORIGINSPower NotesVertebrate Phylogenetic Tree5.6.CHAPTER 25Vertebrate DiversityCopyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.4.3.2.1.Unit 8 Resource BookMcDougal Littell BiologyPower Notes67
SECTION25.1VERTEBRATE ORIGINSReinforcementKEY CONCEPT All vertebrates share common characteristics.At some point during development, all chordates exhibit four distinctive characteristics.These characteristics include a notochord, which is a flexible skeletal support rod embedded in an animal’s back a hollow nerve cord that runs along the animal’s back pharyngeal slits, which are slits through the body wall in the pharynx a tail that extends beyond the anal openingA characteristic that lets vertebrates grow to large sizes is the endoskeleton. Anendoskeleton is an internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage. There are four distinctparts to an endoskeleton: A braincase, or cranium, protects the brain. A series of short stiff vertebrae, separated by joints, protect the spinal cord. Bones support and protect the body’s soft tissues and provide points for muscleattachment. Gill arches, which are found in the pharynx of fish and some amphibians, supportthe gills.1. What are the four features shared by chordates at some point in their development?2. What is an endoskeleton?3. List the four components of an endoskeleton. Which part is only found in fish andsome amphibians?4. What type of animal was the first recognizable vertebrate?5. What are the two types of jawless fish that still exist today?68ReinforcementUnit 8 Resource BookMcDougal Littell BiologyCopyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.CHAPTER 25Vertebrate DiversityThere are seven classes of vertebrates. These classes include jawless fish, cartilaginousfish, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The first recognizablevertebrates were fish. Two primitive jawless fish that still exist today are lampreys andhagfish.
SECTION25.2FISH DIVERSITYStudy GuideKEY CONCEPTThe dominant aquatic vertebrates are fish.VOCABULARYgillcountercurrent flowlateral lineoperculumMAIN IDEA: Fish are vertebrates with gills and paired fins.Choose a word or words from the box below to complete the following t flow1. Fish use specialized organs calledtissueto take in oxygen dissolved in water.filled withGills are large sheets of frilly2. Fishgillsopposite.systems pump blood in a single loop through a heart with two mainchambers.is the3.movement of water against the flow ofin the fish’s gills.CHAPTER 25Vertebrate DiversityCopyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.4. Explain how countercurrent flow works.5. Draw a simple sketch of a fish and label the five main types of fins on its body.Unit 8 Resource BookMcDougal Littell BiologyStudy Guide69
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUEDMAIN IDEA:Jaws evolved from gill supports.6. What are gill arches?7. What is an advantage of having jaws?MAIN IDEA: Only two groups of jawed fish still exist.Use the box below to choose the correct word or words to complete the following Holocephaliinternallateral linemuscularrayssensorysharksskates8. Members of phylum Chondrichthyes have skeletons made of9. The two groups within phylum Chondrichthyes are the. The Holocephali include,and the, also called ratfish. The, and.10. While the cartilaginous fish as a group may be ancient, they have many advancedfeatures. They havefertilization, and many species give birth to liveyoung.11. Fish can sense their prey’s movements at a distance with a sensory system called the.12. Many fish also havebyorgans that detect the electrical currents madecontractions in other animals. These sensory organs are calledcells because they receive electrical signals.Vocabulary Check13. The term operculum comes from a Latin word which means “to cover.” Explain howthis meaning is related to the definition of an operculum.70Study GuideUnit 8 Resource BookMcDougal Littell BiologyCopyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.CHAPTER 25Vertebrate DiversityElasmobranchs include.
SECTION25.2FISH DIVERSITYPower NotesGills are:Countercurrent FlowCopyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.GroupDescriptionCHAPTER 25Vertebrate DiversityCartilaginous FishExampleLateral line system is:Unit 8 Resource BookMcDougal Littell BiologyPower Notes71
SECTION25.2FISH DIVERSITYReinforcementKEY CONCEPT The dominant aquatic vertebrates are fish.Fish use the large surface area of their gills to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen withthe water in which they live. A fish’s circulatory system pumps blood in a single loopthrough its two-chambered heart. Blood returning from the body is collected in theatrium and moved into the ventricle. The ventricle pumps the blood through the gills,where carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is picked up by the blood. The oxygen iscarried by the blood directly to the tissues, where it is exchanged for carbon dioxide.The blood then returns to the heart, starting the process over again.Countercurrent flow is the opposite movement of water against the flow of blood in afish’s gills. Because oxygen dissolved in the water is at a greater concentration than theoxygen in the fish’s blood, countercurrent flow maximizes the amount of oxygen thefish can pull from the water by diffusion.A fish uses its fins to move around in the water. In addition to helping it maneuver inthe water, a fish’s fins also help to keep it stable. Each set of fins helps the fish movein a different direction.Cartilaginous fish have skeletons made of cartilage. These fish include chimeras,sharks, rays, and skates. Cartilaginous fish are efficient hunters, powerful swimmers,and have an excellent sense of smell. Like all fish, they are able to detect the movementof prey at a distance by the use of a sensory system called the lateral line. The lateralline system lets fish feel the movement in the water currents created by more distantanimals as they swim through the water. Bony fish have skeletons made of bone.These fish are quite abundant—there are more than 20,000 different species of bonyfish. One structure distinctive to bony fish is the operculum, which is a protectiveplate that covers the fish’s gills.1. What organ do fish use to breathe?2. What is countercurrent flow?3. What structure did fish jaws evolve from?4. What are the two group of jawed fish that still exist today?72ReinforcementUnit 8 Resource BookMcDougal Littell BiologyCopyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.CHAPTER 25Vertebrate DiversityFish jaws evolved from gill supports. As a result of the evolution of jaws, fish were ableto become effective and efficient hunters, shooting them to the top of the food web. Twogroups of jawed fish that still exist today are the cartilaginous fish and the bony fish.
SECTION25.3A CLOSER LOOK AT BONY FISHStudy GuideKEY CONCEPTBony fish include ray-finned and lobe-finned fish.MAIN IDEA:VOCABULARYray-finswim bladderlobe-finRay-finned fish have a fan of bones in their fins.1. Describe the shape of a ray-fin and list three reasons why its shape helps a ray-finnedfish move.2. Describe the diversity of ray-finned fish. How does the number of species of ray-finnedfish compare to the total number of vertebrate species?3. What is the function of the swim bladder?CHAPTER 25Vertebrate DiversityMAIN IDEA:Lobe-finned fish have paired rounded fins supported by a single bone.Copyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.4. What is the evolutionary significance of lobe-finned fish?5. Describe the structure of a lobe-fin.Unit 8 Resource BookMcDougal Littell BiologyStudy Guide73
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED6. Complete the following Y-diagram to outline the similarities and differences betweenray-fins and lobe-fins.Ray-finLobe-finBoth7. Name two types of lobe-finned fish that still exist today.748. Use a comparison (for example, consider how a scuba diver travels to lower and higherdepths) to describe how a swim bladder works.Copyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.CHAPTER 25Vertebrate DiversityVocabulary CheckStudy GuideUnit 8 Resource BookMcDougal Littell Biology
SECTION25.3A CLOSER LOOK AT BONY FISHPower NotesAnatomy of a Bony Fish1.2.3.10.9.4.8.5.7.6.CHAPTER 25Vertebrate DiversityCopyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.Two Types of Bony FishTypeDescriptionExampleRay-finLobe-finUnit 8 Resource BookMcDougal Littell BiologyPower Notes75
SECTION25.3A CLOSER LOOK AT BONY FISHReinforcementKEY CONCEPT Bony fish include ray-finned and lobe-finned fish.Ray-finned fish are the most diverse group of living vertebrates, making up nearly halfof all vertebrate species. All ray-finned fish have fins supported by a fan-shaped arrayof bones. These fins are embedded in a thin layer of skin and connective tissue. Themuscles that move the bones are found in the fish’s body wall. This arrangement ofbones and muscle makes the fin light, collapsible, and easy to move.A swim bladder is a buoyancy organ that helps a fish to float higher or lower in thewater. Oxygen is added to the swim bladder from the bloodstream, increasing itsbuoyancy. To float lower in the water, oxygen is reabsorbed into the bloodstream fromthe swim bladder, decreasing the fish’s buoyancy.Lobe-finned fish include the ancestors of all terrestrial vertebrates. Only seven speciesof lobe-finned fish still exist today. In contrast to the fin shape of a ray-finned fish,a lobe-fin is round in shape. The paired fins are arranged around a series of bonystruts, similar in shape to the limb of a land vertebrate. The thick and fleshy shape of alobe-fin makes it much less maneuverable than a ray-fin. However, a lobe-fin is ableto support weight, which was key for the evolution of land vertebrates. Coelacanthsand lungfish are both lobe-finned fish. Evidence suggests that lungfish are the closestliving relatives of land vertebrates.Copyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.CHAPTER 25Vertebrate Diversity1. What is the difference between the shape of a ray-fin and the shape of a lobe-fin?2. What is the function of a swim bladder?3. What quality of a lobe-fin helped lead to the evolution of land vertebrates?4. What are two types of lobe-finned fish that still exist today?76ReinforcementUnit 8 Resource BookMcDougal Littell Biology
SECTIONAMPHIBIANS25.4Study GuideKEY CONCEPTVOCABULARYtetrapodamphibianAmphibians evolved from lobe-finned fish.tadpoleMAIN IDEA: Amphibians were the first animals with four limbs.Choose a word or words from the box below to complete the following sentences.amphibiansfour1. A tetrapod is alandwaterthat haslimbs.are animals that can live both on2.vertebrateand in.3. Complete the following concept map with information about amphibian adaptations.AmphibiansCHAPTER 25Vertebrate DiversityCopyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.haveto supportUnit 8 Resource BookMcDougal Littell Biologyto captureto hearStudy Guide77
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED4. What are the different methods amphibians use to breathe?MAIN IDEA:Amphibians return to the water to reproduce.5. Why can’t amphibians travel too far away from a source of water?6. List three strategies used by amphibians to keep their eggs moist.7. Describe the changes a tadpole goes through during metamorphosis into an adult frog.Modern amphibians can be divided into three groups.8. Write a short phrase to describe each amphibian ulary Check9. If the suffix -pod means “foot,” then what does the term tetrapod mean?10. How is an amphibious vehicle different than a normal vehicle driven on the road?78Study GuideUnit 8 Resource BookMcDougal Littell BiologyCopyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.CHAPTER 25Vertebrate DiversityMAIN IDEA:
SECTION25.4AMPHIBIANSPower NotesAmphibian Anatomy1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.Three Groups of AmphibiansGroupDescriptionCopyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.CHAPTER 25Vertebrate DiversityUnit 8 Resource BookMcDougal Littell BiologyPower Notes79
SECTION25.4AMPHIBIANSReinforcementKEY CONCEPT Amphibians evolved from lobe-finned fish.All vertebrates that live on land and their descendants that have returned to the water aretetrapods. A tetrapod is a vertebrate that has four limbs. Each limb evolved from alobe-fin. Animals such as snakes, which do not have four limbs, are still considered tobe tetrapods because they evolved from limbed ancestors.The development of limbs and lungs led to the evolution of amphibians. Amphibiansare animals that can live both on land and in water. Other important amphibianadaptations include the development of large shoulder and hip bones to support moreweight, a mobile and muscular tongue to capture food, and middle ear development tohelp the amphibian hear outside of the water. Amphibians are able to breathe outside ofwater either through their skin or with the use of gills or lungs.To develop into an adult frog, a tadpole, or frog larva, must undergo metamorphosis.During metamorphosis, a number of changes occur to the tadpole as it transforms intoan adult frog. Gills are reabsorbed and lungs develop, internal systems are reorganized,the tail is reabsorbed, and limbs develop.Salamanders, frogs, and caecilians are the three groups of modern amphibians. With itslong body, four walking limbs, and tail, a salamander looks like an ancestral tetrapod.Frogs are the largest group of amphibians. A frog’s familiar body form includes atailless body, long muscular hind limbs, webbed feet, exposed eardrums, and bulgingeyes. Caecilians are the most distinctive group of amphibians with their legless,earthwormlike appearance.1. What is a tetrapod?2. Why must amphibians remain near a source of water?3. What are the three groups of modern amphibians?80ReinforcementUnit 8 Resource BookMcDougal Littell BiologyCopyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.CHAPTER 25Vertebrate DiversityThe skin of an amphibian is thin and wet. Because water is constantly evaporating fromits skin, an amphibian cannot move too far from a source of water without risk of dryingout. A nearby source of moisture is also important for amphibian reproduction. Anamphibian egg does not have shell, and without a source of moisture the embryo withinthe egg may dry out and die. Strategies that amphibians use to keep their eggs moistinclude laying eggs directly in water or on moist ground, wrapping eggs in leaves, oreven brooding the eggs in pouches on the amphibian’s back.
SECTION25.5VERTEBRATES ON LANDStudy GuideKEY CONCEPTReptiles, birds, and mammals are adapted for life on land.MAIN IDEA:VOCABULARYamnioteamniotic eggkeratinplacentaAmniotes can retain moisture.1. What is an amniote?2. List three examples of familiar animals that are amniotes. Are humans amniotes?Explain why or why not.3. What is keratin used for?MAIN IDEA:CHAPTER 25Vertebrate DiversityCopyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.4. How do an amniote’s kidneys and intestines help it to retain moisture?Amniotes do not need to return to water to reproduce.5. How does the amniotic egg allow amniotes to live permanently on land?6. What is the advantage for rattlesnakes to retain their eggs until they hatch?7. What is the function of placenta?Unit 8 Resource BookMcDougal Littell BiologyStudy Guide81
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUEDVocabulary CheckChoose a term from the box below that best fits each description.amnioteamniotic eggkeratinplacenta8. I am a vertebrate that has a thin, tough, membranoussac that encloses the embryo or fetus duringdevelopment.9. I am a protein that binds to lipids inside a skin cell,forming a water-repellent layer that keeps water fromescaping.10. I am an almost completely waterproof container thatkeeps the embryo within from drying out.11. I am a membranous organ that develops in femalemammals during pregnancy.Be Creative82Copyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.CHAPTER 25Vertebrate Diversity12. Draw a cartoon that illustrates the benefits of the amniotic egg.Study GuideUnit 8 Resource BookMcDougal Littell Biology
SECTION25.5VERTEBRATES ON LANDPower NotesAn amniote isSet of Characteristics that Prevents Water Loss in an AmnioteCharacteristicFunctionAn amniotic egg isA placenta isCopyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.CHAPTER 25Vertebrate DiversityUnit 8 Resource BookMcDougal Littell BiologyPower Notes83
SECTION25.5VERTEBRATES ON LANDReinforcementKEY CONCEPT Reptiles, birds, and mammals are adapted for life on land.An amniote is a vertebrate that has a thin, tough, membranous sac that encloses theembryo or fetus during development. All amniotes share a set of characteristics thathelp to prevent water loss. Skin cells are waterproofed with keratin. Keratin is a proteinthat binds to lipids inside skin cells, forming a water repellent layer that keeps the waterinside the animal from evaporating through the skin. This waterproofing means thatamniotes lose less water to evaporation than do amphibians. It also means that amniotescannot exchange gases across their skin. Amniotes instead rely on lungs for respiration.In addition, kidneys and large intestines are bigger in amniotes than in amphibians. Theincreased surface area of these tissues lets amniotes absorb more water internally, sothey lose less water to excretion.1. What is an amniote?Copyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.CHAPTER 25Vertebrate DiversityUnlike amphibians, amniotes do not need to return to a water source to reproduce. Theamniotic egg is an almost completely waterproof container that keeps the embryo fromdrying out as it develops. Some amniotes, such as snakes, make eggs but do not laythem. Instead, the female keeps the egg in her oviduct until it hatches. This methodprotects the eggs from predation. Most mammal embryos develop inside their mother’sreproductive tract. Although the eggs lack shells, the embryos have the same series ofmembranes that are found in a typical amniotic egg. The placenta is a membranousorgan that develops in female mammals during pregnancy and is used both to carrynutrients from the mother to the embryo and also remove
SECTION 25.1 VERTEBRATE ORIGINS Reinforcement KEY CONCEPT All vertebrates share common characteristics. At some point during development, all chordates exhibit four distinctive characteristics. These characteristics include a notochord, which is a flexible skeletal support rod embedded in an animal’s bac
Page 1 of 8 Vertebrate Diversity, Function, and Evolution Objective: To recognise that all vertebrates share basic characteristics reflecting a common ancestry. 1-1 The Vertebrate Story 1) Evolution through natural selection is central to vertebrate biology. 2) More than 57,000 extant (living) species of vertebrates ranging from 0.1 g to 100,000 kg in .
It stresses major concepts of vertebrate anatomy and physiology in order familiarize students with the form, structure, and function of the vertebrate body, especially domestic animals. Scientific method of thinking and the experimental approach will be stressed. The topics studied in this course include a survey of all vertebrate species, and
Sonic hedgehog in vertebrate neural tube development MARYSIA PLACZEK1 and JAMES BRISCOE*,2 1The Bateson Centre and Dept. of Biomedical Science, University of Shefield, Western Bank, Shefield and 2The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK ABSTRACT The formation and wiring of the vertebrate nervous system involves the spatially and
VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY A life of Vertebrate – K.Z.Young, ELBS Oxford University Press. Modern Text Book of Zoology Vertebrate – R.L.Kotpal, Rastogi Publication Meerut. A Text Book of Chordate Zoology – R.C.Dalela –Jaiprakashnath Publication Meerut. Chordate Zoology – E.L.Jordan and P.S.Verma, S.Chand and Company New De
A comparative treatment of the evolutionary and developmental history of the major vertebrate organ systems. Course Overview: BIOL 3510, a laboratory based course, is designed to introduce the comparative vertebrate morphology and give
vertebrate animals and invertebrate animals. A vertebrate animal has a backbone (spine or spinal column). Humans, dogs, sharks, owls, snakes, and salamanders are all vertebrate animals. Invertebrate animals don’t have a backbone. Worms, slugs, spiders, insects, squid, a
Prefix Origins: ‘audi ’ online test Prefix Origins: ‘trans’ online test Prefix Origins: ‘volve’ online test Look, Cover Write online activity Printable activity sheet Prefix Origins: ‘audi’ online instructional video Printable activity sheet Prefix Origins: ‘trans’ online instructional video Look, Cover Write online activity
Paediatric Anatomy Paediatric ENT Conditions Paediatric Hearing Tests and Screening. 1 Basic Sciences HEAD AND NECK ANATOMY 3 SECTION 1 ESSENTIAL REVISION NOTES medial pterygoid plate lateral pterygoid plate styloid process mastoid process foramen ovale foramen spinosum jugular foramen stylomastoid foramen foramen magnum carotid canal hypoglossal canal Fig. 1 The cranial fossa and nerves .
