World Food ProgrammeSPECIAL REPORTFAO/WFP CROP AND FOOD SECURITY ASSESSMENTMISSION TO THE SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC5 September 2019Photographs: FAO/Monika Tothova/Mamadou Niang and WFP/Cinzia Monetta.
This report has been prepared by Monika Tothova and Mamadou Niang (FAO) and Eliana Favari, Cinzia Monetta,Gehan Alhossiny, Siddharth Krishnaswamy, Rama Suleiman, Kenneth Anyanzo, Ghaith Fadel and Jan Michiels(WFP) under the responsibility of the FAO and WFP secretariats with information from official and other sources.Support during the field Mission from Haya AbouAssaf, AbdulBasset Khalil, Jalal AlHamoud, Luca Innocente,Swithun Goodbody, Moammar Alhosaeen, Aya Hazem, Yaser Ali, Oula Mohamad, Abdallah Almomani, AmjadAlhamada, and Bashar Akkad is gratefully acknowledged. Since conditions may change rapidly, please contactthe undersigned for further information if required.Mario ZappacostaSenior Economist, EST-GIEWSTrade and Markets Division, FAOE-mail: giews1@fao.orgMuhannad HadiRegional Director, Middle East, North Africa,Central Asia and Eastern Europe, WFPE-mail: Muhannad.Hadi@wfp.orgPlease note that this Special Report is also available on the Internet as part of the FAO World Wide Webwww.fao.org at the following URL address: http://www.fao.org/giews/The Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture (GIEWS) has set up a mailing list todisseminate its reports. To subscribe, submit the Registration Form on the following link:http://newsletters.fao.org/k/Fao/trade and markets english giews world
SPECIAL REPORTFAO/WFP CROP AND FOOD SECURITY ASSESSMENTMISSION TO THE SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC5 September 2019FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSWORLD FOOD PROGRAMMERome, 2019
Required citation:FAO. 2019. Special Report - FAO/WFP Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission to the SyrianArab Republic. Rome.The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of itsauthorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companiesor products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have beenendorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect theviews or policies of FAO.ISBN 978-92-5-131773-0 FAO, 2019Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercialShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; go/legalcode).Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercialpurposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestionthat FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted.If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons license. Ifa translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation:This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAOis not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original [Language] edition shall be theauthoritative edition.Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation andarbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicablemediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property ules and any arbitration will be in accordance with the ArbitrationRules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL).Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, suchas tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuseand for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of anythird-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user.Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website(www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications-sales@fao.org. Requests forcommercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rightsand licensing should be submitted to: copyright@fao.org.
iiiCONTENTSPageACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS . vHIGHLIGHTS .viINTRODUCTION . 1ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY . 1BACKGROUND AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT . 4General . 4Syrian Pound depreciation on the informal market . 4Agriculture . 6CEREAL PRODUCTION . 8Cereal area, 2018/19 . 8Factors affecting yields . 9Weather . 9Irrigation .13Inputs .14Seed .14Fertilizers .15Fuel .16Crop-protection materials .16Mechanization.16Labour.16Pests and diseases .17Farm access and movement of farmers and produce .17Cereal production, 2018/19 .17Yields .17Production.18OTHER CROPS .20Food legumes .20Potatoes .21Vegetables .21Fruit trees .22Herbs .22Industrial crops .23Sugar beet .23Cotton .23Tobacco .23POST-HARVEST AND OTHER PROBLEMS.24LIVESTOCK .25Livestock numbers .25Animal nutrition .30Animal production .32Animal health .35LOCAL FOOD MARKET CONDITIONS .36Food prices .38Prices of cereals and agricultural commodities .41Bread .42Fuel prices - petrol .44Fuel prices - butane gas .45Livestock prices .47Terms of trade .47
ivCEREAL SUPPLY/DEMAND SITUATION .49Population .49National cereal balance sheet .49HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY SITUATION.50Food security situation and trends .50Food consumption .55Quality of the diet and the long-term impact on nutrition and health .57Food coping strategies .58Livelihood trends .60Exposure to shocks and main constraints .60Livelihood coping .61Humanitarian access .62Gender overview .63Displacement and return.64Food assistance and assistance requirements in 2019 .65RECOMMENDATIONS .66Agriculture .66Food security .68ANNEX .70Photographs from the Mission .72
vACRONYMS AND UNFPAUNHCRUN-OCHAUSDWFPWoSXBy-o-yAgricultural Cooperative BankAgro-Ecological ZonesArtificial inseminationAgricultural Stress Indexbarrels per dayCamp Coordination and Camp ManagementCrop and Food Security Assessment MissionEconomic and Social Commission for Western AsiaFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsData programme of FAO Statistics DivisionFocus Group DiscussionsFood Security SectorFoot-and-Mouth DiseaseGross Domestic ProductGeneral Organization for FeedGeneral Organization for Remote SensingGeneral Organization for Seed MultiplicationGeneral Organization of TobaccohectareGeneral Establishment for Cereal Trade and ProcessingHard-To-ReachInternational Committee of the Red CrossInternally Displaced PersonsInternational Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentIslamic StatekilogrammeMinistry of Agriculture and Agrarian ReformMinistry of Internal Trade and Consumer ProtectionmillimetreMinistry of Water Resourcesmobile Vulnerability Analysis and Mappingpregnant and lactating womenreduced Coping Strategy IndexSyrian Arab Red CrescentSyrian PoundtonneTerms of TradeUnited NationsUnited Nations Development ProgrammeUnited Nations Population FundUnited Nations High Commissioner for RefugeesOffice for the Coordination of Humanitarian AssistanceUS DollarWorld Food ProgrammeWhole of Syriacross-borderyear-on-year
viHIGHLIGHTS Security: Although pockets of active conflict are still prevalent, much of the country is now moresecure than it has been for several years, and significant numbers of Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs) have begun to return to their homes and farms. The Ministry of Agriculture and AgrarianReform estimates that around 800 000 IDPs, mostly farmers, returned to their areas of origin in2018. Further return estimates by UN-OCHA place IDP returns at an additional 130 000 people inthe first half of 2019.Crop production: Ample and well distributed rainfall in the 2018/19 agricultural season, coupledwith improved security, resulted in a significant expansion of the area under cereals. The harvestedwheat area (1.26 million hectares) was almost double that of 2018, but it is still 25 percent belowthe pre-crisis harvested wheat area (2002-2011 average). The harvested barley area (1.34 millionhectares) increased by 73 percent from last year and is on par with the pre-crisis average. The yieldof wheat, at 1.73 tonnes/hectare, was unexceptional as high temperatures in May had an adverseeffect on grain filling, but the yield of barley, at 1.5 tonnes/hectare, was the highest for at least thelast ten years. Wheat production is estimated at 2.2 million tonnes, up from 1.2 million in 2018, butstill below the pre-crisis level of 4.1 million tonnes (2002-2011). At 2 million tonnes, up from0.4 million tonnes in 2018, barley production exceeds pre-crisis levels.Fires in standing cereal crops are not unusual near harvest time in the country, but this year, withhigh temperatures and strong winds, they were much more frequent and more intense. TheGovernment estimates that 85 000 hectares of crops were burnt this year. Many of the fires mayhave been started accidentally, but there is evidence to suggest that some were started maliciously.Main agricultural constraints for crop production: Farmers continue raising concerns abouthigh production costs, high transportation costs and lack of quality inputs. Government initiativeshave led to an increase in the availability of farm machinery, but overall availability remainsinsufficient. Some progress has been made on the rehabilitation of irrigation structures, althoughillegal drilling over the past years is likely to lower the underground water table in a year of averagerains. High rates of wastage were reported in fruit and vegetable production, constrained by lowconsumer purchasing power, the inability to export and a shortage of processing factories.Livestock: Nationally, overall livestock numbers stabilized despite a slight reduction in sheep andcattle in 2018/19, as compared to the previous year. While the prevalence of common epizooticdiseases remained relatively stable, the incidence of lumpy-skin disease increased in somelocations in 2
s p e c i a l r e p o r t fao/wfp crop and food security assessment mission to the syrian arab republic 5 september 201
v Acronyms and abbreviations AEZs Agro-Ecological Zones AI Artificial Insemination ASI Agricultural Stress Index bbl/d Barrels per day CFSAM Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission EIU Economist Intelligence Unit ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAOSTAT Data programme of FAO Statistics Division
The management of the schools in which Syrian refugee students are educated has been an important issue in Turkey because the influx of Syrian refugees has created extra challenges. The number of Syrian children was 527,860 in 2016 but it rose to 608,084 in 2018 (MoNE, 2018). There are two schooling systems for Syrian refugees in Turkey.
1 Drs. H. Kasnun Ilmu Bahasa Arab 2 Dr. H. Moh.Munir, Lc., M.Ag. Ilmu Bahasa Arab 3 Dr. H. Agus Tricahyo, MA Ilmu Bahasa Arab 4 Dr. Yufridal Fitri Nursalam, M.A. Ilmu Bahasa Arab 5 Ahmad Zubaidi, M.A. Ilmu Bahasa Arab 6 Ali Ba'ul Chusna, M.Si Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 7 Faiq Ainur Rofiq, M.Pd.I Bahasa Arab
Mental Illness Background The Syrian conflict, which began in 2011, has resulted in the largest refugee crisis since World War II, with millions of Syrian refugees fleeing to neighboring countries including Lebanon, Jordan, and Turkey [1]. Syrian refugees have also fled to Europe, with many crossing the Mediterranean Sea in order to reach
Syrian Refugees PowerPoint Notes Jun2016 Page 3 of 7 Slide #11 Historically, Syrian men paid all the bills in the family even if the woman worked. Women kept their earned income as her own. Today's Syrian families share their incomes much the same as we do in Canada. Syrian families can be large as can be their homes.
Syrian refugees in Jordan are generally younger than the pre-crisis population and have higher fertility rates. Each month, an average of 2,000 Syrian refugee children are born in Jordan. According to a recent health service assessment, many . A young Syrian girl smiles in her new winter clothes, which her mother bought with
Host State,' 'The Syrian Refugee Crisis and Its Impact on the Jordanian Labour Market,' and 'Investment and Employment Trends in Jordan's Key Economic Sectors,' — are introduced here. 1. Syrian Refugees in Jordan: The View from 2019 As of March 2019, there are approximately 671,000 Syrian refugees registered with UNHCR Jordan.
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