A Review On Effects Of Deforestation On Landslide: Hill Areas

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IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development Vol. 2, Issue 07, 2014 ISSN (online): 2321-0613A Review on Effects of Deforestation on Landslide: Hill AreasAbhishek Sharma1 Shri Ram21Scholar Student 2Associate Professor1,2,3Department of Civil Engineering1,2,3Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, IndiaAbstract— Deforestation, clearance or clearing is theremoval of a forest or stand of trees where the land isthereafter converted to a non-forest use. Deforestationincludes conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urbanuse. Since the industrial age, about half of world's originalforests have been destroyed and millions of animals andliving things have been endangered. Despite theimprovements in education, information and generalawareness of the importance of forests, deforestation has notreduced much, and there are still many more communitiesand individuals who still destroy forest lands for personalgains. Deforestation also provides stability to slope throughwhich mass movement of rocks, debris could not occur. Asthe plant or tree roots provides some reinforcement and alsoremove groundwater. On hilly areas vegetation can stabilizesteep slopes and if the cutting of trees continues it wouldresult in a drastic change in the atmosphere or in theenvironment. In this paper there is summarization of causeof deforestation, deforestation causes, environment changesi.e. loss of biodiversity and how deforestation is related tolandslide.Key words: Deforestation, Landslide, Hill AreasI. INTRODUCTIONThe year 2011 is ‘The International Year of Forests’. Thisdesignation has generated momentum bringing greater to theforests worldwide. Forests cover almost a third of the earth’sland surface many environmental benefits including s majorrole in the hydrologic cycle, soil conservation, prevention ofclimate change and preservation of biodiversity. Forestresources can provide long-term national economic benefits.For example, at least 145 countries of the world arecurrently involved in wood production. Sufficient evidencesare available that the whole world is facing anenvironmental crisis on account of heavy deforestation. Foryears remorseless destruction of forests has been going onand we have not able to comprehend the dimension untilnow. Nobody knows exactly how much of the world’srainforests have already been destroyed and continue to berazed each year. Data is often imprecise and subject todiffering interpretations. However, it is obvious that the areaof tropical rainforest is diminishing and the rate of tropicalrain forest destruction is escalating worldwide, despiteincreased environmental activism and awareness.Forests cover 31% of the land area on our planet.They produce vital oxygen and provide homes for peopleand wildlife. Many of the world’s most threatened andendangered animals live in forests, and 1.6 billion peoplerely on benefits forests offer, including food, fresh water,clothing, traditional medicine and shelter. But forests aroundthe world are under threat from deforestation, jeopardizingthese benefits. Deforestation comes in many forms,including fires, clear-cutting for agriculture, ranching anddevelopment, unsustainable logging for timber, anddegradation due to climate change. This impacts people’slivelihoods and threatens a wide range of plant and animalspecies. Some 46-58 thousand square miles of forest are losteach year—equivalent to 36 football fields every minute.India’s Forest faces heavy pressure of human and livestockpopulation. The total forest cover in the country is onlyabout 69 million hectares whereas human population is 1210million, hence per capita forests are as low as 0.06 hectares.About 69 percent of India’s population i.e. 833 million livein rural areas and most of them have land based economyand use forest resources one way or the other . It isestimated that about 200 million people live in and aroundforests, and fully depend for their livelihood on forestresources. Further, of the 530 million livestock population inIndia, about 190 million fully depends on forests either bydirect grazing or by harvesting of fodder causing additionalburdens on the forests. Despite this heavy pressure, theforest cover in the country has not declined, but ratherimproved in the last one and half decadesRanging from areas under a permanent snow coverand bleak, dry, windy areas to the hot sub-tropical jungles ofthe foothills, the Himalaya presents diverse habitats withlevels of variation that are perhaps unequalled elsewhere inthe world. Figure.1 shows statistical percentile data per areaof each state in India under wildlife sanctuaries. They arethe home of a wide variety of mammals, reptiles and birds.These range from the wild asses of the cold deserts ofLadakh and Lahul to the rhinoceros, a relict of the ancientdinosaurs, now living in the swampy foot hills of the easternHimalaya.Fig. 1: Statistical data shows percent area of each state inIndia under wildlife sanctuaries. Numbers on top of each baris the actual percentage. Data was obtained from IndiaStatistical Report, 2011.II. DEFORESTATION CAUSESOver the year, many case studies have proven that clearcutting of large trees and other vegetation has had a drasticimpact on the stability of the land. The frequency oflandslides is increasing and the probability of themoccurring in logged areas is high. These studies have laidout several mechanisms of clear cutting that havecontributed to the increase:All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com37

A Review on Effects of Deforestation on Landslide: Hill Areas(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 07/2014/011) Large trees provide strong root structures thatpenetrate fragile cracks in the underlying bedrockand anchor the soil.Old growth trees natural have large leaf structureareas which cause much water transfer. The wateris drawn up from the soil and eventually transpiredback to the atmosphere.Forests create a canopy of foliage high up in the airto help dissipate rain fall over large areas.Heavy logging machinery damages precious topsoil and decreases its ability to absorb water.Logging slashes (leftover tree limbs) or debrisblocks natural drainage basins.Anytime large amounts of vegetation are removedfrom an area of the root system eventually die off,which leaves the soil vulnerable to over saturation.III. CAUSES OF DEFORESTATIONAccording to the United Nations Framework Convention onClimate Change (UNFCCC) secretariat, the overwhelmingdirect cause of deforestation is agriculture. Subsistencefarming is responsible for 48% of deforestation; commercialagriculture is responsible for 32% of deforestation; loggingis responsible for 14% of deforestation and fuel woodremovals make up 5% of deforestation. Experts do not agreeon whether industrial logging is an important contributor toglobal deforestation. Some argue that poor people are morelikely to clear forest because they have no alternatives,others that the poor lack the ability to pay for the materialsand labor needed to clear forest. One study found thatpopulation increases due to high fertility rates were aprimary driver of tropical deforestation in only 8% cases.Other causes of contemporary deforestation may includecorruption of Government institutions, the inequitabledistribution of wealth and power, population growth andoverpopulation and urbanization. Globalization is oftenviewed as another root cause of deforestation, though thereare cases in which the impacts of globalization (new flowsof labor, capital, commodities and ideas) have promotedlocalized forest recovery. In 2000 the United Nation foodand Agriculture Organization (FAO) found that “the role ofpopulation dynamics in a local setting may vary fromdecisive to negligible” and that deforestation can result from“a combination of population pressure and stagnatingeconomic, social and technological conditions.” Thedegradation of forest ecosystem has also been traced toeconomic incentives that make forest conversion appearmore profitable than forest conservation. Many importantforest functions have no markets, and hence, no economicvalue that is readily apparent to the forest’s owners or thecommunities that rely on forests for their well-being. Fromthe perspective of the developing world, the benefits offorest as carbon sinks or biodiversity reserves go primarilyto richer developed nations and there is insufficientcompensation for these services. Developing countries feelthat some countries in the developed world, such as theUnited States of America, cut down their forest centuriesago and benefited greatly from this deforestation, and that ishypocritical to deny developing countries the sameopportunities: that the poor should not have to bear the costof preservation when the rich created the problem. Somecommentators have noted a shift in the drivers ofdeforestation over the last past 30 Years. Whereasdeforestation was primarily driven by subsistence activitiesand government-sponsored development projects liketransmigration in countries like Indonesia and colonizationin Latin America, India, Java and so on, during late 19thcentury and the earlier half of the 20th century. By the1990s the majority of deforestation was caused by industrialfactors, including extractive industries, large-scale cattleranching and extensive agriculture. In table.1 there isanalysis of forest cover based on satellite imageries done byforest survey of India.A. Expansion of Farming LandAbout 60% of the clearing of tropical moist forests is foragricultural settlement (Myers, 1994; Anon., 1991) withlogging and other reasons like roads, urbanization and Fuelwood accounting for the rest (Anon; 1994b)However, as the land degrades people are forced tomigrate, exploring new forest frontiers increasingdeforestation (Willkie et al., 2000; Amor, 2008; Amor andPfaff, 2008). Deforestation is proxied by the expansion ofagricultural land. This is because agricultural land expansionis generally viewed as the main source of deforestationcontributing around 60% of total tropical deforestation.Shifting agriculture also called slash and burnagriculture is the clearing of forested land for raising orgrowing the crops until the soil is exhausted of nutrients orthe site is overtaken by weeds and then moving on to clearmore forest. It is been often reported as the main agent ofdeforestation. Small holder production in deforestation andthe growing number of such producers notably shiftingcultivators were the main cause of deforestation (Anon.,1990b;c; Dick, 1991; Anon., 1992a;b; Barbeir et al., 1993;Ascher, 1993; Dove, 1993; 1996; Dauvergne, 1994; Porter,1994; Thiele, 1994; Anon., 1994c; Angelsen 1995; Ross,1996). Mostly all reports indicate shifting agriculture asresponsible for about one half of tropical deforestation andsome put it up to two-thirds. Shifting agriculture wasgreatest in Asia (about 30%) but only about 15% over thewhole tropical world. It appears that the proportion of directconversion of forest to agriculture is increasing and theproportion of shifting agriculture is decreasing with time.B. OvergrazingOvergrazing is more common in drier areas of the tropics.Overgrazing is subjected to soil erosion. Stripping trees toprovide fodder for grazing animals can also be a problem insome dry areas of the tropics but is probably not a majorcause of deforestation. Animals remove the vegetation andwinds finished the job by blowing away the top soil,transforming grasslands into desert. Overgrazing of forestand pasture lands leads to the following problems: Gullies form in tracks frequented by cattle. Theseare very common in the Siwalik Hills where theformation of gullies is aided by the weak nature ofthe country rocks, zones of disturbance and highlyerosive streams.The grasses growing on the pasture are adverselyaffected. Over-grazing keeps them below theoptimum height for metabolic activity.All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com38

A Review on Effects of Deforestation on Landslide: Hill Areas(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 07/2014/011) Due to selective grazing of young and succulentgrasses, only coarse and poor grasses are left.Cattle hooves damage young regeneration,seedlings and even saplings. They render the soilmore prone to erosion.forest. As a result causes accelerated erosion, hamperregeneration, and destroy valuable vegetative growth andwildlife.Fig. 2: Forest fires affected area in Hectares from last tenyearsTable. 1: Analysis of Forest Cover Based on the SatelliteImageries done by Forest Survey of IndiaC. Urabanization/ Industralization and InfrastructureExpanding cities and towns require land to establish theinfrastructures necessary to support growing populationwhich is done by clearing the forests. Tropical forests are amajor target of infrastructure developments for oïlexploitation, logging concessions or hydro power damconstruction which inevitably conveys the expansion of theroad network and the construction of roads in pristine areas.The construction of roads, railways, bridges and air portsopen up the land to development and brings increasingnumbers of people to the Forest frontier.D. Forest and Other PlantationsPlantations are a positive benefit and should assist inreducing the rate of deforestation. The fact is thatplantations remove the timber pressure on natural forestsdoes not translate eventually into less, but rather into moredeforestation. Unfortunately about one-half of theplantations in the tropics are established on native forestcleared for the purpose. More over plantations can promotedeforestation by constructing roads that improve access ofthe shifting cultivators and others to the forest frontier.E. Forest FiresFires are a major tool used in clearing the forest for shiftingand permanent agriculture and for developing pastures asshown in Fig. Fire is a good servant but has a poor master.Fire used responsibly can be a valuable tool in agriculturaland forest management but if abused it can be a significantcause of deforestation (Repetto, 1980; Rowe et al., 1992).Forest fires in the Himalaya may be of two categories i.e.1) Intentional Fires- It includes forest fires that are setintentionally. When miscreants set fire to the forest with aspecific intention of damaging the forest wealth. The localpeople may set fire to the forest floor just before the onset ofthe monsoon season so as to induce a good growth of grass.2) Unintentional Fires- Accidental fires may be caused bypicnickers, treakers and travelers who may leave unextinguished cigarette butts, matches, camp fires etc. in theF. MiningMining is the extraction of valuable minerals or othergeological materials from the earth, usually from an orebody, vein or (coal) seam. Materials recovered by mininginclude base metals, precious metals, iron, uranium, coal,limestone, oil shale, rock salt, potash and diamonds. Anymaterial that cannot be grown through agriculturalprocesses, or created artificially in laboratory or factory, isusually mined. Mining in a wider sense comprises extractionof any non-renewable resource (e.g., petroleum, natural gas,or even water). The nature of mining processes creates apotential negative impact on the environment both duringthe mining operations and for years after the mine is closed.This impact has led to most of the world’s nations adoptingregulations to moderate the negative effects of miningoperations. Safety has long been a concern as well, thoughmodern practices have improved safety in minessignificantly. Mining is a very profitable business and it alsocreates employment opportunities. It benefits everyoneincluding the government and that is why the miningindustry is widely supported. There are several negativeeffects of mining for the environment. To make miningpossible, several forests are cleared and this leads todeforestation. The vegetation is cleared in order to build themining facility and laying roads. Several organisms andanimals live in these forests. With the deforestation, theseorganisms and animals lose their natural habitat. So, theywere looking for a new habitat in order to survive.IV. ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSESA. HydrologicalThe water cycle is also affected by deforestation. Treesextract groundwater through their roots and release it intothe atmosphere. When part of a forest is removed, the treesno longer transpire this water, resulting in a much drierclimate. Deforestation reduces the content of water in thesoil and groundwater as well as atmospheric moisture. Thedry soil leads to lower water intake for the trees to extract.Deforestation reduces soil cohesion, so that erosion,flooding and landslides ensue.Shrinking forest cover lessens the landscape’scapacity to intercept, retain and transpire precipitation.Instead of trapping precipitation, which then percolates toAll rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com39

A Review on Effects of Deforestation on Landslide: Hill Areas(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 07/2014/011)groundwater systems, deforested areas become sources ofsurface water runoff, which moves much faster thansubsurface flows. That quicker transport of surface watercan translate into flash flooding and more localized floodsthan would occur with the forest cover. Deforestation alsocontributes to decreased evapo-transpiration, which lessensatmospheric moisture which in some cases affectsprecipitation levels downwind from the deforested area, aswater is not recycled to downwind forests, but is lost inrunoff and returns directly to the oceans.B. SoilUndisturbed forests have a very low rate of soil loss,approximately 2metric tons per square kilometer (6 shorttons per square mile). Deforestation generally increasesrates of soil-erosion, by increasing the amount of runoff andreducing the protection of the soil from tree litter. This canbe an advantage in excessively leached tropical rain forestssoils. Forestry Operations themselves also increase erosionthrough the development of roads and the use of mechanizedequipment.Removal of trees does not always increase erosionrates. In certain regions of southwest US, shrubs and treeshave been encroaching on grassland. The trees themselvesenhance the loss of grass between tree canopies. The bareinter canopy areas become highly erodible. Tree roots bindsoil together, and if the soil is sufficiently shallow they actto keep the soil in place by also binding with underlyingbedrock. Trees removal on steep slopes with shallow soilthus increases the risk of landslides, which can threatenpeople living nearby.C. AtmosphericDeforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate andgeography. Deforestation is a contributor to global warming,and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhancedgreenhouse effect. Tropical deforestation is responsible forapproximately panel on climate change deforestation,mainly in tropical areas, could account for up to one-third oftotal anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. But recentcalculations suggest that carbon dioxide emissions fromdeforestation and forest degradation (excluding peat landemissions) contribute about 12% of total anthropogeniccarbon dioxide emissions with range from 6 to 17%.Deforestation causes carbon dioxide to linger in theatmosphere. As carbon dioxide accrues, it produces a layerin the atmosphere that traps radiation from the sun. Theradiation converts to heat which causes global warming,which is better known as the greenhouse effect.D. Accelerated ErosionDegraded forests lands causes accelerated erosion. It is awell-known fact that leaves break the force of the fallingrain water. Negi (1981) states,” The many tiered canopy ofthe Himalayan Forests act as a brake on the force of the raindrops. The drops hit the crown of the topmost tree, than fallon the herbs and shrubs below. By the times theprecipitation reaches the forest floor, the force is greatlyreduced.” In fact, in a dense forest a large part of the rainwater trickles down along the stems of trees shrubs andherbs.In areas, having little or no vegetative cover, theraindrops fall direct

landslide. Key words: Deforestation, Landslide, Hill Areas I. INTRODUCTION of each state in India under wildlife sanctuaries The year 2011 is ‘The International Year of Forests’. This designation has generated momentum bringing greater to the fores

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