ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY - Tndte.gov.in
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYDIPLOMA COURSE IN ENGINEERINGFIRST AND SECOND SEMESTERA Publication underGovernment of TamilnaduDistribution of Free Textbook Programme(NOT FOR SALE)Untouchability is a sinUntouchability is a crimeUntouchability is a inhumanDIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATIONGOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU
Government of TamilnaduFirst Edition – 2015Thiru. PRAVEEN KUMAR, I.A.S.,Principal Secretary /Commissioner of Technical EducationDirectorate of Technical EducationGuindy, Chennai- 600025.Dr.K.SUNDARAMOORTHY, M.E., Ph.D.,Additional Director of Technical Eduation (Polytechnics)Directorate of Technical EducationGuindy, Chennai- 600025ConvenerMrs.A.MeeraH.O.D (UG) / ChemistryDr. Dharmambal GovernmentPolytechnic College for WomenTharamani, Chennai—113Co-ordinatorEr. R.Sornakumar M.E.,PrincipalDr. Dharmambal GovernmentPolytechnic College for WomenTharamani, Chennai—113ReviewerProf.Dr.J.SANTHANALAKSHMIHead of the Department / Physical ChemistryUniversity of Madras, Chennai-25.AuthorsDr.K.Mohan M.Sc.,M.Phil.,Ph.D.,H.O.D (UG)/ ChemistrySakthi Polytechnic CollegeSakthinagar, Erode—638 315.THIRU.K.SUBRAMANIANH.O.D(UG)/ ChemistryP.T.LEE.C.N.Polytechnic College,Vepery, Chennai –600 technic CollegeThuvakudi, Trichy-22.THIRU.I.SYED AHAMED HUSSAINLecturer/ChemistryInstitute of chemical technologyTaramani, Chennai-113.THIRU.K.HEMACHANDRANSenior Lecturer/chemistryC.P.C.L.Polytechnic collegeManali, Chennai-68.This book has been prepared by the Directorate of Technical EducationThis book has been printed on 60 G.S.M PaperThrough the Tamil Nadu Text book and Educational Services Corporationii
FOREWORDWe are indeed very happy to present engineering chemistry book fordiploma engineers.Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the study of matter,its composition, physical and chemical properties and applications.It is important for engineers to have knowledge of chemistry as thosemay face problems in fields as diverse as design and development of newmaterials, quality control and environmental engineering that are basicallychemistry oriented in nature.Chemistry is the backbone in designing and understanding the nature ofvarious engineering materials. Many advances in engineering andtechnology either produce a chemical demand like polymers, chemicaldevelopments for their application in powder metallurgy and alloys,preventing methods of pollution etc. Currently electronics and computerfield require biopolymers and nano materials. Electrical engineers requireproper conducting materials. Mechanical engineers are in search of microfluids and civil engineers are looking for environment friendly materials.This book in engineering chemistry is prepared for the studentsstudying I Year Diploma in Engineering and Technology in Tamilnadu. Thisbook is written in simple and easily understandable manner. Tabularcolumns, figures, and worked examples are given wherever necessary. Atthe end of each chapter, short answer questions and long answer questionsare given. Test your understanding questions are given wherever requiredwhich will motivate the students for further study.The authors are very much grateful to the Commissioner of TechnicalEducation Chennai for his deep involvement and encouragement inpreparing this syllabus and learning material. Thanks are due to officials ofDOTE, Chennai for their timely help whenever needed.Further suggestions and constructive criticisms for the improvement ofthis book are welcomeAUTHORSiii
30014 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY – IDETAILED SYLLABUSContents: TheoryUnitIName of the TopicHoursATOMIC STRUCTURE, MOLECULAR MASS, ACIDS AND BASES1.1 Atomic Structure4 HrsAtom – Definition – Fundamental particles of Atom – their Mass, Chargeand Location – Atomic number and Mass number – Definition – Isotopesand Isobars – Definition with suitable examples – Formation of cation andanion by electronic concept of oxidation and reduction – Octet rule –Formation of electrovalent compound (NaCl) – Formation of covalentcompound (NH3).1.2 Molecular Mass4 HrsMolecule – Molecular Formula – Molecular Mass – Mole – Definition –Simple calculations – Avogadro’s Hypothesis – Relationship betweenMolecular Mass and Vapour Density – Avogadro Number – Definition.1.3 Acids and Bases5 HrsTheories of Acids and Bases – Arrhenius Theory – Lowry – BronstedTheory – Lewis Theory – Advantages of Lewis Theory – pH and pOH –Definition – Numerical problems – Indicator – Definition and Examplesonly – Buffer solution – Definition – Types of buffer solution with examples– Application of pH in Industries.IISOLUTIONS, COLLOIDS, NANO-PARTICLES2.1 Solutions4 HrsDefinition – Methods of expressing concentration of a solution – Molarity,Molality, Normality, Mole fraction and Percentage Mass – Simpleproblems.2.2 Colloids6 HrsTrue solution and Colloidal solution – Definition – Differences – Types ofcolloids – Lyophilic and Lyophobic colloids – Differences – Properties –Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, Electrophoresis and Coagulation –Industrial applications of colloids – Smoke Precipitation by Cottrell’smethod, Purification of water, Cleansing action of soap, Tanning of leatherand Sewage disposal.2.3 Nano-ParticlesDefinition – Importance of Nano-particles – Area of application – Medicine,Electronics and Biomaterials.3Hrs
UnitIIIName of the TopicTECHNOLOGY OF WATER, CATALYSIS, GLASSHours3.1 Technology of Water6 HrsSources of water – Reasons for depletion of underground water – Rainwater harvesting (Basic ideas) – Advantages – Hard water and soft water– Hardness of water – Carbonate and Non-carbonate hardness –Methods of expressing hardness – mg/lit and ppm – Simple problems –Estimation of total hardness of water by EDTA method – Problemsinvolving Total, Carbonate and Non-carbonate hardness in ppm –Softening of hard water – Ion-Exchange method and Reverse Osmosismethod – Municipal water supply – Purification (Sedimentation, Filtrationand Sterilization) – Disadvantages of using hard water in boilers – Scaleformation, Corrosion of boiler metal, Caustic Embrittlement and Primingand Foaming.3.2 Catalysis4 HrsCatalyst – Positive catalyst – Negative catalyst – Definition – Types ofcatalysis – Homogeneous and Heterogeneous – Promoter – Catalystpoison – Definition – Characteristics of a catalyst – Industrial applicationsof catalysts.3.3 Glass3 HrsDefinition – Manufacture of Glass – Varieties of Glass – Optical Glass,Windshield Glass and Photo chromatic Glass.IVELECTROCHEMISTRY, ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL, ENERGYSOURCES4.1 Electrochemistry5 HrsElectrolyte – Definition – Strong and Weak electrolytes – Examples –Electrolysis – Definition – Mechanism – Industrial application ofElectrolysis – Electroplating – Preparation of surface – Process – Factorsaffecting the stability of the coating – Chrome plating – Electroless plating– Definition – Advantages of Electroless plating over electroplating –Applications of Electroless plating.4.2 Electrochemical Cell4 HrsElectrochemical Cell – Definition – Representation of a Cell – SingleElectrode Potential – Definition – Galvanic Cell – Formation of Daniel Cell– Electrochemical Series – Definition and Significance – ElectrolyticConcentration Cell – Definition and Formation.4.3 Energy SourcesPrimary Battery – Definition and example – Construction, Working andUses of Dry cell – Secondary Battery – Definition and example –Construction, Working and Uses of Lead-acid Storage Cell –Nonconventional Energy Sources – Solar Cell – Definition – Principle,Construction, Working and Uses.4 Hrs
UnitVName of the TopicHoursCORROSION, METHODS OF PREVENTION OF CORROSION,ORGANIC COATINGS5.1 Corrosion4 HrsDefinition – Types of Corrosion – Theories of corrosion – Galvanic CellFormation Theory – Differential Aeration theory – Factors influencing therate of corrosion.5.2 Methods of Prevention of Corrosion4 HrsControl of Environment – Alloying – Surface coatings – Metal coatings –Electroplating, Galvanization and Tinning – Inorganic coating – Anodizing– Cathodic Protection – Sacrificial Anode Method and Impressed VoltageMethod.5.3 Organic Coatings5 HrsPaint – Definition – Components of Paints and their functions – Varnish –Definition – Preparation of Oil Varnish – Differences between Paint andVarnish – Special Paints – Luminescent Paints, Fire Retardant Paints,Aluminium Paints and Distemper.Text Book:1. Engineering Chemistry – I Tamil Nadu Text Book Corporation2. Engineering Chemistry – Jain & Jain – Dhanpat Rai & Sons.3. A Text Book of Engineering Chemistry – S.S. Dara – S. Chand Publication.Reference Book:1. A Text Book of Environmental Chemistry and Pollution Control S.S. Dara – S. ChandPublication.2. Engineering Chemistry – Uppal – Khanna Publishers.3. Chemistry – Higher Secondary – Second Year – Volume I & II – Tamil Nadu Text BookCorporation – 2014.4. Environmental Chemistry – V P Kudesia – Pragati Publishers.--oOo--
30025ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY – IIDETAILED SYLLABUSContents: TheoryUnitIName of the TopicHoursENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY1.1 Air Pollution5 HrsPollution and Air pollution – Definition – Air pollutants (SO2, H2S, HF, COand Dust) – Sources and Harmful effects – Formation of Acid Rain –Harmful effects – Green House Effect – Causes – Global warming –Harmful effects – Ozone Layer – Importance – Causes for Depletion ofOzone Layer (No equations) – Harmful effects of Ozone Layer Depletion– Control of Air Pollution.1.2 Water Pollution4 HrsCauses of Water Pollution – Sewage, Effluents, Algae andMicroorganisms – Harmful effects –Sewerage – Definition – SewageDisposal – Industrial Effluents – Harmful effects of Effluents – Harmfuleffects of Heavy Metal Ions – Lead, Cadmium, Zinc and Copper –Treatment of Effluents – Eutrophication – Definition and harmful effects.2 Hrs1.3 Solid Waste ManagementSolid Waste – Definition – Problems – Types of Solid Waste – Methods ofdisposal – Land fill and Incineration.2 Hrs1.4 Green ChemistryDefinition – Goals of Green Chemistry (Basic ideas) – Recycling –Definition – Examples – Advantages of Recycling (Basic ideas)IIFUELS, COMBUSTION AND REFRACTORIES2.1 Fuels6 HrsFuel and fossil fuel – Definition – Calorific value – Classification of fuels –Solid fuels – Wood – Coal – Varieties of Coal – Composition – Specificuses – Liquid fuels – Petroleum – Fractional distillation – Fractions anduses – Cracking (Concept only) – Liquid Hydrogen as fuel – Gaseousfuels – Preparation, composition and specific uses of Producer gas andWater gas – Composition and uses of CNG and LPG – Relativeadvantages of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.2.2 Combustion5 HrsDefinition – Combustion calculation by mass (for solid and liquid fuels) –Combustion calculation by volume (for gaseous fuels) – Stoichiometriccalculations – Volume of air required – Excess air – Definition of Flue gas– Flue gas Analysis – Orsat Apparatus – Simple numerical problems.2.3 RefractoriesDefinition – Requirements of a good Refractory – Classification – Acidic, 2 HrsBasic and Neutral Refractories – Examples and uses – Uses of Fireclaybricks, Alumina bricks and Silica bricks.
UnitIIIName of the TopicHoursEXTRACTION OF METALS, POWDER METALLURGY, ALLOYS ANDABRASIVES3.1 Extraction of metals2 HrsExtraction of Tungsten and Titanium – Uses of Tungsten and Titanium.3.2 Powder metallurgy3 HrsDefinition – Preparation of Metal Powder – Atomization – Reduction ofMetal Oxide – Applications of Powder Metallurgy.3.3 Alloys4 HrsDefinition – Purpose of alloying – Types – Ferrous Alloys – Compositionand uses of Stainless Steel, Chromium Steel and Vanadium Steel – Nonferrous alloys – Composition and uses of Nichrome, Dutch metal,German silver, Gun metal and Duralumin.3.4 Abrasives4 HrsDefinition – Classification – Hardness in Moh’s scale – Natural abrasives– Diamond, Corundum, Emery and Garnet – Synthetic abrasives –Carborundum – Boron carbide – Manufacture – Properties and uses.IVCEMENT, CERAMICS, LUBRICANTS AND ADHESIVES4.1 Cement3 HrsDefinition – Manufacture of Portland Cement – Wet Process – Setting ofCement (No equation).4.2 Ceramics3 HrsWhite pottery – Definition – Manufacture of White pottery – Uses –Definition of glazing – Purpose – Method – Salt glazing.4.3 Lubricants3 HrsDefinition – Characteristics of Lubricant – Types of Lubricants – Solid –Semi-solid –Liquid Lubricants .4.4 AdhesivesDefinition – Requirements of good adhesives – Natural adhesive – Usesof Shellac, Starch, Asphalt – Synthetic adhesive – Uses of CelluloseNitrate, PVC, Phenol-formaldehyde and Urea-formaldehyde.4 Hrs
UnitVName of the TopicHoursPOLYMERS6 Hrs5.1 PlasticsPlastics – Definition - Polymerization – Definition – Types ofpolymerization – Addition polymerization – Formation of Polythene –Condensation polymerization – Formation of Bakelite – Types of plastics– Thermoplastics and Thermoset plastics – Differences – Mechanicalproperties of plastics – Advantages of plastics over traditional materials(Wood and Metal) –Reinforced or filled plastics – Definition – Advantages– Applications – Polymers in Surgery – Biomaterials – Definition –Biomedical uses of Polyurethane, PVC, Polypropylene and Polyethylene.5.2 Rubber5 HrsDefinition – Preparation from Latex – Defects of natural rubber–Compounding of rubber – Ingredients and their functions – Vulcanization– Definition and Purpose – Reclaimed rubber – Definition – Process –Properties and uses.5.3 Composite materials2 HrsDefinition – Examples – Advantages over metals and polymers – Generalapplications.Text Book:1. Engineering Chemistry – Jain & Jain – Dhanpat Rai & Sons.2. A Text Book of Engineering Chemistry – S.S. Dara – S. Chand Publication.Reference Book:1. Chemistry of Engineering Material-C.V. Agarwal, Andranaidu C. Parameswara Moorthy –B.S. Publications.2. Engineering Chemistry – Uppal – Khanna Publishers.3. A Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry – P.L. Soni – S. Chand Publication.4. Rain Water Harvesting – Hand Book – Chennai Metro Water.--oOo--
Board Examination - Question paper patternTime: 3 Hrs.Max.Marks: 75PART A - 5 Questions to be answered out of 8 for 2 marks each.PART B - 5 Questions to be answered out of 8 for 3 marks each.PART C- All the 5 Questions to be answeredEach question in PART C will contain 3 Sub questions, out of these 3 Sub questions 2 Sub questionsis to be answered for 5 marks each.PART A5 x 2 marks10 MarksPART B5 x 3 marks15 Marks5 x 2 x 5 marks50 MarksShort answer type questionsPART CDescriptive answer type questionsEach question in PART C will contain 3 Sub questions,out of these 3 Sub questions 2 Sub questions is to beanswered for 5 marks each.Total75 MarksOut of the 3 Sub questions in PART C, one sub question must be on problem based totest the analytical ability/logical ability /diagnostic ability/conceptual ability relevant to that subjectcontent. Equal weightage is to be given to whole syllabus.Clarks table will not be permitted for the Board Examinations.
CONTENTSFIRST SEMESTERUNITCONTENTSUNIT-IATOMIC STRUCTURES, MOLECULAR MASS, ACIDS AND BASESPage No1.1Atomic structure011.2Molecular Mass091.3Acids and Bases16UNIT-IISOLUTIONS, COLLOIDS, NANO es40UNIT-III TECHNOLOGY OF WATER CATALYSIS AND GLASS3.1Technology of water423.2Catalysis563.3Glass60UNIT-IV ELECTROCHEMISTRY, ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL AND ENERGY RESOURCES4.1Electrochemistry634.2Electrochemical cell694.3Energy Resources75UNIT-VCORROSION, METHODS OFPREVENTION OF CORROSION AND ORGANICCOATINGS5.1Corrosion815.2Methods of Prevention of corrosion895.3Organic Coatings96ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYPRACTICAL -I SYLLABUS AND PROCEDURE102x
SECOND SEMESTERUNITUNIT-ICONTENTSPage NoENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY1.1Air Pollution1421.2Water Pollution1491.3Solid Waste Management1541.4Green Chemistry158UNIT-IIFUELS,COMBUSTION ories184UNIT-III EXTRACTION OF METALS, POWDER METALLURGY ALLOYS ANDABRASIVES3.1Extraction of metals1873.2Powder metallurgy1913.3Alloys1943.4Abrasives198UNIT-IV CEMENT, CERAMICS, LUBRICANTS AND ber2225.3Composite materials226ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL-II SYLLABUS AND PROCEDURE228FIRST AID FOR ACCIDENTS IN CHEMISTRY LABORARTORIES249xi
ENGINEERINGCHEMISTRY-IFIRST SEMESTERUNIT-IATOMIC STRUCTURES, MOLECULAR MASS, ACIDS ANDBASES1.1 ATOMIC STRUCTUREINTRODUCTIONChemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of thenature of matter, its composition, occurrence, isolation, methods ofpreparation, properties and uses.An atom is the smallest form of a chemical particle that retains theproperties of the particle. The word 'atom' comes from the Greek word'atomos', meaning 'unable to be cut'. The original meaning of atom was thesmallest, indivisible form of a chemical particle. Now we know how to divideatoms into sub-atomic particles, the definition of an atom includes the conceptthat the particle must retain its chemical properties.ATOMAn Atom is the smallest invisible particle of element, having all thecharacteristics of the parent element, which can neither be created nordestroyed by any chemical change. It cannot exist freely. It is the ultimateparticle of an element, which may or may not have independent existence.The atoms of certain elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,etc.do not have independent existence where as atoms of helium, neon,argon, etc. do have independent existence. All elements are composed ofatoms.Fundamental particles of an atomAlmost the atoms of all elements are made up of three main particles knownas fundamental particles. They are electrons, protons and neutrons. Hydrogenis the only element that do not have neutron.PROTON1.The proton is a positively charged particle.2.It has unit positive charge and unit mass. The mass of proton isapproximately equal to the mass of one hydrogen atom. It is equal to1.00732 amu.3.The proton is present in atoms of all the elements.4. he protons are present inside the nucleus of an atom.
ELECTRON1. The electron is a negatively charged particle.2. It has unit negative charge and negligible mass.3. The mass of and electron is about 1/1837 of mass of a hydrogen atom.4. Electrons are present in all the atoms.5. Electrons are revolving around the nucleus in various circular orbits (shell).NEUTRON1. The neutron is a neutral particle. Hence, it has no charge.2. It has unit mass. The neutron is present in atoms of all elements excepthydrogen. The mass of a neutron is slightly greater than the mass of aproton. It is equal to 1.00871 amu.3. Neutron is present inside the nucleus of an atom.ATOMIC NUMBER (Z)The atomic number is the number protons present in the nucleus of anatom or number of electrons revolving around the nucleus in anatom. Based on the carbon standard the atomic mass of an element maybe defined as the ratio between the mass of one atom of the element andth1/12 of mass of an atom of carbonAtomic number No of protons No of electronsMASS NUMBER (A)The mass number of an element is given by the total number of protons andneutrons present in the nucleus of an atom. A (P N)Therefore the number of neutrons is A-Z.ISOTOPESThe isotopes are atoms of the same elements having the same atomicnumber but different mass number.e.g. Isotope of oxygen: 8O16, 8O17, 8O18.ISOBARIsobars are the atoms of different elements having the same mass numberbut different atomic number.e.g. 92U234, 91Pa234.STRUCTURE OF ATOMThe atom consists of two parts. They are 1.The central nucleus 2.The outerextra nuclear part.1. The central Nucleus:The nucleus is the central part of an atom consists of protons and neutrons.Since the protons are positively charged particle and neutrons are neutral, thenucleus is always positive part of an atom. The entire weight of an atom ispresent only in the nucleus.2
2. The outer extra nuclear part.1. It is the part around the nucleus. It contains all electrons of an atom. Itis the negative part of the atom. The electrons are revolving around thenucle
Distribution of Free Textbook Programme Untouchability is a sin Untouchability is a crime Untouchability is a inhuman DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU A Publication under Government of Tamilnadu (NOT FOR SALE) ii Government of Tamilnadu First Edition – 2015
Chemistry ORU CH 210 Organic Chemistry I CHE 211 1,3 Chemistry OSU-OKC CH 210 Organic Chemistry I CHEM 2055 1,3,5 Chemistry OU CH 210 Organic Chemistry I CHEM 3064 1 Chemistry RCC CH 210 Organic Chemistry I CHEM 2115 1,3,5 Chemistry RSC CH 210 Organic Chemistry I CHEM 2103 1,3 Chemistry RSC CH 210 Organic Chemistry I CHEM 2112 1,3
Physical chemistry: Equilibria Physical chemistry: Reaction kinetics Inorganic chemistry: The Periodic Table: chemical periodicity Inorganic chemistry: Group 2 Inorganic chemistry: Group 17 Inorganic chemistry: An introduction to the chemistry of transition elements Inorganic chemistry: Nitrogen and sulfur Organic chemistry: Introductory topics
Accelerated Chemistry I and Accelerated Chemistry Lab I and Accelerated Chemistry II and Accelerated Chemistry Lab II (preferred sequence) CHEM 102 & CHEM 103 & CHEM 104 & CHEM 105 General Chemistry I and General Chemistry Lab I and General Chemistry II and General Chemistry Lab II (with advisor approval) Organic chemistry, select from: 9-10
CHEM 0350 Organic Chemistry 1 CHEM 0360 Organic Chemistry 1 CHEM 0500 Inorganic Chemistry 1 CHEM 1140 Physical Chemistry: Quantum Chemistry 1 1 . Chemistry at Brown equivalent or greater in scope and scale to work the studen
education which the students pursue from their second year of study. For successful completion of engineering diploma with flying colours, a thorough . and practical examples are included in this text wherever required. The experiments to be performed by the student in I and II semester Engineering Physics practical are also included .
Chemistry is the science that describes matter, its properties, the changes it undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany those processes. Inorganic chemistry Organic chemistry Physical chemistry Biochemistry Applied Chemistry: Analytical chemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, . Istv an Szalai (E otv os University) Lecture 1 6 / 45
Chemistry of Cycloalkanes 13. Chemistry of Alkyl halides 14. Alcohols 15. Chemistry of Ethers and Epoxides 16. Chemistry of Benzene and Aromaticity 17. Chemistry of Aryl Halides 18. Aromatic Sulphonic Acids 19. Chemistry of Aldehydes and Ketones 20. Carboxylic Acids 21. Chemistry of Carboxylic Acid Derivativ
한국어 Korean (language) 머리 head 다리 leg 손가락 finger 귀 ear 팔 arm 눈 eye 입 mouth 배 stomach 버스 bus 배 boat 우리 we/us Adverbs: 싸다 아주 very 매우 very 너무 too (often used to mean ‘very’) Verbs: 먹다 to eat 가다 to go 만나다 to meet 닫다 to close 열다 to open 원하다 to want (an object) 만들다 .
