INDIGENOUS LIVESTOCK HUSBANDRY AND ETHNO
INDIGENOUS LIVESTOCK HUSBANDRY AND ETHNO VETERINARY PRACTICESIN ENDAMOHONI DISTRICT OF TIGRAY REGION, ETHIOPIAM.Sc. THESISFISAHAYEABRAHA WOLDUHAWASSA UNIVERSITY, HAWASSA, ETHIOPIAJanuary, 2016i
INDIGENOUS LIVESTOCK HUSBANDRY AND ETHNO VETERINARY PRACTICESIN ENDAMOHONI DISTRICT OF TIGRAY REGION, ETHIOPIAFISAHAYEABRAHA WOLDUMAJOR ADVISOR: MOHAMMED BEYAN (PhD)CO-ADVISORS:SINTAYEHU YIGREM (PhD)MELKAMU BEZABIH (PhD)A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF ANIMAL AND RANGE SCIENCES,COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIESHAWASSA UNIVERSITYHAWASSA, ETHIOPIAIN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FORTHE DEGREE OFMASTER OF SCIENCE IN ANIMAL AND RANGE SCIENCES(SPECIALIZATION: ANIMAL PRODUCTION)January 2016ii
ADVISORS’ APPROVAL SHEETSCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIESHAWASSA UNIVERSITYThis is to certify that the thesis titled “INDIGENOUS LIVESTOCK HUSBANDRY ANDETHNO VETERINARY PRACTICES IN ENDAMOHONI DISTRICT OF TIGRAYREGION, ETHIOPIA” is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree ofMaster of Science in Animal Range Sciences with a specialization of Animal Production ofthe Graduate Program of the School of Animal and Range Sciences, Hawassa college ofagriculture, and is a record of original research carried out by Fisahaye Abraha Woldu I.D.No SGS/105/05 under our supervision and no part of the thesis has been submitted for anyother degree or diploma.The assistance and the help received during the course of this investigation have been dulyacknowledged. Therefore, we recommend that it will be accepted as fulfilling the thesisrequirements.Name of Major advisorSignatureName of Co-advisorName of Co-advisorSignatureSignatureiiiDateDateDate
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSFirst, I would like to thank the almighty God for blessing invaluable gifts of health, strength,hope, patience and protection to me and my family (Tadesse) throughout my study. I would liketo extend my heartfelt thanks to my major advisor Dr. Mehammed Beyan, as without hisencouragement and guidance, the completion of this work may not have been possible. Thus, Iam very much indebted to him for his willingness to come along distance and guiding me onfocus group discussion on field level with key informants, data arrangement, and to successfullyfinalize the thesis. Special appreciation also goes to my co-advisor Dr Sintayehu Yigrem as hegives me valuable and constructive comments starting from the proposal and for shaping of mythesis write-up. I want to also give special thanks to my co-advisor Dr. Melkamu Bezabih forhis genuine guidance, constructive comments and excellent cooperation, and his facilitation onbudget. My thanks also goes to Dr. Yosef W/gerigis for his data analysis. I would like alsoto express my sincere appreciation to African rising /ILRI Project for covering the funding ofmy M.Sc degree. I would like to thank Maichew Woreda African rising /ILRI site staff AtoMehammed Ebrahim, Ato Getachew Bisrat and Ato kagnew Kasahun who facilitated me ondata collection smoothly in the field. My honest and special thanks should go to MAC givingto me for his postgraduate program. My appreciation goes to the people of Endamohoni woredafor their positive response, sharing their valuable knowledge and time as well as for theirtremendous generosity and hospitality. I also thank the Endamohoni woreda Offices of RuralAgricultural Development and development agents, their provision of information and datacollection. Finally, I acknowledge to my sisters and brothers as well as staff members ofCatholic Church community in Maychew, particularly to Abba Hagos Tinsaie, Sr. AdoniAbraha Sr. Tsige Petros and Sr. Lemlem Siyum for their moral, wishes and encouragement toaccomplish my study.iv
Tables of ContentsADVISORS’ APPROVAL SHEET. iiiACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . ivDEDICATION.viiiSTATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR . xACRONYMS . xiList of Tables . xiiList of Figures.xiiiList of Figures in Appendix. xivABSTRACT . xv1.Introduction . 11.1. Statement of the problem . 31.2. General objective: . 51.3. Specific objectives: . 52. Literature review . 62.1 Definitions of Indigenous knowledge. 62.2 Importance of Indigenous Knowledge. 62.3. Indigenous knowledge in Ethiopia . 82.4. Indigenous knowledge related to livestock husbandry practices . 82.4.1. Indigenous Knowledge related to livestock breeding and trait selection . 9v
2.4.2. Livestock feeding and feed source in Ethiopia . 122.4.3 Indigenous knowledge (IK) of farmers and copping mechanism of feed shortage inEthiopia . 132.5. Indigenous knowledge (IK) of milk and milk product handling, processing andconsumption pattern in Ethiopia . 142.5.1. Milk and milking procedure of traditional farmers in Ethiopia . 142.5.2. Milk processing practice in Ethiopia . 152.5.3. Traditional milk preservation and tree species used to clean and smoke milkutensils . 162.5.4. Milk and milk product consumption trend in Ethiopia . 172.6. History of traditional veterinary practices (Ethno veterinary practices) . 173. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY . 233.1. Description of the study area . 233.2. Household selection . 253.4. Data analysis . 264. RESULTS. 274.1. Household characteristics of the studied area . 274.2. Livestock production practices of the study area . 304.2.1. Livestock holding . 304.2.2. Purpose of livestock keeping in the study area . 314.2.3. Livestock production constraints . 33vi
4.2.4 Breeding and breed selection criteria in the study area . 344.2.5. Livestock culling stragtegies in different agro-ecologies of the study area . 374.2.6. Traditional livestock castratition practices in three agro-ecologies . 384.3. Ethno veterinary practices. 394.3.1. Mode of preparation, dosage and route of administration. 434.3.2. Threats for conservation of medicinal plants. 454.4. Livestock feed resources and feeding management . 464.5. Water resources for livestock in the study area. 534.6. Housing of livestock in the study area . 554.7. Milking procedures and milk handling practices . 574.7.1. Handling, processing and use pattern of dairy products in the study area . 624.7.2 Traditional preparation of Hazo and Sihum in study area . 654.7.3. Marketing of milk and milk products in the study area . 655. DISCUSSION . 675.1. Socio economic characteristics of the households . 675.2. Livestock production . 685.3. Purpose of livestock keeping . 695.4. Livestock Production Constraints . 715.5. Breeding and breed selection criteria . 715.5.1. Livestock trait selection criteria . 72vii
5.6. Ethno veterinary Practices . 755.6.1 Part of plant used, mode of preparation, dosage and route of administration . 775.6.2. Threats and conservation of medicinal plants . 785.7. Livestock feeding, watering and housing system. 795.8. Milking procedures and utensils used for milk handling practice . 825.8.1. Preparation of traditional foods andconsumption pattern of dairy products . 846. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION. 86REFERENCES . 89APPENDIX . 108BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH . 120viii
DEDICATIONI dedicated this thesis to my beloved parents ABRAHA WOLDU and ABEBA GEBRAY andmy sisters and brothers for their support and words of encouragement during my moments ofanxiety.ix
STATEMENT OF THE AUTHORFirst, I declare that this thesis is my genuine work and that all sources of materials used for thisthesis have been duly acknowledged. This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of therequirements for M.Sc. degree at Hawassa University and is deposited at the University Libraryto be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. I solemnly declare that this thesisis not submitted to any other institution anywhere for the award of any academic degree,diploma, or certificate.Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permissions provided thataccurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotationfrom or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the Dean of theSchool of Graduate Studies and African rising when in his or her judgment the proposed useof the material is in the interest of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission mustbe obtained from the author.Name: Fisahaye AbrahaSignature:Place: College of Hawassa University, HawassaDate of submission: junuary, 2016x
ACRONYMSAIArtificial inseminationCBPPContagious Bovine Pleural PneumoniaCSACentral statistic authorityDADevelopment agentECFEast Coast FeverRVMethno veterinary medicineFAOFood and agricultural organizationGTZDeutsche Gesellschaft für Technische ZusammenarbeitHHhouseholdIFADInternational fund for agricultural developmentIGImproved grassesIKIndigenous knowledgeITKIndigenous traditional knowledgeLTlegume treesM.a.s.lMeter above sea levelRVFRift Valley FeverSPSSStatistical Package for Social ScienceSZTSouthern zone of TigrayTBDTick and tick born diseaseUNEPUnited Nation Environmental Program meWDMCFWildebeest-derived malignantWIPOWorld Intellectual Property Organizationxicatarrhal fever
List of TablesTable 1: Tree species used to smoke milk vessel in different parts of Ethiopia . 16Table 2: Some animal disease and plants used for treatments . 21Table 3 : Socio-economic characteristics of farm households in the studied areas . 28Table 4: Land holding and utilization pattern by study households in ha (Mean SE). 29Table 5: Livestock holding per household in the study area . 30Table 6: Purpose of livestock rearing in different study area . 32Table 7: Livestock production constraints in the study area . 33Table 8: Selection criteria of dairy cows and heifer, draft oxen and breeding bull . 35Table 9: Selection criteria of fattening cattele, sheep and goat, donkey and chcken . 36Table 10: Reasons of culling of animals in the study area . 38Table 11: Ways of acquiring knowledge of ethno veterinary medicine in the study area . 40Table 12: Factors affecting the conservation of medicinal plants in the studied area . 46Table 13: Feed source for livestock during dry and wet season in the study areas . 49Table 14: Indigenous knowledge of farmer to overcome feed shortage . 51Table 15: Crop residue treatment practice in the study area . 53Table 16: Source of water and frequency of watering . 54Table 17: Indigenous practice to reduce water stress for livestock . 55Table 18: Livestock species house type in different agroecologies of the study . 56Table 19: Tradtiona milking procedures, milking frequency and milking practice of cow. 58Table 20: Milking and milk storage practice in the study area . 59Table 21: Plants used to clean milking and milk product-handling utensiles . 60Table 22: Plants used to smoke milking, milk storing and milk processing Utensils . 60Table 23: Utilization of dairy products in the three agroecologies . 63Table 24: Milk selling difference of farmers across the three agroecologies . 66xii
List of FiguresFigure 1: Map of study area . 24Figure 2: Purpose of livestock castration in the study area . 39Figure 3: Parts of plants used for tadtional medcines . 42Figure 4: preparation methods of traditional medicines in the study area . 44Figure 5: Route of administration of traditional medicines to livestock . 45Figure 6: use of improved grass and traditional crop residue storage practices . 47Figure 7: Alternative feed resource, thorny cactus treated by flame before shoping and storagein the lowland agro-ecology . 48Figure 8: Mixing crop residue with Atela, HH waste and salt at midland . 53Figure 9: improvrd feeding trough and feedstorage made by African rising in highland . 56Figure 10: Arteficial dolly and milkingutensil (carfo) made by midland tradtionalfarmers. 57Figure 11: Women’s practice of using butter ointment and tradtional smoke bath . 63xiii
List of Figures in AppendixAppendix 1: Common and scientific name of the plants and parts of the plant used for animaltreatment . 108Appendix 2: Local and common name of the diseases, type of plant and rout of administrationfor medication . 112Appendix 3: Tradtional knowledge practioners in the study site showing some tradtionalplants to my advisor(imageA, and making group disscussion image B and C. . 118Appendix 4: plant sample preparations for the herbarium with the help of agronomists and DAin Maychew agricultural college . 118Appendix 5: Sheep production in highland agroecology Appendix 6: Drinking trophy madeup of horn of cattle: . 119Appendix 7: Indeginous butter selling using packaging materials from the leaves of Gulee(racinus cummunis) in neksegel market of Nekah and dum lowland agroecology 119xiv
ABSTRACTINDIGENOUS LIVESTOCK HUSBANDRY AND ETHNO VETERINARY PRACTICES INENDAMOHONI DISTRICT OF TIGRAY REGION, ETHIOPIAByFisahaye Abraha (B.Sc.)Major advisor: Mohammed Beyan (PhD) Co-advisors: SintayehuYigrem (PhD) andMelkamu Bezabih (PhD)Indigenous knowledge is local knowledge that exists and buildup through experiences of the localcommunity in the day-to-day practice and it is economically inexpensive. Farmers use their indigenousknowledge from time immemorial till today, thus it gives a good solution for their problems. However,this knowledge is not well studied, analyzed and documented to be used as a basis for farming systemdevelopment. Therefore, this study was conducted with the objectives of identifying and documentingfarmers’ indigenous knowledge in livestock husbandry, and ethno veterinary practices in Endamohonidistric of southern Tigray. The woreda was purposively selected based on its contrasting agro-ecologies(lowland, midlan
iii advisors’ approval sheet school of graduate studies hawassa university this is to certify that the thesis titled “indigenous livestock husbandry and et
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