Paper 1 Topic 3: Challenges Of An Urbanising World

Paper 1 Topic 3: Challenges of an Urbanising WorldUrban: area of land which is built-up and where people live and work, referred to as cities or towns.Urbanisation: process whereby an increasing proportion of people live and work in cities.Industrialisation: process where secondary sector, such as manufacturing, replaces farming as the main economic activityUrbanisationhappens withindustrialisation:Europe, NorthAmerica andOceaniaurbanised first.Then South andCentral (Latin)America.More recently,Asia is urbanisingand now Africa.- urbanisation rates are slow in developed countries because they are already urban, they also have low populationlevels of population growth; in developing and emerging countries urbanisation rates are fast, this is because:1. Mechanisation of farming reduces jobs in rural areas. 2. More attractive jobs are available in primary and secondarysector jobs in cities. 3. There are judged to be better services (health, education) and social opportunities in cities.MegacityPopulation over 10 millionPrimate citySuch as London or BangkokFirst examples were New York, Mexico City and Tokyo; now thereare many more megacities in Asia and Africa.Cities that are much larger than the next biggest city and thatdominate the county (economic, political, cultural).What can cause the population of cities to grow?Internal migrationPull factors: Availability of jobs; higher paid jobs; improved health and education facilities;(e.g. Mumbai):social (entertainment) opportunities; ‘bright lights’ syndrome through media / social mediaPush factors: Mechanisation of farming; low wages; poor health and education servicesInternational migrationNearly ½ London’s residents were born outside the UK. High level of international(e.g. London):immigration is due to: employment / universities / culture / international transport hubNatural increaseIn developing / emerging countries, population growth due to high birth rates because:(e.g. Kampala)people of child-bearing age migrating to city to work; lack of contraception; cultural normsDetroit (USA) is a city in decline. In the 1950s the car industry moved away from Detroit (Chrysler, Ford) Because it was easier to be near the customers, and making cars abroad was cheaper Unemployment rose to 29%; population dropped from 1.8mil to 0.7mil; contaminated factories were left derelict;crime rate rocketed; house values dropped; the city government declared bankruptcy Attempts to regenerate it include: The Detroit River Front Conservancy (DRFC) providing safe and accessible space forexisting community on river front, to attract tourists to boost economy, attract new businesses and creating jobs.Urban economies around the world:DevelopedLondon, Paris, New York- Little primary- Some secondary but high-tech- High level of tertiary (e.g. finance,tourism, education, health)- Quaternary (research-based,consultancy, IT, media)EmergingMumbai, Mexico City- Little primary- Some secondary (often garments,electronics, some engineering)- Tertiary sector could be forgovernments or transport- Rapidly growing quaternaryDevelopingLagos, Kampala- Little primary- Basic manufacturing (secondary)such as sugar refining or textiles- Large tertiary (retail, government,tourism, entertainment)- Very small quaternary

INFORMAL ECONMY Kampala, Uganda: street sellers (tertiary sector) Mumbai, India: manufacturing garments or fakecigarettes in slums (secondary sector) London, UK: migrant cleaners working illegally inoffices; self-employed people not declaring alltheir income (tertiary sector)INFORMAL ECONOMY:Do not pay taxesNo legal protectionOften dangerousSmall-scaleLow skillCheap to startAt home / in streetVS.FORMAL ECONOMY:Pay taxesLegal protectionHealth and safetyVarious scalesVarious skill levelsNeeds capital to startRetail, office, facoryUrban Processes1. Urbanisation increased proportion of people living in towns / cities industrial revolutions making cities moreattractive (jobs, health, living conditions, transport); plus natural increase of cities whereby birth rate death rate2. Suburbanisation movement of people to edge of city quieter, less polluted, larger / cheaper houses, transport3. De-industrialisation declining secondary sector automated technology, overseas competition, low investment4. Counter-urbanisation movement to rural areas made possible by improvements in car transport and theinternet (people can now easily live in the countryside and still work by either travelling or by working remotely)5. Regeneration eco / soc / env improvements government or private investment to attract people to inner-cityUrban land useCentral business district (CBD): centre of economic activity / tertiary jobs / highly accessible / expensive landResidential areas: housing and local services (schools, retail) / few jobs / public transport and cars / strict planning lawsIndustrial areas: well connected by motorway rail / polluted / away from residential areas / cheaper land valueLand uses develop in the same places as they share locational factors. For instance, the central business district needs tobe located in the most accessible part of the city as its main functions rely on a supply of people (offices need workersand retail needs customers). Likewise, industrial areas in the modern world require lots of space and good motorway,railway and shipping links. This is why industrial areas are now often grouped together on the edge of cities where thereis space and good access to transport links, such as around the M25 or along the Thames estuary.MUMBAI CASE STUDYIndia’s largest city and commercial capital. Mumbai is rapidly growing and a city of contrasts – with extreme wealth povertyMumbai – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 themes you need to know about:1. Mumbai - site / situation / connections:- The main city of Mumbai lies on an island, by the deep-water estuary of the Ulhas River, began as fishing villages- Is now India's largest container port Much of the city is low-lying, just above sea level, so can flood easily- It lies 19 N of the Equator, so it's tropical, with a monsoon between June and September. Torrential monsoon rainsflood low- lying roads and traffic can quickly come to a standstill- Railways lead to Mumbai, initially built to transport cotton, which was turned into textiles in Mumbai before export- Lots of sea trade with Middle East (just over Arabian Sea) and rest of world (especially Europe and Asia)- Airport has 32 million passengers per year (tourists workers) Singapore (4 hours), Dubai (3 hours), London (9 hours)- Nationally, most other Indian cities are within two hours flight time2. Structure of Mumbai - it does not fit the ‘typical’ structure of a developing world city:- Because it was built around the harbour, the CBD is not in the centre, but near the island tip- Some industry near port, but land is expensive so many have moved to cheaper outer suburbs such as Navi Mumbai- Residential areas in Mumbai show wide inequality- Wealthy suburbs are all inner city areas along harbour or coastal waterfronts, close to the CBD- Middle-income areas are in older parts of the city on the island, further from the CBD- Low-income groups live in 'chawls' - these are low quality multi-storey buildings. 80% of homes are single rooms- The poorest 60% of people live in informal housing / squatter shacks on the outskirts, far from work in the centre- There are also thousands of people living on Mumbai's streets3. Population explosion in Mumbai:- City area 16 million / all of Mumbai conurbation (Greater Mumbai) 26 million- Rural-urban migration: improved job opportunities wages; better education health facilities; entertainmentopportunities but these are often just false perceptions, and the reality does not live up to the ‘dream’- Natural increase: migrants to Mumbai are young and looking for work; they tend to be in their 20s and 30s, and as longas there is work, they usually settle marry have children. Natural increase in Mumbai is 1.4% (rural India 1%)