PRINCIPAL AND CORE BOTANY SEMESTER I
PRINCIPAL AND CORE BOTANYSEMESTER IThe Maharaja Sayajirao University of BarodaFaculty of Science,Department of BotanySayajigunj , Vadodara 390002, ACADEMICYEAR2020-2021Bachelor of Science (Hons.) BotanyYEARSemester11OBJECTIVES:Paper 1: BOT 1101 CT/ PTDiversity of plantsCREDITHOURS345To familiarize the students with diversity of plants.COURSE CONTENT / SYLLABUSUNIT-IUNIT-IIUNIT-IIIDiversity of plants and MicrobesIntroduction to plant diversity, concept of plant kingdom, different systems ofclassificationViruses: Physiochemical and biological characteristics, General structure.Bacteria: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria General characteristics, structure and types.Fungi : General characteristics, general structure and reproduction. Saccharomyces,Aspergillus , Agaricus.Economic importance of Microbes in agriculture and industryCyanobacteria and AlgaeCyanobacteria: Occurrence and range of thallus organization, Characteristic features,cell structure and heterocyst structure, Method of reproduction(general), Nostoc, Oscillatoria (life cycles).Algae: Occurrence and range of thallus organization, Characteristic features,cell structure and types of reproduction, Economic importance of algaei.e. role of algae in environment, agriculture and industry. Ulothrix andSargassum (Life cycles).Archegoniate plantsBryophytes: Occurrence and range of thallus organization, Characteristic features.Riccia, Funaria. (Life cycles) Ecological and economical importance ofbryophytes.Pteridophytes: Occurrence, Characteristic features. Psilotum, Selaginella, Equisetum,Nephrolepis. (Life cycles) Ecological and economical importance ofPteridophytes.Gymnosperms: Characteristic features, Cycas (life cycle). Ecological and economicalimportance of GymnospermsREFERENCES1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.Gangulee, S. C., Das, K.S, Dutta, C.D. and Kar, A.K. (1968) College Botany Vol. I and Vol. IISmith, G. M. - (1972) Cryptogamic Botany Vol. I and Vol. II . McGraw-HillVerma, J.P. - (1968) The Bacteria, Vikas PublicationsClifton, A. (1950) Introduction to Bacteria, McGraw - HillParihar, N.S. -(1956) BryophytaParihar, N.S. -(1955) PteridophytaVashishta, B.R. -(1962) Botany for Degree Students: Vol. II FungiVashishta, B.R. - (2006) Botany for Degree Students: Vol. III Bryophyta15 hrs.15 hrs.15 hrs.
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of BarodaFaculty of Science,Department of BotanySayajigunj , Vadodara 390002, ACADEMICYEAR2020-2021Bachelor of Science (Hons.) BotanyYEARSemester11OBJECTIVES:Paper II : BOT 1102 CT/ PTPlant ResourcesCREDITHOURS230To familiarize the students with different resources from plants for human welfareCOURSE CONTENT / SYLLABUSUNIT-IPlants for human welfareFibers: Classification based on the origin of fibers. Cotton, jute and coconut(Morphology, extraction and uses)Natural Rubber: Para – rubber : tapping, processing, and uses.Tobacco: Morphology, processing, uses and health hazardsEssential oils: General account, extraction methods, any two examples.Timber Plants: General account with special reference to teak and mangoDrug yielding plants: Five common drug yielding plants: Adhatoda, Ocimum,Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera, Azadirachta indica15 hrs.Major cropsUNIT-IICereals: Wheat, Rice, Maize and brief account of millets (Morphology, processing &uses)Legumes: Pigeon pea, green gram, green pea, soyabean, chickpea(Morphology,processing & uses)Oil and fats: General description, classification, extraction & their uses (groundnut,sunflower, cottonseed, soyabean)Spices: Fennel, coriander, cumin, mustard, turmeric (morphology and processing&uses)Beverages: Tea, coffee, cocoa, (morphology, processing &uses)Sugars & starches: Morphology, processing of sugarcane, products & by products ofsugarcane industry. Potato: morphology, propagation and usesREFERENCES1. A. Hill - (1972) Economic Botany.2. P.L. Kochar -(1981) Economic Botany.3. S.D. Sabnis and M. Daniel – (1990) A Phytochemical Approach to economic Botany15 hrs.
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of BarodaFaculty of Science,Department of BotanySayajigunj , Vadodara 390002, ACADEMICYEAR2020-2021Bachelor of Science (Hons.) BotanyYEARSemester11OBJECTIVES:Paper III : BOT 1103 CL/ PLPlant Diversity and ResourcesCREDITHOURS390To familiarize the students with different resources from plants for human welfareCOURSE CONTENT / SYLLABUS1. Study of Simple and Compound microscope2. Type study of cyanobacteriaNostoc and Oscillatoria3. Type study of algaeUlothrix and Sargassum4. Type study of fungiSaccharomyces ,Aspergillus and Agaricus5. Type study of bryophytesRiccica and Funaria6. Type study of pteridophytesPsilotum, Selaginella, Equisetum and Nephrolepis7. Type study of gymnospermsCycas8. Study of Cereals (wheat, rice maize) and Legumes (pigeon pea, green gram,green pea, soyabean, chick pea)9. Study of Fibers (Cotton, jute, coconut) , Natural rubber and Timber yieldingplants10. Study of Oil and fats (groundnut, sunflower, cotton seed,soyabean- oils) andEssential oils (lemongrass, vetiver, rose, orange)11. Study of Drug yielding plantsAdhatoda,Ocimum,Tinospora, Withania and Azadirachta12. Study of Spices (fennel, Coriander, cumin, mustard, turmeric),f Beverages (tea,coffee, cocoa) , Sugars and starches (sugarcane and potato)REFERENCES1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.Gangulee, S. C., Das, K.S, Dutta, C.D. and Kar, A.K. (1968) College Botany Vol. I and Vol. IISmith, G. M. - (1972) Cryptogamic Botany Vol. I and Vol. II . McGraw-HillVerma, J.P. - (1968) The Bacteria, Vikas PublicationsClifton, A. (1950) Introduction to Bacteria, McGraw - HillParihar, N.S. -(1956) BryophytaParihar, N.S. -(1955) PteridophytaVashishta, B.R. -(1962) Botany for Degree Students: Vol. II FungiVashishta, B.R. - (2006) Botany for Degree Students: Vol. III BryophytaA. Hill - (1972) Economic Botany.P.L. Kochar -(1981) Economic Botany.S.D. Sabnis and M. Daniel – (1990) A Phytochemical Approach to economic Botany6 Hrsperweek
PRINCIPAL AND CORE BOTANYSEMESTER IIThe Maharaja Sayajirao University of BarodaFaculty of Science,Department of BotanySayajigunj , Vadodara 390002, ACADEMICYEAR2020-2021Bachelor of Science (Hons.) BotanyYEARSemester12OBJECTIVES:Paper 1: BOT 1201 CT/ BOT 1201 PTPlant ArchitectureCREDITHOURS345To study the morphological and anatomical features of plant parts.COURSE CONTENT / SYLLABUSUNIT-IDiverse morphological features in AngiospermsVegetative, floral & fruit morphology:15 hrs.Root, stem, leaf, bract, peduncle &inflorescences, flower, fruit and seedPlant tissue system (meristem & simple tissues)Cell wall: Layers, functions, formation of cell wall.Inter-cellular communications: Plasmodesmata. Pits: Structure, types & functions.Meristematic tissues: Characteristic features, types of meristems.UNIT-IIProcambium & vascular cambium: Structure & functions15 hrs.Cork cambium: Structure of periderm & formation.Permanent simple tissue: Structure, types and functions of parenchyma,collenchyma, SclerenchymaComplex and Reproductive tissuesComplex Tissue: Conducting elements Xylem & Phloem, secretory tissueOrgans: Structure of monocot & dicot root, stem and leafUNIT-IIIAdaptive & protective system: Epidermis, cuticle – Structure, Variations and functions.15 hrs.Stomata and trichomes: Structure, types and functions.Structural organization of flower: Structure of anther, structure of ovules & the types,embryo sac.REFERENCES1. Gangulee, H.C., Das, K.S, Dutta, C.D. and Kar, A.K. (1968) College Botany Vol. III2. Dutta A.C. - (1964) Botany for degree students.3. Hickey M, King .C.(2002) The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms, Cambridge Universitypress.4. Sporne K.R. - (1968) The morphology of vascular plants.5. Sharma O.P - (1968) Plant Taxonomy6. Pandey B.P. - (1968) Taxonomy of Angiosperms.7. Vashishta P.C - (1968) Taxonomy of Angiosperms.8. K. Esau - (1961) Plant Anatomy.9. A Fahn - (1968) Plant Anatomy.10. B.P. Pandey - (1978) Plant Anatomy.
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of BarodaFaculty of Science,Department of BotanySayajigunj , Vadodara 390002, ACADEMICYEAR2020-2021Bachelor of Science (Hons.) BotanyYEARSemester12OBJECTIVES:Paper 2: BOT1202 CT / BOT1202 PTPlant interactionsCREDITHOURS230To familiarize the students with interaction of plants with microbes and other organisms.COURSE CONTENT / SYLLABUSPlant-microbe interactionsLife of microbes in rhizosphere with emphasis on chemical diversity.Life of microbes on aerial plant parts.Life of microbes inside the plant.UNIT-IAssociations: Negative (destructive) associations (diseases)15 hrs.Positive (beneficial) associations (symbiosis).Microbe-microbe interactions: Symbiosis between Algae & fungi (Lichens), Structure,types, Economic importance, reproduction.Antagonistic interactions: Amensalism, Competition, Parasitism & Predation.Plant interactions with other organismsPlant-pollinator interactions: Reproductive traits, defence signals.Plant-parasite host response: Parasitic vascular plants.UNIT-IIPlant-plant contact: Mutualism , Allelopathy (inhibition of competitions).15 hrs.Nitrogen fixationPlant-herbivore interactionsREFERENCES1. Odum, E. P. and Barrett, G. W. (2005). Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th Edition, Cengage Learning,New Delhi, India; 598 p2. Sharma, P. D. (2009). Ecology and Environment, 10th Revised Edition, Rastogi Publications, Merrut,India: 600 p3. Smith, T. M. & Smith, R. L. (2006). Element of Ecology, 6th Edition, Pearson Education, New Delhi,India; 658 p4. Chapman, J. L. and Reiss, M. J. (1992). Ecology – Principles and Applications, CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge, UK: 294 p
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of BarodaFaculty of Science,Department of BotanySayajigunj , Vadodara 390002, ACADEMICYEAR2020-2021Bachelor of Science (Hons.) BotanyYEARSemesterPaper 3 : BOT1203 CL / BOT1203 PLBotany Practical II PLANT ARCHITECHTURE AND INTERACTIONS12OBJECTIVES:CREDIT3HOURS90To familiarize the students practically the morphological and anatomical features of plant parts.COURSE CONTENT / SYLLABUS1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.Root Morphology and Morphology of StemMorphology Leaf – I & IIMorphology of Bracts, Peduncle and InflorescenceMorphology of Flower – I,II,IIIAngiosperms Classification & Morphological description of PlantStudy of tissue types in Dicot & Monocot stem and differences between them .Study of Dicot & Monocot root including differences with stem.Study the structure of leafStudy of variations in the different plant tissuesStudy examples of :Microbe-microbe interaction-LichenPlant-plant interaction-Parasite Cuscuta, LoranthusPlant insect interaction- GallsPlants and microbesmutualistic relationship- Rhizobium, Mycorrhiza6 HrsperweekREFERENCES1. Gangulee, H.C., Das, K.S, Dutta, C.D. and Kar, A.K. (1968) College Botany Vol. III2. Dutta A.C. - (1964) Botany for degree students.3. Hickey M, King .C.(2002) The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms, Cambridge Universitypress.4. Sporne K.R. - (1968) The morphology of vascular plants.5. Sharma O.P - (1968) Plant Taxonomy6. Pandey B.P. - (1968) Taxonomy of Angiosperms.7. Vashishta P.C - (1968) Taxonomy of Angiosperms.8. K. Esau - (1961) Plant Anatomy.9. A Fahn - (1968) Plant Anatomy.
PRINCIPAL BOTANYSEMESTER IIIThe Maharaja Sayajirao University of BarodaFaculty of Science,Department of BotanySayajigunj , Vadodara 390002, ACADEMICYEAR2020-2021Bachelor of Science (Hons.) BotanyYEARSemester23OBJECTIVES:Paper I- BOT 1301PTDiversity of Non-Flowering PlantsCREDITHOURS460To familiarize the students with diversity among non flowering plants.COURSE CONTENT / SYLLABUSDiversity of AlgaeUNIT-IUNIT-IIUNIT-IIIUNIT-IVGeneral Characters and group characteristics with suitable examples. Occurrence, thallusstructure and reproduction in: Oedogonium, Chara, Ectocarpus, Dictyota,Batrachospermu and PolysiphoniaDiversity of Bryophytes15hrs.General Characters and group characteristics with suitable examples Occurrence, thallusstructure, Morphology, anatomy and reproduction in: Marchantia, Pellia, Anthoceros andPolytrichumDiversity of Pteridophytes15hrs.General characters and group characteristics with suitable examplesMorphology, anatomy and reproduction in: Lycopodium, Isoetes, Marsilea , Osmundaand AdiantumDiversity of Gymnosperms15hrs.General characteristics and group characteristics with suitable examples Morphology,anatomy and reproduction in: Zamia, Pinus, Biota and EphedraREFERENCES1.2.3.4.5.6.7.Smith, G.M. 1972 Cryptogamic Botany Vol I and IIVasishtha, B.R. 1974 Botany for Degree students Vol I AlgaeVasishtha, B.R. 1974 Botany for Degree students Vol III BryophyaVasishtha, P.C. 1974 Botany for Degree students Vol IV PteridophytaVasishtha, P.C. 1976 Botany for Degree students Vol V GymnospermsBhatnagar, S.P. and Alok Moitra 1996. GymnospermsNew Age Internatnal PublishersInderdeep Kaur and Prem Lal Uniyal 2019. Text book of Gymnosperms Daya Publishing house15hrs.
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of BarodaFaculty of Science,Department of BotanySayajigunj , Vadodara 390002, ACADEMICYEAR2020-2021Bachelor of Science (Hons.) BotanyYEARSemester23OBJECTIVES:Paper II- BOT 1302 PTCell BiologyCREDITHOURS460To provide basic knowledge of structure and functions of cell and cell organelles.COURSE CONTENT / SYLLABUSIntroduction to Cellular OrganizationUNIT-IUNIT-IIGeneral structure and constituents of cell; Origin and Evolution of Cells, structure andfunction of plant cell wall, structure and function of cell membrane, Cell receptors, Signaltransduction mechanisms, cell Junction, cytoskeletal elements, organization of thecytoskeletonNucleusStructure and function of Nucleus, Chromatin ultrastructure and DNA packaging ineukaryotic chromosome, Centromere and telomere: types, structure and function.15hrs.15hrs.Cellular OrganellesUNIT-IIIStructure and function of major organelles: Chloroplasts, Mitochondria, Ribosomes,Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Vacuoles, transportvesicles.15hrs.Cell Cycle and Cell DeathUNIT-IVCell division (Mitosis, Meiosis); cell cycle and its regulation, Kinetochore and spindleapparatus-structural organization and functions, Mechanism of cell cycle control in Yeast(checkpoints and role of MPF); Plant cell death – types, factors involved and aw WC, Johnson GT, 2017. Cell biology. 3rd Ed, Elsevier cop.Karp J, Iwasa J, Marshall W, 2018. Karp’s Cell biology. 8th Ed, John Wiley.Lodish HF et al. 2016. Molecular Cell Biology. 8th Ed. W.H. Freeman-Macmillan learning.Primrose SB. 2001. Molecular Biotechnology. Panima.Krebs JE, Goldstein ES, Kilpatrick ST, 2018. Lewin’s Genes XII. Jones and Bartlett learning.Bruce Alberts, 2017. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 6th Ed. Garland Science.Gunning B, Steer MW, 1996. Plant cell biology: structure and function. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.Older editions of the books, easily affordable to students may also be referred.
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of BarodaFaculty of Science,Department of BotanySayajigunj , Vadodara 390002, ACADEMIC YEAR2020-2021Bachelor of Science (Hons.) BotanyYEARSemester23OBJECTIVES:BOT 1303 PL: Paper III- Botany Practical -IIICREDITHOURS4120To practically make students understand the diversity among non flowering plantsTo unsderstand basic cell structure and its componentsCOURSE CONTENT / SYLLABUS1. Morphology and anatomy of vegetative and reproductive parts in: Oedogonium, Chara, Dictyota, Batrachospermum Marchantia, Anthoceros, Polytrichium Lycopodium, Isoetes,Marsilea, Adiantum Zamia, Pinus, Biota2. Plant cell structure in epidermal peel of Onion/Rheo3. Study of electron micrographs for internal organelles4. Study of plasmolysis and deplasmolysis5. Study of Mitosis6. Staining techniques for plant cell and cell wall7. Chromosome structure8. Shapes of chloroplast in plant cells (Members of algae as an example)9. To study Yeast growth curveREFERENCES1.2.3.4.5.6.7.Vasishtha, B.R. 1974 Botany for Degree students Vol I AlgaeVasishtha, B.R. 1974 Botany for Degree students Vol III BryophyaVasishtha, P.C. 1974 Botany for Degree students Vol IV PteridophytaVasishtha, P.C. 1976 Botany for Degree students Vol V GymnospermsEarnshaw WC, Johnson GT, 2017. Cell biology. 3rd Ed, Elsevier cop.Karp J, Iwasa J, Marshall W, 2018. Karp’s Cell biology. 8th Ed, John Wiley.Lodish HF et al. 2016. Molecular Cell Biology. 8th Ed. W.H. Freeman-Macmillan learning.8 Hrs aweek
PRINCIPAL BOTANYSEMESTER IVThe Maharaja Sayajirao University of BarodaFaculty of Science,Department of BotanySayajigunj , Vadodara 390002, ACADEMICYEAR2020-2021Bachelor of Science (Hons.) BotanyYEARSemester24OBJECTIVES:Paper I: BOT 1401 PTPlant EcologyCREDITHOURS460To familiarise the students with basic principles of ecology and ecosystems.COURSE CONTENT / SYLLABUSComponents of EcosystemUNIT-IIntroduction, Abiotic components and biotic components, Organisms response to abioticcomponents, specific adaptations to biotic and abiotic componentsEcosystemsUNIT-IIEcosystem, structure and function; types of ecosystems; Trophic organisation; Energyflow; Nutrient cycling; Cycling of carbon, water and nitrogen; Production and ProductivitySynecology (Community Ecology)UNIT-IIIPlant communities, Characteristics; Classification of communities; Succession, process,types; Climax community, Ecotone and edge effect; Habitat and nicheAutecology (Population Ecology)UNIT-IVPlant population studies, r and k- selection; Ecological speciation (Ecads, ecotypes),Biodiversity and conservation; Global environmental changes (Human population growth,Pollution, Climate change)15hrs.15hrs.15hrs.15hrs.REFERENCES1. Ecology by Robert E. Ricklefs and Gary L. Miller 4th edition by W. H. Freeman Publications, 1999.2. Ecology by William D. Bowman, Sally D. Hacker and Michael L. Cain 4 th edition by Oxford UniversityPress, USA Publications, 2017.3. Fundamentals of Ecology by Eugene. P. Odum and Gary W. Barrett 5th edition by BrookCole Publications,2004.4. Ecology: The experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance by Charles J. Krebs 6 th edition byPearson Education Publications, 2016.5. Ecology by P. N. Michael 1st edition by CBS Publishers and Distributors, 2016.6. Ecology by Stanley I. Dodson, Timothy F. H. Allen, Stephen R. Carpenter, Anthony R. Ives, Robert L.Jeanne, James F. Kitchell, Nancy E. Langston and Monica G. Turner by Oxford University Press, 1998.7. Ecology: Principles and Applications by J. L. Chapman and M. J. Reiss 2nd edition by CambridgeUniversity Press, 1999.
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of BarodaFaculty of Science,Department of BotanySayajigunj , Vadodara 390002, ACADEMICYEAR2020-2021Bachelor of Science (Hons.) BotanyYEARSemester24OBJECTIVES:Paper II: BOT 1402 PTGenetics and Plant breedingCREDITHOURS460To develop basic understanding of classical and molecular genetics and plant breeding.COURSE CONTENT / SYLLABUSIntroduction to GeneticsUNIT-IEarly concepts of inheritance; Mendelian and Non-Mendelian inheritance, multiple Allelism;Sex determination, Differentiation and sex-linkage, Sex-influenced and sex limited traits;linkage, recombination and genetic mapping.15hrs.Cytogenetics and Population GeneticsUNIT-IIUNIT-IIIUNIT-IVNumerical changes in chromosomes: Aneuploidy and Polyploidy: Types, examples, meioticbehaviour and importance of Aneuploidy, Polyploidy; Speciation and evolution throughpolyploidy. Structural changes in chromosomes: Types, meiotic behaviour of Deletion,Duplication, Translocation, and Inversion, male sterility and genetic incompatibility;Population Ge
2. Vasishtha, B.R. 1974 Botany for Degree students Vol I Algae 3. Vasishtha, B.R. 1974 Botany for Degree students Vol III Bryophya 4. Vasishtha, P.C. 1974 Botany for Degree students Vol IV Pteridophyta 5. Vasishtha, P.C. 1976 Botany for Degree students Vol V Gymnosperms 6. Bhatnagar, S.P.
Biological Sciences OSU BI 201 General Botany BOT 1404 Biological Sciences OSU-OKC BI 201 General Botany BIOL 1404 1 Biological Sciences OSUIT-OKM BI 201 General Botany BIOL 1404 Biological Sciences OU BI 201 General Botany PBIO 1114 5 Biological Sciences RCC BI 201 General Botany BOT 1114 1 Biological Sciences RSC BI 201 General Botany BIOL 1215 1
BSc BOTANY SEMESTER - III BOT 303/ BOTANY PAPER 3: (Plant Geography, Ecology, Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) 75 marks Unit 1: Plant Geography-scope and importance,Phytogeographical regions of India, Factors affecting distribution, Plant dispersal, Migration methods, Endemism and Barriers of distribution 15 marks
BS Honors in Botany 8 Semesters / 4 years Degree Program for the year 2011 and onwards Department of Botany. Scheme of Studies BS Hons in Botany GC University, Faisalabad 2 BS (HONS) BOTANY Semester 1 Semester 2 Course Code Course Title Credit Hours BOT-301 Diversity of Plants 4(3-1) ENG-321 English –I (Functional English) , (EAP) English for Academic Purpose 3(3-0) PST-321 Pakistan Studies .
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN BOTANY Course plan Academic Year 2015 - 16 Semester 2 . COURSE PLAN PROGRAMME BSc BOTANY SEMESTER 2 COURSE CODE & . 61 Part II Patra Lekhan, Shikayati Patra Lecture/Discussion 62 Ni
Botany for degree students. Bryophytes 8th ed. S. Chand and Co. Ltd. Delhi. Schofield, W.B. 1985. Introduction to Bryology. Macmillan Publishing Co. London. Hussain, F. and I. Ilahi. 2004. A text book of Botany. Department of Botany, University of Peshawar. Journals / Periodicals: Pakistan Journal of Botany, International Journal of Phycology and Phycochemsitry, Bryology, Phycology. Title of .
Optional :- Botany o IFS Botany solved papers by Mamata Singh Paper I 1. Botany for Degree Students by A C Dutta 2. The Embryology of Angiosperms by Bhojwani and Bhatnagar 3. A textbook of Botany, vol- I,II & III --- Pandey and Trivedi / A textbook of Botany by Singh, Pandey and Jain 4. Textbook of Bacteria Fungi & Viruses by H.C. Dubey 5.
I Introduction to Botany Introduction to Botany, its branches and scope. A brief history of Botany. Botany in Ancient India. Contributions of Indian Botanists – J. C. Bose, BirbalSahni, P. Maheshwari, B.G.L. Swamy, E. K. JanakiAmmal and M. S. Swaminathan. A brief study of historical developments of Kingdom system of classification.
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