Modern Classical Physics: Optics, Fluids, Plasmas .
Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may bedistributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanicalmeans without prior written permission of the publisher.CONTENTSList of Boxes xxviiPreface xxxiAcknowledgments xxxixPART I FOUNDATIONS 11Newtonian Physics: Geometric Viewpoint 51.1Introduction 51.1.1 The Geometric Viewpoint on the Laws of Physics 51.1.2 Purposes of This Chapter 71.1.3 Overview of This Chapter 7Foundational Concepts 8Tensor Algebra without a Coordinate System 10Particle Kinetics and Lorentz Force in Geometric Language 13Component Representation of Tensor Algebra 161.5.1 Slot-Naming Index Notation 171.5.2 Particle Kinetics in Index Notation 19Orthogonal Transformations of Bases 20Differentiation of Scalars, Vectors, and Tensors; Cross Product and Curl 22Volumes, Integration, and Integral Conservation Laws 261.8.1 Gauss’s and Stokes’ Theorems 27The Stress Tensor and Momentum Conservation 291.9.1 Examples: Electromagnetic Field and Perfect Fluid 301.9.2 Conservation of Momentum 31Geometrized Units and Relativistic Particles for Newtonian Readers 331.10.1 Geometrized Units 331.10.2 Energy and Momentum of a Moving Particle 34Bibliographic Note 351.21.31.41.51.61.71.81.91.10Track Two; see page xxxivNonrelativistic (Newtonian) kinetic theory; see page 96Relativistic theory; see page 96viiFor general queries, contact webmaster@press.princeton.edu
Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may bedistributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanicalmeans without prior written permission of the publisher.2Special Relativity: Geometric Viewpoint2.12.2Overview 37Foundational Concepts 382.2.1 Inertial Frames, Inertial Coordinates, Events, Vectors, and Spacetime Diagrams 382.2.2 The Principle of Relativity and Constancy of Light Speed 422.2.3 The Interval and Its Invariance 45Tensor Algebra without a Coordinate System 48Particle Kinetics and Lorentz Force without a Reference Frame 492.4.1 Relativistic Particle Kinetics: World Lines, 4-Velocity, 4-Momentum andIts Conservation, 4-Force 492.4.2 Geometric Derivation of the Lorentz Force Law 52Component Representation of Tensor Algebra 542.5.1 Lorentz Coordinates 542.5.2 Index Gymnastics 542.5.3 Slot-Naming Notation 56Particle Kinetics in Index Notation and in a Lorentz Frame 57Lorentz Transformations 63Spacetime Diagrams for Boosts 65Time Travel 672.9.1 Measurement of Time; Twins Paradox 672.9.2 Wormholes 682.9.3 Wormhole as Time Machine 69Directional Derivatives, Gradients, and the Levi-Civita Tensor 70Nature of Electric and Magnetic Fields; Maxwell’s Equations 71Volumes, Integration, and Conservation Laws 752.12.1 Spacetime Volumes and Integration 752.12.2 Conservation of Charge in Spacetime 782.12.3 Conservation of Particles, Baryon Number, and Rest Mass 79Stress-Energy Tensor and Conservation of 4-Momentum 822.13.1 Stress-Energy Tensor 822.13.2 4-Momentum Conservation 842.13.3 Stress-Energy Tensors for Perfect Fluids and Electromagnetic Fields 85Bibliographic Note 882.32.42.52.62.72.82.92.102.112.122.1337PART II STATISTICAL PHYSICS 913Kinetic Theory 953.13.2Overview 95Phase Space and Distribution Function 973.2.1 Newtonian Number Density in Phase Space, N 973.2.2 Relativistic Number Density in Phase Space, N 99viiiContentsFor general queries, contact webmaster@press.princeton.edu
Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may bedistributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanicalmeans without prior written permission of the publisher.3.33.43.53.63.73.2.3 Distribution Function f (x, v, t) for Particles in a Plasma 1053.2.4 Distribution Function Iν /ν 3 for Photons 1063.2.5 Mean Occupation Number η 108Thermal-Equilibrium Distribution Functions 111Macroscopic Properties of Matter as Integrals over Momentum Space 1173.4.1 Particle Density n, Flux S, and Stress Tensor T 1173.4.2 Relativistic Number-Flux 4-Vector S and Stress-Energy Tensor T 118Isotropic Distribution Functions and Equations of State 1203.5.1 Newtonian Density, Pressure, Energy Density, and Equation of State 1203.5.2 Equations of State for a Nonrelativistic Hydrogen Gas 1223.5.3 Relativistic Density, Pressure, Energy Density, and Equation of State 1253.5.4 Equation of State for a Relativistic Degenerate Hydrogen Gas 1263.5.5 Equation of State for Radiation 128Evolution of the Distribution Function: Liouville’s Theorem, the CollisionlessBoltzmann Equation, and the Boltzmann Transport Equation 132Transport Coefficients 1393.7.1 Diffusive Heat Conduction inside a Star 1423.7.2 Order-of-Magnitude Analysis 1433.7.3 Analysis Using the Boltzmann Transport Equation 144Bibliographic Note 1534Statistical Mechanics 1554.14.2Overview 155Systems, Ensembles, and Distribution Functions 1574.2.1 Systems 1574.2.2 Ensembles 1604.2.3 Distribution Function 161Liouville’s Theorem and the Evolution of the Distribution Function 166Statistical Equilibrium 1684.4.1 Canonical Ensemble and Distribution 1694.4.2 General Equilibrium Ensemble and Distribution; Gibbs Ensemble;Grand Canonical Ensemble 1724.4.3 Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein Distributions 1744.4.4 Equipartition Theorem for Quadratic, Classical Degrees of Freedom 177The Microcanonical Ensemble 178The Ergodic Hypothesis 180Entropy and Evolution toward Statistical Equilibrium 1814.7.1 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 1814.7.2 What Causes the Entropy to Increase? 183Entropy per Particle 191Bose-Einstein Condensate 1934.34.44.54.64.74.84.9ContentsFor general queries, contact webmaster@press.princeton.eduix
Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may bedistributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanicalmeans without prior written permission of the publisher.4.104.11Statistical Mechanics in the Presence of Gravity 2014.10.1 Galaxies 2014.10.2 Black Holes 2044.10.3 The Universe 2094.10.4 Structure Formation in the Expanding Universe: Violent Relaxationand Phase Mixing 210Entropy and Information 2114.11.1 Information Gained When Measuring the State of a Systemin a Microcanonical Ensemble 2114.11.2 Information in Communication Theory 2124.11.3 Examples of Information Content 2144.11.4 Some Properties of Information 2164.11.5 Capacity of Communication Channels; Erasing Informationfrom Computer Memories 216Bibliographic Note 2185Statistical Thermodynamics 2195.15.2Overview 219Microcanonical Ensemble and the Energy Representation of Thermodynamics 2215.2.1 Extensive and Intensive Variables; Fundamental Potential 2215.2.2 Energy as a Fundamental Potential 2225.2.3 Intensive Variables Identified Using Measuring Devices;First Law of Thermodynamics 2235.2.4 Euler’s Equation and Form of the Fundamental Potential 2265.2.5 Everything Deducible from First Law; Maxwell Relations 2275.2.6 Representations of Thermodynamics 228Grand Canonical Ensemble and the Grand-Potential Representationof Thermodynamics 2295.3.1 The Grand-Potential Representation, and Computation of ThermodynamicProperties as a Grand Canonical Sum 2295.3.2 Nonrelativistic van der Waals Gas 232Canonical Ensemble and the Physical-Free-Energy Representationof Thermodynamics 2395.4.1 Experimental Meaning of Physical Free Energy 2415.4.2 Ideal Gas with Internal Degrees of Freedom 242Gibbs Ensemble and Representation of Thermodynamics; Phase Transitionsand Chemical Reactions 2465.5.1 Out-of-Equilibrium Ensembles and Their Fundamental Thermodynamic Potentialsand Minimum Principles 2485.5.2 Phase Transitions 2515.5.3 Chemical Reactions 256Fluctuations away from Statistical Equilibrium 2605.35.45.55.6xContentsFor general queries, contact webmaster@press.princeton.edu
Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may bedistributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanicalmeans without prior written permission of the publisher.5.75.8Van der Waals Gas: Volume Fluctuations and Gas-to-Liquid Phase Transition 266Magnetic Materials 2705.8.1 Paramagnetism; The Curie Law 2715.8.2 Ferromagnetism: The Ising Model 2725.8.3 Renormalization Group Methods for the Ising Model 2735.8.4 Monte Carlo Methods for the Ising Model 279Bibliographic Note 2826Random Processes 2836.16.2Overview 283Fundamental Concepts 2856.2.1 Random Variables and Random Processes 2856.2.2 Probability Distributions 2866.2.3 Ergodic Hypothesis 288Markov Processes and Gaussian Processes 2896.3.1 Markov Processes; Random Walk 2896.3.2 Gaussian Processes and the Central Limit Theorem; Random Walk 2926.3.3 Doob’s Theorem for Gaussian-Markov Processes, and Brownian Motion 295Correlation Functions and Spectral Densities 2976.4.1 Correlation Functions; Proof of Doob’s Theorem 2976.4.2 Spectral Densities 2996.4.3 Physical Meaning of Spectral Density, Light Spectra, and Noisein a Gravitational Wave Detector 3016.4.4 The Wiener-Khintchine Theorem; Cosmological Density Fluctuations 3032-Dimensional Random Processes 3066.5.1 Cross Correlation and Correlation Matrix 3066.5.2 Spectral Densities and the Wiener-Khintchine Theorem 307Noise and Its Types of Spectra 3086.6.1 Shot Noise, Flicker Noise, and Random-Walk Noise; Cesium Atomic Clock 3086.6.2 Information Missing from Spectral Density 310Filtering Random Processes 3116.7.1 Filters, Their Kernels, and the Filtered Spectral Density 3116.7.2 Brownian Motion and Random Walks 3136.7.3 Extracting a Weak Signal from Noise: Band-Pass Filter, Wiener’s Optimal Filter,Signal-to-Noise Ratio, and Allan Variance of Clock Noise 3156.7.4 Shot Noise 321Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem 3236.8.1 Elementary Version of the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem; Langevin Equation,Johnson Noise in a Resistor, and Relaxation Time for Brownian Motion 3236.8.2 Generalized Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem; Thermal Noise in aLaser Beam’s Measurement of Mirror Motions; Standard Quantum Limitfor Measurement Accuracy and How to Evade It 3316.36.46.56.66.76.8ContentsFor general queries, contact webmaster@press.princeton.eduxi
Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may bedistributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanicalmeans without prior written permission of the publisher.6.9Fokker-Planck Equation 3356.9.1 Fokker-Planck for a 1-Dimensional Markov Process 3366.9.2 Optical Molasses: Doppler Cooling of Atoms 3406.9.3 Fokker-Planck for a Multidimensional Markov Process; Thermal Noisein an Oscillator 343Bibliographic Note 345PART III OPTICS 3477Geometric Optics 3517.17.2Overview 351Waves in a Homogeneous Medium 3527.2.1 Monochromatic Plane Waves; Dispersion Relation 3527.2.2 Wave Packets 354Waves in an Inhomogeneous, Time-Varying Medium: The Eikonal Approximation andGeometric Optics 3577.3.1 Geometric Optics for a Prototypical Wave Equation 3587.3.2 Connection of Geometric Optics to Quantum Theory 3627.3.3 Geometric Optics for a General Wave 3667.3.4 Examples of Geometric-Optics Wave Propagation 3687.3.5 Relation to Wave Packets; Limitations of the Eikonal Approximationand Geometric Optics 3697.3.6 Fermat’s Principle 371Paraxial Optics 3757.4.1 Axisymmetric, Paraxial Systems: Lenses, Mirrors, Telescopes, Microscopes,and Optical Cavities 3777.4.2 Converging Magnetic Lens for Charged Particle Beam 381Catastrophe Optics 3847.5.1 Image Formation 3847.5.2 Aberrations of Optical Instruments 395Gravitational Lenses 3967.6.1 Gravitational Deflection of Light 3967.6.2 Optical Configuration 3977.6.3 Microlensing 3987.6.4 Lensing by Galaxies 401Polarization 4057.7.1 Polarization Vector and Its Geometric-Optics Propagation Law 4057.7.2 Geometric Phase 406Bibliographic Note 4097.37.47.57.67.7xiiContentsFor general queries, contact webmaster@press.princeton.edu
Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may bedistributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanicalmeans without prior written permission of the publisher.8Diffraction 4118.18.2Overview 411Helmholtz-Kirchhoff Integral 4138.2.1 Diffraction by an Aperture 4148.2.2 Spreading of the Wavefront: Fresnel and Fraunhofer Regions 417Fraunhofer Diffraction 4208.3.1 Diffraction Grating 4228.3.2 Airy Pattern of a Circular Aperture: Hubble Space Telescope 4258.3.3 Babinet’s Principle 428Fresnel Diffraction 4298.4.1 Rectangular Aperture, Fresnel Integrals, and the Cornu Spiral 4308.4.2 Unobscured Plane Wave 4328.4.3 Fresnel Diffraction by a Straight Edge: Lunar Occultation of a Radio Source 4328.4.4 Circular Apertures: Fresnel Zones and Zone Plates 434Paraxial Fourier Optics 4368.5.1 Coherent Illumination 4378.5.2 Point-Spread Functions 4388.5.3 Abbé’s Description of Image Formation by a Thin Lens 4398.5.4 Image Processing by a Spatial Filter in the Focal Plane of a Lens: High-Pass,Low-Pass, and Notch Filters; Phase-Contrast Microscopy 4418.5.5 Gaussian Beams: Optical Cavities and Interferometric Gravitational-WaveDetectors 445Diffraction at a Caustic 451Bibliographic Note 4548.38.48.58.69Interference and Coherence 4559.19.2Overview 455Coherence 4569.2.1 Young’s Slits 4569.2.2 Interference with an Extended Source: Van Cittert-Zernike Theorem 4599.2.3 More General Formulation of Spatial Coherence; Lateral Coherence Length 4629.2.4 Generalization to 2 Dimensions 4639.2.5 Michelson Stellar Interferometer; Astronomical Seeing 4649.2.6 Temporal Coherence 4729.2.7 Michelson Interferometer and Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy 4749.2.8 Degree of Coherence; Relation to Theory of Random Processes 477Radio Telescopes 4799.3.1 Two-Element Radio Interferometer 4799.3.2 Multiple-Element Radio Interferometers 4809.3.3 Closure Phase 4819.3.4 Angular Resolution 4829.3ContentsFor general queries, contact webmaster@press.princeton.eduxiii
Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may bedistributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanicalmeans without prior written permission of the publisher.9.4Etalons and Fabry-Perot Interferometers 4839.4.1 Multiple-Beam Interferometry; Etalons 4839.4.2 Fabry-Perot Interferometer and Modes of a Fabry-Perot Cavitywith Spherical Mirrors 4909.4.3 Fabry-Perot Applications: Spectrometer, Laser, Mode-Cleaning Cavity, BeamShaping Cavity, PDH Laser Stabilization, Optical Frequency Comb 4969.59.6Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Detectors 502Power Correlations and Photon Statistics: Hanbury Brown and Twiss IntensityInterferometer 509Bibliographic Note 51210Nonlinear Optics 51310.110.2Overview 513Lasers 51510.2.1 Basic Principles of the Laser 51510.2.2 Types of Lasers and Their Performances and Applications 51910.2.3 Ti:Sapphire Mode-Locked Laser 52010.2.4 Free Electron Laser 521Holography 52110.3.1 Recording a Hologram 52210.3.2 Reconstructing the 3-Dimensional Image from a Hologram 52510.3.3 Other Types of Holography; Applications 527Phase-Conjugate Optics 531Maxwell’s Equations in a Nonlinear Medium; Nonlinear Dielectric Susceptibilities;Electro-Optic Effects 536Three-Wave Mixing in Nonlinear Crystals 54010.6.1 Resonance Conditions for Three-Wave Mixing 54010.6.2 Three-Wave-Mixing Evolution Equations in a Medium That Is Dispersion-Freeand Isotropic at Linear Order 54410.6.3 Three-Wave Mixing in a Birefringent Crystal: Phase Matching andEvolution Equations 546Applications of Three-Wave Mixing: Frequency Doubling, Optical ParametricAmplification, and Squeezed Light 55310.7.1 Frequency Doubling 55310.7.2 Optical Parametric Amplification 55510.7.3 Degenerate Optical Parametric Amplification: Squeezed Light 556Four-Wave Mixing in Isotropic Media 55810.8.1 Third-Order Susceptibilities and Field Strengths 55810.8.2 Phase Conjugation via Four-Wave Mixing in CS2 Fluid 55910.8.3 Optical Kerr Effect and Four-Wave Mixing in an Optical Fiber 562Bibliographic Note 56410.310.410.510.610.710.8xivContentsFor general queries, contact webmaster@press.princeton.edu
Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may bedistributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanicalmeans without prior written permission of the publisher.PART IV ELASTICITY 56511Elastostatics 56711.111.2Overview 567Displacement and Strain 57011.2.1 Displacement Vector and Its Gradient 57011.2.2 Expansion, Rotation, Shear, and Strain 571Stress, Elastic Moduli, and Elastostatic Equilibrium 57711.3.1 Stress Tensor 57711.3.2 Realm of Validity for Hooke’s Law 58011.3.3 Elastic Moduli and Elastostatic Stress Tensor 58011.3.4 Energy of Deformation 58211.3.5 Thermoelasticity 58411.3.6 Molecular Origin of Elastic Stress; Estimate of Moduli 58511.3.7 Elastostatic Equilibrium: Navier-Cauchy Equation 587Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio for an Isotropic Material: A SimpleElastostatics Problem 589Reducing the Elastostatic Equations to 1 Dimension for a Bent Beam: Cantilever Bridge,Foucault Pendulum, DNA Molecule, Elastica 592Buckling and Bifurcation of Equilibria 60211.6.1 Elementary Theory of Buckling and Bifurcation 60211.6.2 Collapse of the World Trade Center Buildings 60511.6.3 Buckling with Lateral Force; Connection to Catastrophe Theory 60611.6.4 Other Bifurcations: Venus Fly Trap, Whirling Shaft, Triaxial Stars, andOnset of Turbulence 607Reducing the Elastostatic Equations to 2 Dimensions for a Deformed Thin Plate:Stress Polishing a Telescope Mirror 609Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates: Connection Coefficients and Componentsof the Gradient of the Displacement Vector 614Solving the 3-Dimensional Navier-Cauchy Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates 61911.9.1 Simple Methods: Pipe Fracture and Torsion Pendulum 61911.9.2 Separation of Variables and Green’s Functions: Thermoelastic Noisein Mirrors 622Bibliographic Note 62711.311.411.511.611.711.811.912Elastodynamics 62912.112.2Overview 629Basic Equations of Elastodynamics; Waves in a Homogeneous Medium 63012.2.1 Equation of Motion for a Strained Elastic Medium 63012.2.2 Elastodynamic Waves 63612.2.3 Longitudinal Sound Waves 637ContentsFor general queries, contact webmaster@press.princeton.eduxv
Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may bedistributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanicalmeans without prior written permission of the publisher.12.312.412.512.2.4 Transverse Shear Waves 63812.2.5 Energy of Elastodynamic Waves 640Waves in Rods, Strings, and Beams 64212.3.1 Compression Waves in a Rod 64312.3.2 Torsion Waves in a Rod 64312.3.3 Waves on Strings 64412.3.4 Flexural Waves on a Beam 64512.3.5 Bifurcation of Equilibria and Buckling (Once More) 647Body Waves and Surface Waves—Seismology and Ultrasound 64812.4.1 Body Waves 65012.4.2 Edge Waves 65412.4.3 Green’s Function for a Homogeneous Half-Space 65812.4.4 Free Oscillations of Solid Bodies 66112.4.5 Seismic Tomography 66312.4.6 Ultrasound; Shock Waves in Solids 663The Relationship of Classical Waves to Quantum Mechanical Excitations 667Bibliographic Note 670PART V FLUID DYNAMICS 67113Foundations of Fluid Dynamics 67513.113.2Overview 675The Macroscopic Nature of a Fluid: Density, Pressure, Flow Velocity;Liquids versus Gases 677Hydrostatics 68113.3.1 Archimedes’ Law 68413.3.2 Nonrotating Stars and Planets 68613.3.3 Rotating Fluids 689Conservation Laws 691The Dynamics of an Ideal Fluid 69513.5.1 Mass Conservation 69613.5.2 Momentum Conservation 69613.5.3 Euler Equation 69713.5.4 Bernoulli’s Theorem 69713.5.5 Conservation of Energy 704Incompressible Flows 709Viscous Flows with Heat Conduction 71013.7.1 Decomposition of the Velocity Gradient into Expansion, Vorticity, and Shear 71013.7.2 Navier-Stokes Equation 71113.7.3 Molecular Origin of Viscosity 71313.7.4 Energy Conservation and Entropy Production 71413.313.413.513.613.7xviContentsFor general queries, contact webmaster@press.princeton.edu
Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may bedistributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanicalmeans without prior written permission of the publisher.13.813.7.5 Reynolds Number 71613.7.6 Pipe Flow 716Relativistic Dynamics of a Perfect Fluid 71913.8.1 Stress-Energy Tensor and Equations of Relativistic Fluid Mechanics 71913.8.2 Re
Modern Classical Physics: Optics, Fluids, Plasmas, Elasticity, Relativity, and Statistical Physics - table
Modern Physics: Quantum Physics & Relativity. You can’t get to Modern Physics without doing Classical Physics! The fundamental laws and principles of Classical Physics are the basis Modern Physics
22 Laser Lab 22 Laser Lab - Optics 23 LVD 23 LVD - Optics 24 Mazak 31 Mazak - Optics 32 Mazak - General Assembly 34 Mitsubishi 36 Mitsubishi - Optics 37 Mitsubishi - General Assembly 38 Precitec 41 Precitec - Optics 42 Prima 43 Prima - Optics 44 Salvagnini 45 Strippit 46 Tanaka 47 Trumpf 51 Trumpf - Optics
PAFMO257 Physical Optics 78 PAFMO260 Quantum Optics 80 PAFMO265 Semiconductor Nanomaterials 82 PAFMO266 Strong-Field Laser Physics 84 PAFMO270 Theory of Nonlinear Optics 85 PAFMO271 Thin Film Optics 86 PAFMO272 Terahertz Technology 88 PAFMO280 Ultrafast Optics 90 PAFMO290 XUV and X-Ray Optics 92 PAFMO901 Topics of Current Research I 93
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Classical and nonlinear optics and applications 1. LIGO, gravitational wave detection. 2. Nonlinear crystals for the generation of light, entanglement and squeezing . Introduction to optics Fundamentals Fermat principle Reflection and refraction ray and eikonal equations Geometrical optics Image formation and ray tracing Paraxial optics and .
Physics is made of many fields which can be divided into classical physics and modern physics. Classical physics answers questions about motion and energy. This includes mechanics (forces and motion), heat, sound, electricity, magnetism, and light. Modern physics focuses more on the basic st
Hecht, Optics (optional) Saleh & Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics (optional) Labs: Mon/Wed 1:25-4:25PM Clark 405 1st lab this Monday . this course - except no nonlinear optics. 5 Introduction P3330 Exp Optics FA'2016 Postulates* of optics *from Latin "a request, demand": a self-evident proposition .
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