PHY 121 ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND MODERN PHYSICS
PHY 121ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND MODERN PHYSICSPHY 132:ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND MODERNPHYSICSCOURSE GUIDENATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIANOUN2
PHY 1211.0ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND MODERN PHYSICSIntroductionPHY132 electricity, magnetism and modern physics is a one semester 2credits, foundation level course. It will be available to all students to taketowards the core module of their B.Sc. Education, and other programmesB.Sc computer science, environmental studies andThe course comprises 20 study units (4 modules), which involve basicprinciples of Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics. The material habeen developed in such a way that students with at least a credit pass at theordinary level of equivalent will follow quite easily.There are no compulsory pre requisites for the course. However, you arestrongly advised to have adequate grasp of Further Mathematics or AppliedMathematics.This course guide tells you briefly what the course is about, what coursematerials you will be using and how to work your way through thesematerials. Is suggests some general guidelines for the TIME to complete itsuccessfully. It also gives you some guidance on your tutor-markedassignments.There are regular tutorial classes that are linked to the course. You areadvised to attend these sessions regularly. Details of time and locations oftutorials will be given to you at the point of registration for the course.2.0What You Will Learn In This CourseThe overall aim of PHY132 is to introduce the basic principle and applicationof Electrical Energy and its association with Magnetism. During the courseyou will learn that an electric field is always associated with a magnetic fieldand vice versa. You would see that this bond between Electricity andMagnetism is the basis of many scientific and technology developmentsduring the last century.Towards the end of the course you will be introduced into some aspects ofModern Physics where we have introduced some new concepts to explainsub-atomic phenomena. These include quantum theory, and energy levels inatoms.NOUN3
PHY 1213.0ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND MODERN PHYSICSCourse AimsThe aim of this course can be summarized as follows: this course aims togive you an understanding of Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics andtheir applications in everyday life. This will be achieved byNOUNιIntroducingyou thevarioustheories canbeappliedtoreallifesituations.4
PHY 121NOUNELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND MODERN PHYSICSιExplainingsomefundamentalconcepts ngthetransistionfromNewtonianMechanics blefuturedevelopmentin5
PHY 121ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND MODERN PHYSICStheseareas.4.0Course ObjectivesThe course sets overall objectives, to achieve the aims set out above.In addition, each unit also has specific objectives. The unit objectives arealways included at the beginning of a unit; you should read then before youstart working through the unit. You may want to refer to them during yourstudy of the Unit to check your progress. You should always look at the Unitobjectives after completing a unit. In this way you can be sure that you havedone what was required of you for the unit.Set out below are the objectives of the Course as a whole. By meeting theseobjectives you should have achieved the aims of the Course as a whole.On successful completion of the Course, you should be able to:NOUN1.Describe the theory of electricity, magnetism and electromagneticradiation2.Explain the concepts of electric and magnetic fields.3.Measure and compute electric current in d.c and a.c. circuit.4.Illustrate the principles of electromagnetic induction as they apply toboth d.c. and a.c. generators.5.Demonstrate how circuit elements are connected.6.Describe the principles of cathode ray oscilloscope, ammeters,voltmeters, x-ray tubes and dry cells as well as accumulators.7.Identifying the advantages and disadvantages of x-rays8.Describe the structure of the nuclear atom.9.Distinguish between geographic and geomagnetic meridians.10.Describe the terrestrial magnetic field.11.Distinguish between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.6
PHY 12112.5. 0ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND MODERN PHYSICSDescribe the generation and distribution of electric power.Working Through This CourseTo complete this course you are required to read the study units, read setbooks and read other materials provided by NOUN. You will also need to dosome practical exercise which will be arranged by your Course Tutor. Eachunit contains self-assessment exercises, and at points in the course you arerequired to submit assignments for assessment purposes. At the end of thecourse, there is a final examination. The course shall take you about 45 weeksin total to complete . Below you will find listed all the components of thecourse, what you have to do and how you should allocate your time to eachunit in order to complete the course successfully and on time.6.07.0Course Materials1.Course guide2.Study units3.Assignment file4.Presentation scheduleStudy UnitsThere are 20 Study Units in this Course, as follows:NOUNUnit 1Electric charge, Force and FieldUnit 2Gauss’s LawUnit 3Electric PotentialUnit 4Potential for Continuous Charge Distribution And EnergyUnit 5Dielectrics and CapacitorsUnit 6Electric CurrentUnit 7Direct-Current Circuits and Instruments7
PHY 121ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND MODERN PHYSICSUnit 8The Magnetic FieldUnit 9Motion of Charge Particles in Electric and Magnetic FieldUnit 10Electrolysis and CellsUnit 11Thermal Effects of Electric Currents And Electric PowerUnit 12Magnetic Properties of MatterUnit 13Terrestrial MagnetismUnit 14Electromagnetic Induction IUnit 15Electromagnetic Induction 11Unit 16Alternating Current Theory 1Unit 17Alternating Current Theory 11Unit 18Thermoelectric, Photoelectric Thermionic EffectsUnit 19Modern Physics 1Unit 20Modern Physics 11Each study unit consists of two to three weeks’ work, and includes specificobjectives. Each unit contains a number of self-tests. In general, these selftests, question you on the material you have just covered or require you toapply it in some way and, thereby, help you to gauge your progress andreinforce your understanding of the material. Together with tutor-markedassignments, these exercises will assist you in achieving the stated learningobjectives of the individual units and of the course.8.0Set TextbooksDuncan Tom (1982) Physics. A Textbook for Advanced Level StudentsJohn Murray (Publishers) Ltd. London.S.M. Geddes (1981) Advanced Physics. Macmillan Education Ltd. LondonMcKenzie A.E.E (1973) A Second Course of Electricity. TheUniversity Press, Cambridge9.0NOUNAssignment File8
PHY 121ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND MODERN PHYSICSThe assignment file will be supplied by NOUN. In this file you will find allthe details of the work you must submit to your tutor for marking. The marksyou obtain for these assignments will count towards the final mark you obtainfor this course. Further information on assignments will be found in theassignment file itself and later in this course guide in the section onassessment.10.0Presentation ScheduleThe presentation schedule included in your course materials may show theimportant dates for the completion of tutor-marked assignments. Remember,you are required to submit all your assignments by the due date as dictated byyour facilitator. You should guide against falling behind in your work.11.0AssessmentThere are two aspects to the assessment of the course. First are the tutormarked assignment; second, there is a written examination.In doing the assignment, you are expected to apply information, knowledgeand techniques gathered during the course. The assignments must besubmitted to your tutor for formal assessment in accordance with the deadlines stated in the presentation schedule and the assignment file. The workyou submit to your tutor for assessment will count for 40% of your totalcourse work.At the end of the course you will need to sit for a final written examination ofthree hours ‘duration’. This examination will also count for 60% of yourcourse mark.12.0Tutor-Marked Assignments (TMA)The TMAs are listed as item 6.0 in each unit. Generally, you will be able tocomplete your assignments from the information and martial contained in thestudy units, set books and other reading. However, it is desirable in all degreelevel education to demonstrate that you have read and researched morewidely than the required minimum. Using other references will give you abroader viewpoint and may provide a deeper understanding of the subject.When you have completed each assignment, send it, together with a TMAform, to your tutor. Make sure that each assignment reaches your tutor on orbefore the deadline given in the presentation schedule and assignment file. If,for any reason you cannot complete your work on time contact your tutorNOUN9
PHY 121ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND MODERN PHYSICSbefore the assignment is due to discuss the possibility of an extension.Extensions will not be granted after the due date unless there are exceptionalcircumstances.13.0Final Examination and GradingThe final examination for PHY 132 will be of three hours duration and have avalue of 60% of the total course grade. The examination will consist ofquantities which reflect the types of self-testing practice exercises and tutormarked problems you have previously encountered. All areas of the coursewill be assessed.You are advised to use the time between finishing the last unit and sitting theexamination to revise the entire course. You might find it useful to reviewyour self-tests, tutor-marked assignments and comments on them before theexamination.14.0Course Marking SchemeThe following table shows how the actual course marking is broken down.AssessmentAssignmentsFinal examinationTotalMarks40% of course marks60% of overall course marks100% of course marksTable 1 course marking schemeNOUN10
PHY 121ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND MODERN PHYSICS//// NOUN11
PHY 121ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND MODERN PHYSICSPHY 132: ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND MODERNPHYSICSCOURSE DEVELOPMENTCourse DeveloperFred EbunuUnit WriterFred EbunuProgramme LeaderCourse CoordinatorDr. (Mrs.) C. A. OkonkwoNATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIANOUN12
PHY 121ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND MODERN PHYSICSUNIT 1ELECTRIC CHARGE, FORCE AND FIELDTable of ObjectivesElectric chargeCoulomb’s lawPrinciple of superpositionElectric fieldConclusionSummaryTutor Marked Assignment (TMAs)References1.0IntroductionLightning and thunder are two common phenomena in our hot and humidatmosphere in Nigeria. Have you ever given a thought to what is responsiblefor the occurrence of the phenomena?A physicist, Benjamin Franklin demonstrated as long ago as 1752 thatthunder clouds are charged with electricity. These charged clouds, whendischarged in the atmosphere, give rise to a great spark, which is referred toas lightening. It will interest you to know that the amount of electric currentduring the discharge is about 20KA.The electric discharge which gives rise to lightning also produces a greatamount of heat. In a fraction of a second, temperature rises to about 15000 0C.The lightening develops in a small area which is about 20cm in width.However, as a result of the heat amount of great produced in that small areathe air molecules move fast and cause the intense sound which we callthunder. When the sound is reflected by clouds, hill or any other obstacle, wehear the roaring of clouds.A very important thing about electric charges is that the forces between themare very large. The force is known as electrostatic force (or electric force) andis responsible for holding electrons to nuclei to form atoms and for holdingthe groups of the atoms together to form molecules, solids and liquids.NOUN13
PHY 121ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND MODERN PHYSICSThe study of these static charges is known as electrostatic. Indeed,electrostatic was the first branch of electricity to be investigated and, forsome time, it was regarded as a subject which had no practical value.However, it is now known to have practical industrial applications. Forexample, we shall see later in this course that a knowledge of electrostatic isimportant in the design of cathode ray tubes for television, in electricalprospecting for minerals. Electrostatic loudspeakers and microphone are incommon use as well as electrostatic photocopying machines.2.0ObjectivesAfter studying this unit, you will be able to:*Distinguish between the two types of electric charge*Show that the total electric charge in an isolated system is conserved*State Coulomb’s law and use it to find the electrostatic force betweentwo charges*State the superposition principle*Calculate the vector sum of the electric field strength due to a numberof point charges.*Sketch the field lines for some simple distribution of charge.3.1Electric charge3.1.1Types of chargesThe ancient Greeks discovered that amber when rubbed with silk acquired theproperty of attracting light objects such as pieces of chaff . William Gilbertdiscovered that other substances exhibit the same effect, and that themagnitude of the effect is roughly proportional to the area of the surfacerubbed. He was then led to the idea of a charge of electricity.Du Fay (1745) discovered that there are two kinds of electricity. Two eboniterods when rubbed with fur exert a force of repulsion on each other. Two glassrod rubbed with silk also repel one another. However, an ebonite rod whichhas been rubbed with fur attracts a glass rod which has been rubbed with silk.Any substance rubbed with a different substance acquires a charge ofelectricity, and is found either to repel charged ebonite and attract chargedglass, or vice versa. Since the two kinds of electricity can neutralize eachNOUN14
PHY 121ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND MODERN PHYSICSothers effect, one is called positive and the other negative. Note that thechoice as to which is positive was purely arbitrary. Glass rubbed with silk issaid to have a positive charge and ebonite rubbed with fur a negative charge.The origin of the ve and –ve charge of proton and electronThe law of force between charges may be stated as follows: like chargesrepel, unlike charges attractLet us now understand clearly the origin of the two types of charges; weremember that an atom consists of a positively charged nucleus withnegatively charged electrons around it. The nucleus is made up of proton andelectron . The neutron is neutral (no charge) which the proton and electronhave equal but opposite charges (positive and negative).The proton and neutron in the nucleus are held together very tightly by anuclear force. So strong is the nuclear force that the protons are un able tomove away from the nucleus. On the other hand, the force holding electron tothe atomic nucleus is much weaker than the nuclear force. Hence theelectrons may move away from the atom.When two different materials are rubbed together, electrons get transferredfairly easily from one material to the other. Since some materials tend to holdtheir electrons more strongly than others, the direction of transfer of electronsdepends on the materials. For example, when a plastic ruler is rubbed with awoolen cloth, electrons flow from wool to plastic, so that it carries netnegative charges whereas the wool, with a deficit of electrons, carries apositive charge of equal magnitude.This process of charging the bodies by means of rubbing them together iscalled charging by friction. In any case, we should note that friction actuallyhas nothing to do with the charging process. It would appear that friction isonly borrowed to describe the rubbing process.QuestionThere are two charged bodies, x and y which attract each other. X repels athird charged body Z. Do you think z will attract or repel Y?3.1.2Unit of ChargeIn the System International (SI), electric charge is measured in coulombs (C),which is defined in terms of ampere. A coulomb is the quantity of chargeNOUN15
PHY 121ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND MODERN PHYSICSflowing per second through a conductor in which there is a steady current of1A.Note:The definition of ampere involves force between currents. We shall see this isModules 3.A Coulombs is the amount of charge that flow through a cross-section of awire in one second if there is a steady current of one ampere (IA) in the wire.In symbols,q It .3.1Where q is in coulombs, if I is in ampere a.d t is in seconds. The main reasonfor defining the coulomb in terms of ampere is that it is easy to maintain,control and measure a current through a conductor rather than the amount ofcharge.3.1.3Conservation of ChargeIn the method of charging by friction (rubbing) which is discussed in section3.1, no new charges are created. The algebraic sum of the individual charges,that is the net charge, always remains constant. Let us see how this is thecase. Before the process of rubbing, the two bodies were electrically neutral(having no charge). Therefore, the total charge is zero. After rubbing, onebody becomes negatively charged while the other acquires a positive chargeof equal magnitude. In effect, the algebraic sum of the equal and oppositecharges on the two bodies is zero.This shows that electric charge is a conserved quantity. In other words,conservation of charge implies that the total charge in an isolated system doesnot change. You should note that this does not mean that the total amount ofpositive or negative charge in a system is fixed. What we are saying is thatfor every additional positive charge created, there is always an equal amountof negative charge created.The charge conservation law may be stated as follows:The total electric charge in an isolated system, that is, the algebraic sum ofthe positive and negative charge present at any time, does not changeNOUN16
PHY 1213.1.4ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND MODERN PHYSICSQuantization of chargeThe smallest charge that is possible to obtain is that of an electron or proton.The magnitude of this charge is denoted by e. A charge smaller than e has notbeen found. If one determines the amount of charge on any charged body(e.g. a charge sphere) or any charged particle (e.g. α-particle) or any ion, itscharge is always found to be an integral multiple of e, that is e, 2e, 3e, and soon. No charge will be a fractional multiple of e like 0.7e or 2.5e. This is truefor both negative and positive charges and is expressed asq ne .3.2where n is a positive or negative integer.You have now learnt that charge exist in discrete packets rather than incontinuous amount. Whenever a physical quantity possesses discrete valuesinstead of continuous values, then the quantity is said to be quantized.Therefore, we say that charge is quantized.QuestionA conductor possesses a positive charge of 3.2x 10-19 C. How many electrondoes it have in excess or deficit (e 1.60 x 10-19C)3.2Coulomb’s lawA knowledge of the forces that exist between charge particles is necessary fora good understanding of the structure of the atom and of matter. Themagnitude of the forces between charged spheres was first investigatedquantitatively in 1785 by Charles Coulomb, a French scientist. He observedthat the electrostatic force between the two sphere is proportional to theproduct of the charges and is inversely proportional to the square of theirdistance apart.Coulomb’s law may be stated in mathematical terms asF αQ1 Q2r2Where F is the electric force between the two charges Q1 Q2, distance r apart.We can turn the above expression of proportionality to as equation by writingF Q1 Q2 .3.3r2Where K is a constant.NOUN17
PHY 121ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND MODERN PHYSICSK 1 .3.44πεWhere the constant ε
PHY 121 ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND MODERN PHYSICS 1.0 Introduction PHY132 electricity, magnetism and modern physics is a one semester 2 credits, foundation level course. It will be available to all students to take towards the c
Magnetism (Section 5.12) The subjects of magnetism and electricity developed almost independently of each other until 1820, when a Danish physicist named Hans Christian Oersted discovered in a classroom demonstration that an electric current affects a magnetic compass. He saw that magnetism was related to electricity.
MIPI CSI-2 RX Subsystem v2.2 www.xilinx.com 6 PG232 April 05, 2017 Chapter 1: Overview Sub-Core Details MIPI D-PHY The MIPI D-PHY IP core implements a D-PHY RX interface and provides PHY protocol layer support compatible with the CSI-2 RX interface. See the MIPI D-PHY LogiCORE IP Product Guide (PG202) [Ref 3] for details. MIPI D-PHY .
VI-4 Programs of Study (Section VI) PHI 215, PHI 230, PHI 240 PHy 110, PHy 110a, PHy 151, PHy 152, PHy 251, PHy 252 POL 110, PoL 120, POL 210, POL 220 Psy 150, PSY 231, PSY 237, PSY 239, PSY 241, PSY 281 REL 110, REL 211, REL 212, REL 221 RUS 111, RUS 112, RUS 211, RUS 212 soC 210, SOC 213, SOC 220, SOC 225, SOC 240 SPA 111, SPA 112, SPA 161, SPA 211, SPA 212
Students will be able to explain how electricity and magnetism work together in electric motors and generators. Anticipatory Set Students have learned about electricity, electric circuits, voltage, and current. They are familiar with how to connect circuit elements. Electricity and magnetism are closely related.
In Electricity and Magnetism, students study a variety of topics including electricity, circuits and magnetism through the use of student conducted laboratory, field investigations, and scientificmethods . Textbook: Any state adopted Physics textbook and an inquiry-based Physics lab manual.
Electricity and Magnetism For 50 years, Edward M. Purcell’s classic textbook has introduced students to the world of electricity and magnetism. This third edition has been brought up to date and is now in SI units. It features hundreds of new examples, problems, and
Access Control and Physical (MAC-PHY) network layers—to edge locations. This paper focuses on monitoring the video quality carried on the Remote PHY (R-PHY) Distributed Access Architecture (DAA) networks. In the R-PHY architecture, the CCAP Core at the headend includes the DOCSIS MAC and upper network layers for the DOCSIS protocols. The
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