GEOSYNTHETICS
GEOSYNTHETICS Geosynthetics Quick Reference Guide
TenCate Geosyntheticsthe global leader in geosyntheticsMirafi brand products are a specific, engineered response to aspecific problem: how to enable landforms to withstand the mostsevere and erosive forces of nature, with the minimal use of naturalresources.Geosynthetics are an economical solution to problems that otherwisecould only be solved through drastic, expensive methods.Through engineering and research that span more than 50 years, TenCate Geosynthetics has created the most diverse line of geosyntheticfabrics available from any single source on the planet.TenCate’s Geosynthetic Functions Include:FunctionDescriptionSaturatedThe placement of a flexible, porous geotextilebetween dissimilar material so that the integrity1 both materials remainand intended functions ofintact or are improved.SEPARATIONSOILREINFORCEMENTThe synergistic improvementRS580i of a total system’sstrength created by the introduction of a reinforcing geosynthetic (that is good in tension) intoa soil and/or aggregate system (that is good incompression but poor in tension).FunctionEROSIONPROTECTIONFILTRATIONThe use of an erosion control blanket (ECB) orturf reinforcement mat (TRM) to protect the soilsurface and prevent soil particles from beingdetached by rainfall, flowing water, or wind.Adhering two different surfaces or materials usingan adhesive substrate.ADHESIVEBONDINGRS580iThe ability of a geosynthetic to restrain lateralmovement from a soil or aggregate through friction or mechanical interlock.CONFINEMENTDescriptionThe use of a coating to create an impervioussurface.SEALINGRS580iThe equilibrium soil-to-geotextile system thatallows for adequate movement of a liquid acrossthe plane of the geotextile with limited soil lossover the service lifetime of the application.1The use of a geosynthetic to protect othergeosynthetics against damage.PROTECTIONRS580iThe equilibrium soil-to-geotextile system thatallows for adequate movement of a liquid acrossthe plane of the geotextile over the service lifetime of the application.RS580iThe ability to move a liquid through soil-geotextilesystem by capillary action, neither relying ongravity nor a positive hydraulic gradient.RS280iThe stress reduction from a geosynthetic whilethe system is in a state of constant deformationor load.STRESS RELIEFRS280iThe synergistic improvement of a total system’strength created by the introduction of a reinforcing geosynthetic (that is good in tension) intoa soil and/or aggregate system (that is good incompression but poor in tension).
Roadway ReinforcementMirafi RSi-Series CONFINEMENTPRODUCT DESCRIPTIONSEPARATIONFILTRATIONand flow characteristics of a fine to coarse sand layer.TenCate Mirafi RSi-Series geosynthetics are woven geotextilescomprised of high tenacity poly propylene yarns. Mirafi RSiwoven geosynthetics provide tensile strength at 5% strain upto 4,920 lbs/ft (718 kN/m) (cross machine direction) per ASTMD4595. Mirafi RSi-Series woven high-performance polypropylene geotextiles combine the 5 key properties for superiorintegration: modulus, separation, confinement, water flow andproduct identification. APPLICATIONS Subgrade Stabilization for road and rail construction Base Course Reinforcement for paved roads Stabilization/Reinforcement for subgrade and base course inall paved and unpaved roadway and railway constructionFEATURES AND BENEFITS Modulus. Separation. Confinement. Water flow. Product identification. Superior integration*. Reinforcement Strength. Higher tensile modulus propertiesthan the leading stabilization products. Separation and Filtration. Unique double layer constructionprovides an excellent separation factor with superior filtrationand drainage. Uniform openings provide consistent filtrationBreakthrough Research: TenCate Mirafi Geosynthetics Outperforms Others in Independent Full-Scale Study.PROPERTIESTest MethodUnitsStrengthRS280iRS380iRS580iPatent #8,333,220Patent #8,598,054Patent pendingTensile Strength @ 2% Strain (CD)ASTM ile Strength @ 5% Strain (CD)ASTM w Rate4ASTM Permittivity4ASTM D4491sec-10.90.91.0Apparent Opening Size (AOS)1ASTM D4751U.S. Sieve (mm)40 (0.425)40 (0.425)40 (0.425)Pore Size 050ASTM D6767microns196318531853Pore Size 095ASTM D6767microns3453653503HydraulicSoil Retention33Soil InteractionInteraction Coefficient2ASTM D5321—0.8940.8940.94Factory Seam Strength4ASTM D4884lbs/ft (kN/m)2400 (35.0)2700 (39.4)3000 (43.8)UV Resistance (at 500 hours4)ASTM D4355% strength retained909090NOTE: All Mechanical Properties and Hydraulic Properties shown are Minimum Average Roll Values (MARV).MD: Machine Direction, CD: Cross-Machine Direction1ASTM D4751: AOS is a Maximum Opening Diameter Value2Interaction Coefficient value is for sand or gravel based on testing conducted by SGI Testing Services.3Typical Values4Minimum Test Value* Integration refers to the overall set of described characteristics based on a review of technical specifications for comparable products published by their respective manufacturers.Individual characteristics of these products vary and may meet, exceed, or fall below one or more of the above described individual characteristics.
Roadway Reinforcement with Moisture ManagementMirafi H2RiCONFINEMENTFILTRATIONPRODUCT DESCRIPTIONAPPLICATIONSMirafi H2Ri woven geosynthetic is a revolutionary wickinggeosynthetic created from super high-tenacity polypropylenefilaments and patented wicking filaments formed into aninnovative weave to provide superior reinforcement strengthand soil interaction integrated with high soil retention andwicking capabilities. Pavement Modulus Improvement SEPARATION Base Course Reinforcement/Subgrade Stabilization Frost Heave/Frost Boils Mitigation Expansive Clay SoilsFEATURES AND BENEFITS Moisture Management System. Special hydrophilic andhygroscopic fibers that provides a continuous moisture management system through the plane of the geosynthetic. Reinforcement Strength. Higher tensile modulus propertiesthan conventional geotextile products. Separation and Filtration. Unique double layer constructionprovides an excellent separation factor with superior filtrationand drainage.PROPERTIES (MARV)Test MethodUnitsH2RiWide Width Tensile (CD)ASTM D4595lbs/ft(kN/m)5280(77.0)Wide Width Tensile @ 2% Strain (CD)ASTM D4595lbs/ft(kN/m)1080(15.8)ASTM D4491sec-10.40ASTM D4491gal/min/ft2(l/min/m2)30(1222)ASTM D4751U.S. Sieve (mm)40 (0.43)Pore Size 050ASTM D6767microns85Pore Size 095ASTM D6767microns195Wet Front Movement1 (24 minutes)ASTM C15592inches6.0vertical directionWet Front Movement1 (983 minutes)ASTM C15592inches73.3horizontal directionMinimum Average Roll Value (MARV)StrengthMinimum Roll ValueHydraulicPermittivityFlow RateSoil RetentionApparent Opening Size (AOS)1Typical Roll ValueMinimum Test Value12‘STP’: Standard Temperature and PressureModifiedPatent #’s8,070,3957,874,767
Pavement SolutionsMirafi MPG ADHESIVEBONDINGSEALINGSTRESS RELIEFPRODUCT DESCRIPTION Installation. Easily installed with conventional equipment.Mirafi MPG is a multi-axial composite paving grid interlayercomprised of a lightweight polypropylene fabric reinforced withcontinuous filament fiberglass, mechanically fastened in themachine, cross and bias angle directions. Mirafi MPG pavinggrids are designed for highly distressed pavement conditionsand in addition, the material provides a moisture barrier againstfurther moisture intrusion. The lightweight polypropylene fabricrequires less asphalt tack, saving on installation costs withoutcompromising performance. MPG4 is a multi-axial paving gridwith balanced tensile strength. Recycling. Can be milled without problem. APPLICATIONS Highways Urban Streets Airports Bridge Decks Parking Lots Shopping CentersFEATURES AND BENEFITS Reinforcement. Provides high tensile strength at lowstrain rates ( 3%). Cost effectiveness. Suitable for full width overlay, localpatch and joint repair. Sealing. Asphalt saturated paving fabric reduces waterintrusion into pavement structure. Longevity. Maintenance intervals are considerably extended. Stress relief. Retards crack propagation from the old surfaceto the new overlay. Adhesive bonding. Provides uniform bonding between oldand new asphalt layers.PROPERTIESTest MethodUnitsMPG100MPG4Tensile Strength @ 0ºASTM D6637lbs/in (kN/m)655 (115)459 (80)Tensile Strength @ 90ºMethod Albs/in (kN/m)655 (115)459 (80)Tensile Strength @ 45ºmodifiedAverage Roll Value459 (80)Tensile Strength @ -45º459 (80)Tensile ElongationMelting Point% .8)Glass by WeightMass/Unit Area 3Glass filaments are incombustible andtemperature resistant up to 752º (400º)Minimum Test ValueAsphalt RetentionNOTE: Tensile strength values refer to strength of the glass filaments.
Drainage & FiltrationMirafi N-Series FILTRATIONPRODUCT DESCRIPTION Cost effective. Mirafi N-Series nonwoven polypropylenegeotextiles provide economical solutions to many civil engineering applications including a cost-effective alternative tograded-aggregate filters.Mirafi N-Series nonwoven polypropylene geotextilesare geotextiles comprised of polypropylene staple fibers.Mirafi N-Series nonwoven polypropylene geotextiles provide excellent physical and hydraulic properties, specificallyhigh flow rates with small opening sizes.APPLICATIONSMirafi N-Series nonwoven polypropylene geotextiles are used ina wide variety of applications including filtration, drainage, andseparation applications.FEATURES AND BENEFITS Construction. Mirafi N-Series nonwoven polypropylenegeotextiles easily conform to the ground or trench surface fortrouble-free installation. Lightweight nonwovens are predominantly used for subsurface drainage applications along highways, within embankments, under airfields, and athletic fields. For these drainagestructures to be effective, they must have a properly designedprotective filter. Strength. Mirafi N-Series nonwoven polypropylene geotextiles withstand severe installation stresses with high punctureand burst resistance. Heavyweight nonwovens are used in critical subsurfacedrainage systems, soil separation, permanent erosion control,where high installation stresses are expected. These geotextiles provide the required strength and abrasion resistance towithstand installation and application stresses to create aneffective, long-term solution. Filtration. High permeability properties provide high waterflow rates while providing excellent filtration properties. Environmental. Mirafi N-Series nonwoven polypropylenegeotextiles are chemically stable in a wide range of aggressive 0NL140NC140N160N170N180N1100N1120N1160NMinimum Average Roll Value (MARV)Grab Tensile b Tensile ElongationASTMD4632%505050505050505050Trapezoid Tear )75(334)80(356)100(445)115(512)140(623)CBR Puncture 700(3115)800(3560)1025(4561)ASTMD4751US ASTMD4491sec-12.02.01.71.51.41.40.80.80.7Flow )75(3056)65(2648)50(2037)ASTMD4355% strength7070707070310 (1380) 410 (1825) 450 (2003)Maximum Opening SizeApparent Opening SizeMinimum Roll Value140 (5704) 135 (5500) 110 (4481) 105 (4278)Minimum Test ValueUV Resistance (at 500 hrs)70707070
Mirafi S-SeriesProtection with Drainage & FiltrationPROTECTIONPRODUCT DESCRIPTIONMirafi S-Series nonwoven polypropylene geotextilesare geotextiles comprised of polypropylene staple fibers.Mirafi S-Series nonwoven polypropylene geotextiles provideexcellent physical and hydraulic properties in addition tocushioning and protection.geotextiles provide economical solutions to many civil engineering applications including a cost-effective alternative tograded-aggregate filters. FEATURES AND BENEFITS Construction. Mirafi S-Series nonwoven polypropylenegeotextiles are flexible for trouble-free i S-Series nonwoven polypropylene geotextiles are usedprimarily for cushioning and protection. Manufactured to a minimum weight and thickness properties,S-Series nonwovens are primarily used in EnvironmentalApplications Strength. Mirafi S-Series nonwoven polypropylene geotextiles withstand severe installation stresses with high punctureand burst resistance. Filtration. High permeability properties provide high waterflow rates while providing excellent filtration properties. Environmental. Mirafi S-Series nonwoven polypropylenegeotextiles are chemically stable in a wide range of aggressive environments. Cost effective. Mirafi S-Series nonwoven 0S2400S3200Grab Tensile StrengthASTM 1891)500(2225)830(3694)Grab Tensile ElongationASTM D4632%50505050505050Trapezoid Tear StrengthASTM 00(890)300(1335)CBR Puncture StrengthASTM 0(5340)1800(8010)2200(9790)ASTM D4751US Sieve (mm)PermittivityASTM D4491Flow RatePROPERTIESMinimum Average Roll Value (MARV)Maximum Opening SizeApparent Opening 15)(0.15)(0.15)sec-11.51.41.20.90.7--ASTM D4491gal/min/ft2 (l/min/m2)110(4481)110 (4481)85 (3463)65 (2648)50 (2037)--ASTM D4355% strength80808080807080Minimum Roll ValueMinimum Test ValueUV Resistance (at 500 hrs)
Drainage & FiltrationMirafi FW-Series EROSIONPROTECTIONPRODUCT DESCRIPTIONSEPARATIONor underwater placement.Mirafi FW-Series woven monofilament polypropylene geotextiles are woven fabrics of monofilament and multifilament yarnconstruction which are highly UV stabilized. Mirafi FW-Series woven monofilament polypropylene geotextiles have highstrengths for durability and survivability; consistent, measurablepore sizes; and high percent open area for long-term cloggingresistance and high flow rates. Mirafi FW-Series woven monofilament polypropylene geotextiles are manufactured with highlyspecialized processes to produce unique physical and hydraulicproperties not possible with standard geotextiles, woven ornonwoven. FEATURES AND BENEFITS Filtration. Resists clogging while maintaining flow rate inhigh gradient and dynamic flow conditions. Exhibits highpercent open area. Strength. High survivability rating in aggressive installationand loading conditions such as back dumping of large rip rapPROPERTIESFILTRATIONTest MethodUnits Performance. Resistant to chemicals in aggressive landfillenvironments. Highly uniform opening size (AOS). Maintainshigh long-term flow rates.APPLICATIONS Underneath rip rap or concrete revetment systems alonginland waterways and coastal shorelines. Underneath armor systems; protecting spillways and embankment dams from overtopping flow. Encapsulating cut-off drains and collection systems surrounding landfills, within dams, and adjacent to roadways and othercritical structures. Encapsulating leachate collection systems under landfillswhile maintaining long-term clogging resistance. Encapsulating edge drains for critical structures inproblematic soils.FW300FW402FW403FW404FW5001FW700Minimum Average Roll Value (MARV)Grab Tensile Strength (MD)ASTM D4632Grab Tensile Strength (CD)ASTM D4632Grab Tensile Elongation (MD/CD)ASTM D4632Trapezoid Tear Strength (MD)ASTM D4533Trapezoid Tear Strength (CD)ASTM D4533CBR Puncture StrengthASTM (5963)(5118)(5340)(4228)Maximum Opening SizeApparent Opening SizeASTM D4751US .30)(0.212)0.28Minimum Roll ValuePermittivityFlow RateASTM D4491ASTM D4491NOTE: MD: Machine Direction, CD: Cross Direction1Cross direction yarns are slit 1518(l/min/m2)(4685)(5907)(2852)(2852)(611)(733)
Retaining Walls & SlopesMiragrid XT Uniaxial Geogrid EROSIONPROTECTIONXT DESCRIPTIONMiragrid XT uniaxial geogrids are highstrength, high tenacit y, high molecularweight polyester geogrids.Miragrid X Tuniaxial geogrids are woven and then coatedwith a polymer coating to provide dimensional stability, with a full range of tensilestrengths to meet the most demanding applications of soil reinforcement.FEATURES ns where a long term designstrength (LTDS) is necessary for the stabilityof the structure are ideal applications whereMiragrid XT uniaxial geogrids can be used,including: NTPEP Evaluated No Recoiling Flexible and Tough Lightweight MSE Walls Cost Effective Steep Reinforced Slopes Easy Handling Reinforcement in Landfill Applications Wide Rolls Embankments Custom Fabrication of Rolls High Long Term Design Strengths (LTDS)PROPERTIESTest MethodUnits2XT*3XT5XT7XT8XT10XT20XT22XT24XTWide Width TensileStrength @ Ultimate 59(300)27415(400)Creep ReducedStrength 9(206.9)18907(275.9)GRI-GG4(b)(sand, silt, 16370(238.8)Long Term DesignStrength (MD)NOTE: All Mechanical Properties and Hydraulic Properties shown are Minimum Average Roll Values (MARV). MD: Machine Direction, CD: Cross-Machine Direction*Miragrid 2XT is biaxial. All other Miragrid XT geogrids are uniaxial.MIRAMESH DESCRIPTIONFEATURES ANDBENEFITSMiramesh GR is an open mesh, biaxialgeosynthetic designed specifically to be a facewrap material for steepened slope applications.Miramesh SG combines the biaxial geosynthetic with synthetic grass green fibers toproduce a finished grass face without the needfor vegetation. Vegetation SupportPROPERTIESAPPLICATIONSMiramesh provides surface erosion protectionand secondary reinforcement. The erosion protection facilitates establishment of vegetationand provides structural support for the formingof over-steepened slopes. Strength Color Highly Flexible Slopes: Vegetated & Wrapped Face UV Stability Walls: Permanent & Temporary Vegetated FaceTest MethodUnitsGRTR(Patent#7,740,420)Tensile Strength@ Ultimate (MD/CD)Creep ReducedStrength (MD)Long Term AllowableDesign Load (MD)Aperture Size (MD)Life ExpectancyProduct Application ColorASTMD4595ASTMD5262GRI GT-7(sand, silt, clay)See Note2lbs/ft(kN/m)lbs/ft(kN/m)lbs/ft(kN/m)in (mm)years1440/1733(21.0/25.3)471(6.9)407(5.9)0.08 (2)75Long 08 (2)25Temporary/BlackNOTE: Values shown are minimum average roll values.2Extrapolated from the average half life based on ASTM D7238 (QUV). Data also found on Mirafi UV Durability Tech Note.
Pond/Sludge CappingMirafi CR-Series SOILREINFORCEMENTPRODUCT DESCRIPTION Separation. Contains fine-grained sludge material, andseparates sludge from clean fill above.TenCate specifically developed the Mirafi CR-Series of highperformance products for the pond capping market, includingcoal ash impoundments. These thoroughly engineered productsallow clay or geomembrane installation, as well as constructionaccess roads, over ponds, and sludge in the efficient, cost effective techniques. APPLICATIONS High-Performan
Tensile Strength @ 0º ASTM D6637 lbs/in (kN/m) 655 (115) 459 (80) Tensile Strength @ 90º Method A lbs/in (kN/m) 655 (115) 459 (80) Tensile Strength @ 45º modified 459 (80) Tensile Strength @ -45º 459 (80) Tensile Elongation % 3 3 Melting Point ASTM D276 Fº (Cº) Glass filaments a
Unpaved Road Design using TenCate Mirafi Geosynthetics TenCate Mirafi geosynthetics have been used and designed in unpaved road projects since the 1970's1 and into paved roadway applications since the 1980's2. Mirafi geosynthetics are used in roadways to reduce construction time, construction materials, construction costs, and to
to document the implementation of these advances in engineering practice. Bouazza, A., Zornberg, J.G., and Adam, D. (2002). Geosynthetics in Waste Containment Facilities: Recent Advances. State-of-the-Art keynote paper, Proceedings of
information included in the 2018 Geosynthetics Specifier’s Guide from information submitted by . LS Tut CR ID D RF CR eduction ctor or creep RF ID eduction ctor or insttion de RF D eduction ctor or duriity . Agrutex 101 (NW-P/PP) 339 (10) NA 0.150 (100) 1.1/CH 3280 (80) 3.2 (725)
Technology & Development Program 2300 Recreation August 2000 0023-2838-MTDC In cooperation with United States . Technology and Development Program Missoula, Montana 0E02A40—Geosynthetics for Trails in Wet Ar
liner system, the components fulfill the functions of infiltration barrier, filtration, separation, drainage, protection, and reinforcement. The multiple uses of geosynthetics in the design of modern landfills are described in Section 37.4. Finally,a case history illustrating the use of HDPE panels as vertical barrier in a
reinforced steepened slope system and their relative locations. The primary rein-forcement provides a tensile strength com-ponent within the reinforced soil zone that allows a slope to stand at steeper angles than would normally be achieved without reinforcement. Figure 3: Typical Components of a Reinforced Steepened Slope System Slope Geometry.
A major initiative in pavement design was the development and implementation of the Mechanistic-Empirical (M-E) methods. While the M-E Pavement Design Guides (MEPDG) have been officially adopted (e.g., Australia, 2004 and AASHTO, 2008), these guides do not include the evaluation of pavement performance when geosynthetics are used in
learn essential blues shuffle riffs on guitar. There are 10 riffs in this section, 5 in open position to get you started, and 5 with barre chords to move around the fretboard in different keys. These riffs can be used over any blues song you jam on, which you choose depending on the groove, tempo, and feel of the tune.
