Chapter 1

Artificial IntelligenceChapter 1Chapter 11

Outline What is AI? A brief history The state of the artChapter 12

What is AI?Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationallySystems that act like humansSystems that act rationallyChapter 13

Acting humanly: The Turing testTuring (1950) “Computing machinery and intelligence”: “Can machines think?” “Can machines behave intelligently?” Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation GameHUMANHUMANINTERROGATOR?AI SYSTEM Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance offooling a lay person for 5 minutes Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50 years Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, languageunderstanding, learningProblem: Turing test is not reproducible, constructive, oramenable to mathematical analysisChapter 14

Thinking humanly: Cognitive Science1960s “cognitive revolution”: information-processing psychology replacedprevailing orthodoxy of behaviorismRequires scientific theories of internal activities of the brain– What level of abstraction? “Knowledge” or “circuits”?– How to validate? Requires1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top-down)or 2) Direct identification from neurological data (bottom-up)Both approaches (roughly, Cognitive Science and Cognitive Neuroscience)are now distinct from AIBoth share with AI the following characteristic:the available theories do not explain (or engender)anything resembling human-level general intelligenceHence, all three fields share one principal direction!Chapter 15

Thinking rationally: Laws of ThoughtNormative (or prescriptive) rather than descriptiveAristotle: what are correct arguments/thought processes?Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic:notation and rules of derivation for thoughts;may or may not have proceeded to the idea of mechanizationDirect line through mathematics and philosophy to modern AIProblems:1) Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical deliberation2) What is the purpose of thinking? What thoughts should I haveout of all the thoughts (logical or otherwise) that I could have?Chapter 16

Acting rationallyRational behavior: doing the right thingThe right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement,given the available informationDoesn’t necessarily involve thinking—e.g., blinking reflex—butthinking should be in the service of rational actionAristotle (Nicomachean Ethics):Every art and every inquiry, and similarly everyaction and pursuit, is thought to aim at some goodChapter 17

Rational agentsAn agent is an entity that perceives and actsThis course is about designing rational agentsAbstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to actions:f : P AFor any given class of environments and tasks, we seek theagent (or class of agents) with the best performanceCaveat: computational limitations makeperfect rationality unachievable design best program for given machine resourcesChapter 18

AI prehistoryPhilosophylogic, methods of reasoningmind as physical systemfoundations of learning, language, rationalityMathematics formal representation and proofalgorithms, computation, (un)decidability, nomena of perception and motor controlexperimental techniques (psychophysics, etc.)Economicsformal theory of rational decisionsLinguisticsknowledge representationgrammarNeuroscience plastic physical substrate for mental activityControl theory homeostatic systems, stabilitysimple optimal agent designsChapter 19

Potted history of Culloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brainTuring’s “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”Look, Ma, no hands!Early AI programs, including Samuel’s checkers program,Newell & Simon’s Logic Theorist, Gelernter’s Geometry EngineDartmouth meeting: “Artificial Intelligence” adoptedRobinson’s complete algorithm for logical reasoningAI discovers computational complexityNeural network research almost disappearsEarly development of knowledge-based systemsExpert systems industry boomsExpert systems industry busts: “AI Winter”Neural networks return to popularityResurgence of probability; general increase in technical depth“Nouvelle AI”: ALife, GAs, soft computingAgents, agents, everywhere . . .Human-level AI back on the agendaChapter 110

State of the artWhich of the following can be done at present? Play a decent game of table tennisChapter 111

State of the artWhich of the following can be done at present? Play a decent game of table tennis Drive safely along a curving mountain roadChapter 112

State of the artWhich of the following can be done at present? Play a decent game of table tennis Drive safely along a curving mountain road Drive safely along Telegraph AvenueChapter 113

State of the artWhich of the following can be done at present? Play a decent game of table tennisDrive safely along a curving mountain roadDrive safely along Telegraph AvenueBuy a week’s worth of groceries on the webChapter 114

State of the artWhich of the following can be done at present? Play a decent game of table tennisDrive safely along a curving mountain roadDrive safely along Telegraph AvenueBuy a week’s worth of groceries on the webBuy a week’s worth of groceries at Berkeley BowlChapter 115

State of the artWhich of the following can be done at present? Play a decent game of table tennisDrive safely along a curving mountain roadDrive safely along Telegraph AvenueBuy a week’s worth of groceries on the webBuy a week’s worth of groceries at Berkeley BowlPlay a decent game of bridgeChapter 116

State of the artWhich of the following can be done at present? Play a decent game of table tennisDrive safely along a curving mountain roadDrive safely along Telegraph AvenueBuy a week’s worth of groceries on the webBuy a week’s worth of groceries at Berkeley BowlPlay a decent game of bridgeDiscover and prove a new mathematical theoremChapter 117

State of the artWhich of the following can be done at present? Play a decent game of table tennisDrive safely along a curving mountain roadDrive safely along Telegraph AvenueBuy a week’s worth of groceries on the webBuy a week’s worth of groceries at Berkeley BowlPlay a decent game of bridgeDiscover and prove a new mathematical theoremDesign and execute a research program in molecular biologyChapter 118

State of the artWhich of the following can be done at present? Play a decent game of table tennisDrive safely along a curving mountain roadDrive safely along Telegraph AvenueBuy a week’s worth of groceries on the webBuy a week’s worth of groceries at Berkeley BowlPlay a decent game of bridgeDiscover and prove a new mathematical theoremDesign and execute a research program in molecular biologyWrite an intentionally funny storyChapter 119

State of the artWhich of the following can be done at present? Play a decent game of table tennisDrive safely along a curving mountain roadDrive safely along Telegraph AvenueBuy a week’s worth of groceries on the webBuy a week’s worth of groceries at Berkeley BowlPlay a decent game of bridgeDiscover and prove a new mathematical theoremDesign and execute a research program in molecular biologyWrite an intentionally funny storyGive competent legal advice in a specialized area of lawChapter 120

State of the artWhich of the following can be done at present? Play a decent game of table tennisDrive safely along a curving mountain roadDrive safely along Telegraph AvenueBuy a week’s worth of groceries on the webBuy a week’s worth of groceries at Berkeley BowlPlay a decent game of bridgeDiscover and prove a new mathematical theoremDesign and execute a research program in molecular biologyWrite an intentionally funny storyGive competent legal advice in a specialized area of lawTranslate spoken English into spoken Swedish in real timeChapter 121

State of the artWhich of the following can be done at present? Play a decent game of table tennisDrive safely along a curving mountain roadDrive safely along Telegraph AvenueBuy a week’s worth of groceries on the webBuy a week’s worth of groceries at Berkeley BowlPlay a decent game of bridgeDiscover and prove a new mathematical theoremDesign and execute a research program in molecular biologyWrite an intentionally funny storyGive competent legal advice in a specialized area of lawTranslate spoken English into spoken Swedish in real timeConverse successfully with another person for an hourChapter 122

State of the artWhich of the following can be done at present? Play a decent game of table tennisDrive safely along a curving mountain roadDrive safely along Telegraph AvenueBuy a week’s worth of groceries on the webBuy a week’s worth of groceries at Berkeley BowlPlay a decent game of bridgeDiscover and prove a new mathematical theoremDesign and execute a research program in molecular biologyWrite an intentionally funny storyGive competent legal advice in a specialized area of lawTranslate spoken English into spoken Swedish in real timeConverse successfully with another person for an hourPerform a complex surgical operationChapter 123

State of the artWhich of the following can be done at present? Play a decent game of table tennisDrive safely along a curving mountain roadDrive safely along Telegraph AvenueBuy a week’s worth of groceries on the webBuy a week’s worth of groceries at Berkeley BowlPlay a decent game of bridgeDiscover and prove a new mathematical theoremDesign and execute a research program in molecular biologyWrite an intentionally funny storyGive competent legal advice in a specialized area of lawTranslate spoken English into spoken Swedish in real timeConverse successfully with another person for an hourPerform a complex surgical operationUnload any dishwasher and put everything awayChapter 124

State of the artWhich of the following can be done at present? Play a decent game of table tennisDrive safely along a curving mountain roadDrive safely along Telegraph AvenueBuy a week’s worth of groceries on the webBuy a week’s worth of groceries at Berkeley BowlPlay a decent game of bridgeDiscover and prove a new mathematical theoremDesign and execute a research program in molecular biologyWrite an intentionally funny storyGive competent legal advice in a specialized area of lawTranslate spoken English into spoken Swedish in real timeConverse successfully with another person for an hourPerform a complex surgical operationUnload any dishwasher and put everything awayChapter 125

Unintentionally funny storiesOne day Joe Bear was hungry. He asked his friend Irving Bird where somehoney was. Irving told him there was a beehive in the oak tree. Joe threatened to hit Irving if he didn’t tell him where some honey was. The End.Henry Squirrel was thirsty. He walked over to the river bank where his goodfriend Bill Bird was sitting. Henry slipped and fell in the river. Gravitydrowned. The End.Once upon a time there was a dishonest fox and a vain crow. One day thecrow was sitting in his tree, holding a piece of cheese in his mouth. Henoticed that he was holding the piece of cheese. He became hungry, andswallowed the cheese. The fox walked over to the crow. The End.Chapter 126

Unintentionally funny storiesJoe Bear was hungry. He asked Irving Bird where some honey was. Irvingrefused to tell him, so Joe offered to bring him a worm if he’d tell him wheresome honey was. Irving agreed. But Joe didn’t know where any worms were,so he asked Irving, who refused to say. So Joe offered to bring him a worm ifhe’d tell him where a worm was. Irving agreed. But Joe didn’t know whereany worms were, so he asked Irving, who refused to say. So Joe offered tobring him a worm if he’d tell him where a worm was . . .Chapter 127

Artificial Intelligence Chapter 1 Chapter 1 1. Outline} What is AI?} A brief history} The state of the art Chapter 1 2. What is AI? Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally Chapter 1 3. Acting humanly: The Turing test Turing (1950) \Computing machinery and intelligence":} \Can machines think?" ! \Can machines behave .