Uranium 2020: Resources, Production And Demand

2y ago
18 Views
2 Downloads
9.34 MB
484 Pages
Last View : 16d ago
Last Download : 2m ago
Upload by : Lee Brooke
Transcription

A Joint Report by the Nuclear Energy Agencyand the International Atomic Energy AgencyU raniumResources,Pr o d uc t io nand DemandNEANUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY

A Joint Report by the Nuclear Energy Agencyand the International Atomic Energy AgencyUranium 2020:Resources, Production and Demand OECD 2020NEA No. 7551NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCYORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT

ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENTThe OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 37 democracies work together to address the economic,social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand andto help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the informationeconomy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments cancompare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinatedomestic and international policies.The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Colombia, the Czech Republic,Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia,Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic,Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commissiontakes part in the work of the OECD.OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic,social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members.This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD.NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCYThe OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) was established on 1 February 1958. Current NEA membership consists of33 countries: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway,Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, theUnited Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission and the International Atomic Energy Agency alsotake part in the work of the Agency.The mission of the NEA is:–to assist its member countries in maintaining and further developing, through internationalco-operation, the scientific, technological and legal bases required for a safe, environmentally soundand economical use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes;–to provide authoritative assessments and to forge common understandings on key issues as input togovernment decisions on nuclear energy policy and to broader OECD analyses in areas such as energyand the sustainable development of low-carbon economies.Specific areas of competence of the NEA include the safety and regulation of nuclear activities, radioactive wastemanagement, radiological protection, nuclear science, economic and technical analyses of the nuclear fuel cycle,nuclear law and liability, and public information. The NEA Data Bank provides nuclear data and computer programservices for participating countries.This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to thedelimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found online at: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm. OECD 2020You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimediaproducts in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgement of the OECD assource and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to neapub@oecd-nea.org.Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright ClearanceCenter (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre français d'exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) contact@cfcopies.com.Cover photos: The Barakah nuclear power plant, United Arab Emirates (ENEC); Husab mine in Namibia (Swakop Uranium); Yellow Cake (Areva/Jean-MarieTaillat).

PREFACE/ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSPrefaceSince the mid-1960s, with the co-operation of their member countries and states, the OECDNuclear Energy Agency (NEA) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) have jointlyprepared periodic updates (currently every two years) on world uranium resources, productionand demand. Such updates have been published in what are commonly known as the“Red Books”.This 28th edition features a comprehensive assessment of uranium supply and demand andprojections through the year 2040. The basis of this assessment is a comparison of uraniumresource estimates (according to categories of geological certainty and production cost) andmine production capability with anticipated uranium requirements arising from projectedinstalled nuclear capacity. Current data on resources, exploration, production and uraniumstocks are also presented, along with historical summaries of exploration and production, andplans for future mine development. Available information on uranium secondary supply isprovided and the potential impact of secondary sources on the market is assessed. Individualcountry reports offer detailed information on recent developments in uranium exploration andproduction, on environmental activities, regulatory requirements and on relevant nationaluranium policies.This publication has been prepared on the basis of data obtained through questionnairessent by the NEA to OECD member countries and by the IAEA to other countries. It containsofficial data provided by 31 countries and 14 national reports prepared by the NEA and the IAEA.This report is published under the responsibility of the OECD Secretary-General.AcknowledgementsThis joint report was prepared by the NEA and IAEA Secretariats. The contributions from acrossthe two agencies were led by Luminita Grancea at the NEA, and Mark Mihalasky and MartinFairclough at the IAEA. The NEA/IAEA gratefully acknowledge the attentive support provided bymembers of the Joint NEA/IAEA Uranium Group, as well as the co-operation of thoseorganisations and individuals listed in Appendix 1 and 2. In compiling and preparing Chapters 1and 3, Jean René Blaise (France), Alexander Boytsov (Russian Federation), Adrienne Hanly(Austria), Luis López (Argentina), James Marlatt (Canada), Gabi Schneider (Namibia) and RobertVance (Canada), provided valuable help. The input and participation of all was essential for thesuccessful completion of this report.URANIUM 2020: RESOURCES, PRODUCTION AND DEMAND, NEA No. 7551, OECD 20203

TABLE OF CONTENTSTable of contentsExecutive summary . 9Chapter 1. Uranium supply . 15Uranium resources. 15Identified conventional resources. 15Distribution of resources by production method . 27Distribution of resources by processing method . 28Distribution of resources by deposit type . 29Proximity of resources to production centres . 30Undiscovered resources . 31Other resources and materials . 33Uranium exploration . 38Non-domestic. 38Domestic . 40Current activities and recent developments . 43Uranium production . 55Present status of uranium production. 58Ownership . 63Employment . 64Production methods . 65Projected production capabilities . 66Recent committed mines and expansions . 68Planned and prospective mines and expansions . 69Idled mines . 71References . 72Conclusions.72Chapter 2. Uranium demand and supply/demand relationship . 75Nuclear generating capacity and reactor-related uranium requirements . 75Global nuclear programmes . 75OECD . 75European Union . 79North America . 82East Asia. 82Europe (non-EU) . 83Middle East, Central and Southern Asia . 84Central and South America . 85Africa . 86South-eastern Asia . 86Pacific . 87Projected nuclear power capacity and related uranium requirements to 2040. 87Factors affecting nuclear capacity and uranium requirements . 87Projections to 2040 . 90Uranium supply and demand relationships. 94Primary sources of uranium supply. 94URANIUM 2020: RESOURCES, PRODUCTION AND DEMAND, NEA No. 7551, OECD 20205

TABLE OF CONTENTSSecondary sources of uranium supply . 96Natural and enriched uranium stocks and inventories . 96Nuclear fuel produced by reprocessing spent reactor fuels and surplusweapons-related plutonium . 100Uranium produced by re-enrichment of depleted uranium tails and uraniumsaved through underfeeding . 102Underfeeding . 103Uranium market developments . 104Supply and demand to 2040 . 107The long-term perspective. 110Conclusion . 113References . 114Chapter 3. National reports on uranium exploration, resources, production,demand and the environment . 117Algeria . 118Argentina. 121Armenia . 137Australia . 139Botswana . 153Brazil . 158Canada . 166Chile . 177China (People’s Republic of) . 186Czech Republic . 195Denmark/Greenland . 205Egypt . 209Finland . 213France . 220Germany . 225Hungary . 231India . 237Indonesia . 250Iran (Islamic Republic of). 254Jordan . 261Kazakhstan. 266Madagascar . 277Malawi . 279Mali. 286Mauritania . 289Mexico . 296Mongolia . 300Namibia . 307Niger. 323Portugal. 335Russia . 340Senegal. 350Slovenia . 352South Africa . 357Spain . 366Sri Lanka . 374Swede

URANIUM 2020: RESOURCES, PRODUCTION AND DEMAND, . List of all Red Book editions (1965-2020) and national reports. 473 List of boxes 1.1. In situ leaching of unconformity-type uranium deposits? . 44 1.2. Potential recov

Related Documents:

Uranium can be redistributed in the environment through wind and water erosion, and released into the environment through volcanic eruptions . Inactive mines and mills may continue to release uranium into the environment . Inactive uranium industries may continue to release uranium into the environment . In the air, uranium exists as dust .

For instance, all uranium atoms have 92 protons in their nuclei and 92 electrons in orbit. Uranium–238, which accounts for more than 99% of natural uranium, has 146 neutrons in its nucleus. Uranium–235 has 143 neutrons in its nucleus, and this isotope makes up less than 1% of naturally occurring uranium.

Natural Uranium There are three naturally occurring isotopes of uranium: U-234 U-235 U-238 All th l li d l hAll three are long lived alpha-emitters. U-238 is the head of the uranium decay series of which U-234 is a member. U-235 is the head of the actinium decay series. The

Uranium: The source To understand the geology of radon where it forms, how it forms, how it moves we have to start with its ultimate source, uranium. All rocks contain some uranium, although most contain just a small amount between 1 and 3 parts per mil lion (ppm) of uranium. In other words, a million

chalcopyrite with their oxidation products as well as local occurrences of uranium mineralization. Uranium is also localized in shear zones within the Cottonwood Canyon area which was the target of the Rocky Mountain Energy uranium exploration drilling in 1978. During the early 1950’s,

Observation and anecdotal records during student investigation Digging Deeper: Uranium Mining What are the advantages and disadvantages of various methods of uranium mining? . be advantages and disadvantages of each method (e.g. ground subsidence, human health issues, disturbance of topography/viewscape, loss of habitat, pollution [noise .

We have applied this technique to measurement of the amount of uranium in stacks of reactor fuel plates containing nuclear materials of different enrichments and alloys. We have obtained good agreement with expected uranium concentrations ranging from 60 mgkm’ to 3000 mg/cm’, and have demonstrated

It would be called the American Board of Radiology. A short time after his speech to the ACR, Dr. Christie repeated his proposal at a session of the American Medical Association (AMA) Section on Radiology in June 1933. It was received favorably. After two years of discussion among representatives of the four major national radiology societies (ACR, ARRS, ARS, and RSNA), the ABR was .