Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringSEVENTH SEMESTEROPTO-ELECTRONIC DEVICESCOMMUNICATION LABDEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERINGPrepared By:Checked By:Approved By:Engr. Zubair KhalidEngr. M.Nasim KhanDr.Noman JafriLecturer (Lab) Electrical,FUUAST-IslamabadSenior Lab Engineer to-Electronic Devices1
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringName:Registration No:Roll No:Semester:Batch:Opto-Electronic Devices2
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringCCOONNTTEENNTTSSExp NoList of Experiments1INTRODUCTION TO OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES2INTRODUCTION TO OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES TRAINERFO-0033FIBRE OPTIC TRANSMITTER THROUGH DIGITAL CIRCUIT45678ANALOG SIGNAL THROUGH THE OPTICAL FIBERDIGITAL SIGNAL THROUGH THE OPTICAL FIBEROPTICAL FIBER RECEIVER CIRCUITTO DETERMINE THE NUMERICAL APERTURE OF OPTICAL SIGNALSTUDY THE OPTICAL (E-O) CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBER OPTIC 660nm CONVERTER9TRIANGULAR WAVE THROUGH THE OPTICAL FIBER10AMPLITUDE MODULATED SIGNAL THROUGH THE OPTICAL FIBER11LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR12PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL13MAKING A LIGHT GUIDE CIRCUIT14LOSSES IN OPTICAL FIBER AT 660NM15FREQUENCY MODULATED SIGNAL THROUGH THE OPTICAL FIBER16LOSSES IN OPTICAL FIBER AT 850NMOpto-Electronic Devices3
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringEXPERIMENT NO. 1INTRODUCTION TO OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICESAIM OF EXPRIMENTThe main purpose of this lab is the introduction of different optoelectronic devices, these are those devices which willcome across while performing experiments in the lab.1. LED.2. PHOTO TRANSISTOR.3. FIBER OPTICS.4. FUNCTION GENERATOR.Opto-Electronic Devices4
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical Engineering5. OSCILLOSCOPE.6. OMEGA TYPE FO-003.Opto-Electronic Devices5
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringEXPERIMENT NO. 2INTRODUCTION TO OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES TRAINERFO-003Opto-Electronic Devices6
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringOpto-Electronic Devices7
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringEXPERIMENT NO. 3FIBRE OPTIC TRANSMITTER THROUGH DIGITAL CIRCUITTHEORYAs you learned in your main course, all fiber optic systems have three major elements: Transmitter Receiver Optical fiberFigure 1 depicts these major elements. The transmitter and receiver contain smaller elements or buildingblocks, some of which you should recognize from previous activities. So far with the instructions in this manual wehave made a light guide, characterized and terminated optical fibers, and evaluated LEDs and detectors. In thisactivity we shall investigate one of the last two elements in a fiber optic system the driver for the light source.1473.epsFigure1 Basic elements in fiber optic links.As you have studied, there are two commonly used light sources in fiber optics, LEDs and laser diodes. Thedrivers covered in this activity are for visible and infrared LEDs. We will not discuss drivers for laser diodes becausethey are outside the scope of this manual. They can be very sophisticated, complex, and cost thousands of dollars.There are also optical safety considerations when using laser diodes. In more advanced fiber optics classes, or in yourjob, you will find the information you learned here about driving LED is a good primer for laser diode driver design.Materials RequiredRed LED (IF-E96-blue housing-pink dot)2N3904ResistorSignal generatorMultimeterOscilloscopeSolder less breadboardOpto-Electronic Devices8
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringPROCEDURE1.Calculate the resistor value, Rc, needed to permit a current of 20 mA through the LED in Figure 3 when thetransistor is saturated. Assume the Vce(sat) 0.2 volts and the Vf for the LED to be 1.8 volts.2.Calculate the maximum value of the base resistor, Rb,needed to drive the transistor into saturation if Vi wasconnected to 5 volts. Assume Vbe .7 volts and hfe(min) 50.3.Choose resistors from the kit that are closest to the calculated Rc and one-half the calculated Rb. See Table 2for choices.Figure2 The two states of digital andfiber optic systems.4.5.6.7.8.Assemble the circuit shown in Figure 3 on your solderless breadboard. Use the pin diagrams found toidentify device connections.Turn on the variable voltage power supply and adjust the output voltage to 5 volts DC.Connect the end of Rb marked Vi to 5 volts. The red LED should now be on. If not, check the powersupply and electrical connections.With the multimeter measure the transistor collector-to-emitter voltage and the voltage across the LED, thenrecord the results in Table 1.Change Vi from the 5 volts to ground. The red LED should now be off.Figure3 Single NPN transistorswitching circuit for driving a fiberoptic LED.9.With the multimeter, measure the collector-to-emitter voltage across the transistor and record the result inTable 1.Opto-Electronic Devices9
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringRESULTSTable 1Measured data taken from thecircuit shown in Figure 8.3.MeasurementDataVce (LED on)Vf (LED)Vce (LED off)Analysis & QuestionsIs the measured voltage across the collector of 2N3904 transistor in Figure 3 for the LED "on" and "off" compare towhat you expected? Why or why not?With the LED "on" in Figure 3 calculate the "on" current using the measured data in this activity for Vce (sat) and Vf.Opto-Electronic Devices10
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringEXPERIMENT NO. 4ANALOG SIGNAL THROUGH THE OPTICAL FIBERApparatus:1.2.3.4.Function GeneratorOscilloscopeOptical Fiber Trainer OMEGA TYPE FO-003Optical fiberProcedure1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.Generate a analog Signal from the function generator of 2Vpeak to peak with the frequency of 1KHzApply this analog Signal to the input of the Optical fiber trainer.Fix the optical fiber to transmitter and receiver.Adjust the gain of the system. Its gain should be 1.Take the Output and measure the loss in amplitude of the signalNote the input and output measured values in the table shown belowDraw the input and output waveforms of the signalsRepeat the above steps by the applying the analog input signal through function generator of 4Vpeak-topeak with the frequency of 2KHz.Figure. Sine WaveOpto-Electronic Devices11
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringResultsTable Readings at 660nm – 1m1V2V3V4V2V3V4V100Hz500Hz1KHzTable Readings at 850nm – 1m1V100Hz500Hz1KHzWAVE FORMSINPUT WAVE FORMOUTPUT WAVE FORMOpto-Electronic Devices12
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringEXPERIMENT NO. 5DIGITAL SIGNAL THROUGH THE OPTICAL FIBERApparatus:5.6.7.8.Function Generator.Oscilloscope.Optical Fiber Trainer OMEGA TYPE FO-003.Optical fiber.Procedure9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.Generate a Digital Signal from the function generator of 2Vpeak to peak with the frequency of 1KHzApply this Digital Signal to the input of the Optical fiber trainer.Fix the optical fiber to transmitter and receiver.Adjust the gain of the system. Its gain should be 1.Take the Output and measure the loss in amplitude of the signalNote the input and output measured values in the table shown belowDraw the input and output waveforms of the signalsRepeat the above steps by the applying the Digital input signal through function generator of 4Vpeak-topeak with the frequency of 2 KHz.Opto-Electronic Devices13
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringResults:Table Readings at 660nm – 5m1V2V3V4V2V3V4V100Hz500Hz1KHzTable Readings at 850 nm – 5m1V100Hz500Hz1KHzWAVE FORMSINPUT WAVE FORMOUTPUT WAVEFORMOpto-Electronic Devices14
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringEXPERIMENT NO. 6OPTICAL FIBER RECEIVER CIRCUITEquipment Required1.2.3.4.5.6.7.Photo TransistorResistorsLEDPower SupplyMultimeterSolder less Bread boardConnecting wiresProcedure1.2.3.4.5.6.7.Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram given belowApply 5V potential to the collector and emitter should be groundedThere should be no input at the base. Do remember that base should always be kept open.Measure the current properly at the emitter.When we apply the light at the base of transistor the current flows through the emitter resulting inglowing the LED.Measure the voltage across the Resistor when the light is applied to the phototransistor and when it iskept OFF.Measure the current across the Resistor when the light is applied to the phototransistor and when it iskept OFF.Figure 1 Optical Fiber Receiver CircuitOpto-Electronic Devices15
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringResultsVccICIEVRCLight ONLight OFFOpto-Electronic Devices16
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringEXPERIMENT NO. 7TO DETERMINE THE NUMERICAL APERTURE OF OPTICAL SIGNALOpto-Electronic Devices17
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringOpto-Electronic Devices18
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringEXPERIMENT NO. 8STUDY THE OPTICAL (E-O) CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBER OPTIC 660nm CONVERTEROpto-Electronic Devices19
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringOpto-Electronic Devices20
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringEXPERIMENT NO. 9TRIANGULAR WAVE THROUGH THE OPTICAL FIBERApparatus:1.2.3.4.Communication system trainer KL-100 / ED-2960.Oscilloscope.Optical Fiber Trainer OMEGA TYPE FO-003.Optical fiber.Procedure1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.Generate a Triangular Signal from the communication system trainer.Apply this Triangular Signal to the input of the Optical fiber trainer.Fix the optical fiber to transmitter and receiver.Adjust the gain of the system. Its gain should be 1.Take the Output and measure the loss in amplitude of the signalNote the input and output measured values in the table shown belowDraw the input and output waveforms of the signalsRepeat the above steps by the applying the Triangular input signal through communication system trainerat other carrier amplitudes.Figure. Triangular WaveOpto-Electronic Devices21
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringResults:Table Readings at 660nm – 5m1V2V3V4V2V3V4V100Hz500Hz1KHzTable Readings at 850 nm – 5m1V100Hz500Hz1KHzWAVE FORMSINPUT WAVE FORMOUTPUT WAVEFORMOpto-Electronic Devices22
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringEXPERIMENT NO. 10AMPLITUDE MODULATED SIGNAL THROUGH THE OPTICAL FIBERApparatus:9.10.11.12.Communication system trainer KL-100 / ED-2960.Oscilloscope.Optical Fiber Trainer OMEGA TYPE FO-003.Optical fiber.Procedure17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.Generate a AM Signal from the communication system trainer.Apply this AM Signal to the input of the Optical fiber trainer.Fix the optical fiber to transmitter and receiver.Adjust the gain of the system. Its gain should be 1.Take the Output and measure the loss in amplitude of the signalNote the input and output measured values in the table shown belowDraw the input and output waveforms of the signalsRepeat the above steps by the applying the AM input signal through communication system trainer atother carrier amplitudes.Figure Amplitude Modulated pto-Electronic Devices23
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringEXPERIMENT NO. 11LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTORThe light-sensitive part of the LDR is a wavy track of cadmium sulphide. Light energy triggers therelease of extra charge carriers in this material, so that its resistance falls as the level of illuminationincreases.A Photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of highenough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy tojump into the conduction band. The resulting free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity,thereby lowering resistance.V ccVRC1VLDRLight ONLight OFFCHANGE------------Opto-Electronic Devices24
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringEXPERIMENT NO. 12PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLPhotovoltaics is the direct conversion of light into electricity at the atomic level. some materialsexhibit a property known as the photoelectric effect that causes them to absorb photons of light andrelease electrons. When these free electrons are captured, an electric current results that can be used aselectricity.VoVR6VR8Light ONLight OFFOpto-Electronic Devices25
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringEXPERIMENT NO. 13MAKING A LIGHT GUIDE CIRCUITTheoryIn this activity you will construct a simple light guide using water and a length of vinyl tubing. The water andvinyl tubing will act as the core, while air will act as the cladding or boundary layer. The experiment will demonstratehow effective even a simple light guide is for coupling energy from a light source to a detector. You will also observehow the light guide can carry light “around a corner” with relatively little loss compared to when light travels in astraight line.Figure 1 Cross section of an optical fiber with a light raytraveling down the core.Materials RequiredRed LEDPhototransistor (T 1 3/4 package)Vinyl tubing, 15 cm150 Ω resistorEye dropperSolderlessSingle-edge razor blade or sharp knifePaper towelsSmall, shallow, water-tight panMiscellaneous electrical test leadsMultimeterDistilled WaterbreadboardVariable voltage power supplyProcedure1.2.3.4.5.6.Using a single-edge razor or sharp knife trim a small amount from the ends of the vinyl tubing so that theyare clean and square (90 degrees).Insert the red flat-topped LED into one end of the vinyl tube. Be sure to insert the LED all the way into thetubing to ensure a tight fit.Insert the phototransistor (T 1 3/4 package) into the other end of the vinyl tubing. Push the phototransistor incompletely for a tight fit.Turn on the variable voltage power supply and adjust the output to 5 volts DC.Set the function of the multimeter to read "Current" on the 2 mA scale.On your solderless breadboard connect the electrical circuits as shown . Use the device diagrams found in theto identify anode and cathode on the LED, and collector and emitter on the phototransistor. (ThePhototransistor and multimeter circuit will function as an inexpensive radiometer to evaluate the light guide.This type of circuit photo detector/multimeter) will be used as a radiometer throughout this manual.)Opto-Electronic Devices26
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringFigure 1 Cross section of an optical fiber with a light raytraveling down the core.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.Light should be visible from the red LED at this point. If not, check the electricalconnections to the LED.The multimeter should indicate current flow through the phototransistor. If not, check the electricalconnections and correct polarity for the phototransistor.To obtain best results in this activity, you may need to dim the room lights or cover the light guide with adark cloth or box. This will minimize the chance of ambient light being captured by the phototransistor, andImprove the accuracy of your measurements.In Table 1 record the current measured by the multimeter (LED ON).Disconnect the 150 Ω resistor from the 5 volt power supply, which will turn the LED off.In Table 1 record the current measured by the multimeter through thephototransistor with the LED off.Remove the vinyl tubing, red LED and phototransistor as an assembly from thesolder less breadboard. Pull the red LEDfrom the vinyl tubing (leaving the phototransistor in), and slowly fill the vinyl tubing with distilled waterusingthe eyedropper. Do not hurry when filling the tubing; try to put in a drop at a time to avoid leaving any airbubbles in the tubing. Bubbles will scatter some of the light being transmitted through the water.Re-insert the red LED in the vinyl tubing and push in completely for a tight fit to prevent water from leakingout. Make certain there are no air bubbles inside the tubing between the red LED and phototransistor. Refillasnecessary during the experiment if any water leaks out.Re-connect the red LED and phototransistor to the circuit on the solder less breadboard. Re-connect the 150Ωresistor to the 5 volt power supply. In Table 2 record the current measured by the multimeter (LED ON).Disconnect the 150 Ω resistor from the 5 volt power supply, which will turn the LED off. In Table 2record the current measured by the multimeter through the phototransistor with the LED off.Gently make a 90-degree bend in the light guide and repeat steps 14 and 15. Be careful to not let any waterleak out from the light guide — refill if necessary. Record the data in Table 3.Dip the light guide into a panof water. Describe belowwhat happens to current measured by the multimeter, and what happens to the redLED light. (It may help to dim the room lights to view the LED light better.)Turn off the power supply and return all items to their proper storage containers and locations.Opto-Electronic Devices27
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringRESULTSTable 1Empirical data for 15 cm (6-inch) light guidewith air core.LEDsLED OFFLED ONRedTable 2Empirical data for 15 cm light guide withwater core.LEDsLED OFFLED ONRedTable 3Empirical data for light guide with 90-degreebend.LEDsLED OFFLED ONRedAnalysis & QuestionsWhat is the amount of light in milliwatts (mW) that falls on the phototransistor when using the red LED with the lightguide and water core [assuming the responsivity of the phototransistor to be 50 milliamperes / milliwatts (mA/mW)]?What is it with no water in the core?Does the light guide send more or less light onto the phototransistor with water in the core? Why?Did the 90-degree bend significantly change the amount of light hitting the phototransistor? Why or Why not?Opto-Electronic Devices28
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringEXPERIMENT NO. 14LOSSES IN OPTICAL FIBER AT 660NMOpto-Electronic Devices29
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringOpto-Electronic Devices30
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad – PakistanElectrical EngineeringEXPERIMENT NO. 15FREQUENCY MODULATED SIGNAL THROUGH THE OPTICAL FIBERApparatus:13.14.15.16.Communication system trainer KL-100 / ED-2960.Oscilloscope.Optical Fiber Trainer OMEGA TYPE FO-003.Optical fiber.Procedure25.26.27.28.29.30.31.32.Generate a FM Signal from the communication system trainer.Apply this FM Signal to the input of the Optical fiber trainer.Fix the optical fiber to transmitter and receiver.Adjust the gain of the system. Its gain should be 1.Take the Output and measure the loss in amplitude of the signalNote the input and output measured values in the table shown belowDraw the input and
Opto-Electronic Devices 4 EXPERIMENT NO. 1 INTRODUCTION TO OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES AIM OF EXPRIMENT The main purpose of this lab is the introduction of different optoelectronic devices, these are those devices which will co
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Marxism is a highly complex subject, and that sector of it known as Marxist literary criticism is no less so. It would therefore be impossible in this short study to do more than broach a few basic issues and raise some fundamental questions. (The book is as short as it is, incidentally, because it was originally designed for a series of brief introductory studies.) The danger with books of .