Human Trafficking: A Study Exploring Its Causes, Current .

Human Trafficking: A Study Exploring its Causes,Current Efforts and ChallengesA Thesis Submitted for the Partial Fulfilment ofMaster’s Degree in Development StudiesByDisha RanjanaRoll No- 413HS1001Under the Guidance ofDr. Bhaswati PatnaikDepartment of Humanities and Social SciencesNational Institute of TechnologyRourkela – 769008, Odisha, IndiaMay 20151

DECLARATIONI hereby declare that I have completed my project on “ “Human Trafficking: A StudyExploring its Causes, Current Efforts and Challenges” ” at National Institute ofTechnology, Rourkela, Odisha in the academic year 2014 – 2015. The work submitted here byme is true and original to the best of my knowledge.Disha RanjanaM.A. in Development StudiesDept.: Humanities and Social SciencesNational Institute of Technology, Rourkelai

Dr. Bhas wati PatnaikDate: 11.05.2015Associate Professor (Psychology)RourkelaDepartment of Humanities and Social SciencesNational Institute of TechnologyRourkela – 769008Odisha, IndiaCERTIFICATEThis is to certify that Ms. Disha Ranjana has carried out the research embodied in thepresent dissertation entitled “Human Trafficking: A Study Exploring its Causes, CurrentEfforts and Challenges” under my supervision for the award of Master’s degree inDevelopment Studies at the National Institute of Technology, Rourkela. This dissertation isan independent work and does not constitute part of any material submitted fo r any researchdegree or diploma here or elsewhere.(Dr. Bhaswati Patnaik)Research Supervisorii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTI would like to extend my deepest gratitude towards my supervisor Dr. Bhaswati Patnaik forhaving confidence in me and encouraging me; it truly has been a rewarding experience.This gratitude is also extended to all the faculty members of the Department of Humanitiesand Social Sciences without whose guidance this research would not have been possible.I would also like to thank my friends for believing in my work and abilities.My heartfelt appreciation goes to my interviewees who took time out of their busy schedulesfor participating in this research.A special thanks to my seniors and friends Aradhana Panigrahi, Nivedita Pathak, MedhaRath and Yashaswi Agarwal for motivating me to finish the project by helping me at everyhour with their presence. Lastly, I would like to thank my parents, whose unconditional loveand support inspired me to use my gifts of compassion, mercy, and sensitivity to help othersin need.Disha Ranjanaiii

Declaration. ICertificate. iiAcknowledgement. iiiAbstract. viiiChapter 1- INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW1-241.1 Introduction.11.2 Background of The Study .41.3 Review of Literature.61.4 Research Gaps.191.5 Conceptual Framework.201.6 Rationale of the study.211.7 A brief profile of Sundargarh district.221.8 Objectives of the study.24Chapter 2- METHODOLOGY25-262.1 Sample.252.2 Tools.252.3 Procedure.25Chapter 3- RESULTS AND ANALYSIS27-362.4 Results.272.5 Analysis.27(A) Human Trafficking and its Prevalence in Sundargarh.27iv

(B) Causes for the prevalence.28(C) Current efforts to combat Human Trafficking.30(D) Challenges faced while combating Human Trafficking.30(E) Case Studies of the Trafficked victims.30(F) Role of NGOs in combating Human Trafficking.33Chapter 4- CASE STUDIES37-492.1 A case of domestic servitude (Female).372.2 A case of domestic servitude (Male).412.3 A case of sex trafficking.432.4 A case of group trafficking.462.5 A case of Transnational Trafficking 48Chapter 5- DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION50-552.6 Limitations of the Study.512.7 Implications of the Study.522.8 Direction for future research.532.9 Recommendations.54References56-59Appendix60-61v

ABSTRACTHuman trafficking is a multifaceted issue which requires a multidisciplinary approach. Thisstudy is aimed at exploring the causes, current efforts and challenges faced in this context.The objective of this study is to examine the incidence of human trafficking and itsunderlying factors in the Sundargarh district of Odisha. Sundargarh is an industriallyexpanding district which can open up employment opportunities for the tribals who areimmensely affected due to various reasons. To analyse the experiences of the victims ofhuman trafficking, indepth case study method has been adopted. Fina lly examining the roleof local NGOs in combating human trafficking is a major thrust in this study. The sample ofthe study includes five (5) case studies of the trafficked victims. The respondents alsoincluded the members and staff of the NGOs, different officials of the district administrationand family members of the victims. The results indicated that an inclusive approach is whatIndia needs in order to combat trafficking. These approaches should be right-based becauseHuman Trafficking violates human rights. So every endeavour should be directed towardsprotection of these rights. Protection measures should be directed to both men and women.The study reveals how the state rehabilitation programs do not function as they should be.Monitoring and evaluation of anti- trafficking programs should incorporate methods to getaccurate field based data. Above all, alternate livelihood options should be made open to thetribal population who are not skilled otherwise.Key words: Trafficking, human rights, rehabilitation, convergence, inclusivevi

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF LITERATUREThis chapter aims at introducing the topic “Human Trafficking: A study exploring itscauses, current efforts and challenges.” by emphasizing on its definition and the relevanceof the study in the Sundargarh district of Odisha. It gives a general idea about HumanTrafficking. This chapter deals with review of literature to throw light upon the issue inSundargarh district of Odisha. It also includes the research gaps, conceptual framework, anddefinition of the key terms, rationale of the study, and a brief profile of Sundargarh andfinally the objectives of the study.1.1 INTRODUCTIONAn intergovernmental impromptu body was established in December 1998 by theUnited Nations General Assembly and was bestowed with the responsibility of devising alegal system which would combat transnational organized crime. This ad- hoc body finallycompleted the work that was assigned to it in October 2000 after 120 states had assembled foreleven times. The main feature of this new legal framework was the ‘Convention AgainstTransnational Crime’. There were three pacts which were an adjunct to this Convention.These pacts dealt with Smuggling of Migrants, Trafficking in Persons -- Especially Womenand Children, and Trafficking in Firearms.A conference which was held at Palermo, Italy in December 2000 opened theConvention to be signed by member states. Because the General Assembly had alreadyespoused these three adjunct pacts in November 2000. In an international context it is seenthat, Vienna process can be accredited for initiating the fight against the evil of worldwideorganized crime (Gallagher, 2001).1

Henceforth, the definition of Human Trafficking was quoted. United Nations’Palermo Protocol defines Trafficking in person as, “the recruitment, transportation, transfer,harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms ofcoercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position ofvulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of aperson having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitationshould include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms ofsexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery,servitude or the removal of organ.” (United Nations, 2000).UNDOC’s first endeavour towards classifying human trafficking from among thepool of other forms of organized crime was done in April 2006 (Chawla et al., 2009).Prohibition of all forms of Trafficking is also stated under Article 23 of the IndianConstitution. Other acts which have been instrumental in combating human trafficking werepassed after the International Convention of the Suppression of Immoral Traffic andExploitation of Prostitution of Others in 1950 (India) were authorized. These acts were TheSuppression of the Immoral Traffic Act 1956 (SITA) which got amended to the ImmoralTraffic (Prevention) Act (ITPA) in 1986 (Nair & Sen, 2005). It has become a serious issue ofthe twenty first century because of rapid globalisation, industrialization, urbanization andrelated migration patterns which are forcing people to move from one place to another insearch of livelihood options and employment opportunities.The general idea that we carry about human trafficking is equivocal and vague.Human trafficking and people smuggling are not the same thing. There are markeddifferences between these two concepts. The central facet to these concepts is the motivebehind exploitation (Iselin & Adams, 2003).2

Trafficking must have some essentials elements to be fully defined as trafficking. An‘action’ is important which is to be done through some ‘means’ and must be directed towardssome ‘goal(s)’. The varieties and ways in these elements vary from situation to situation.Without these elements, human trafficking cannot be said to have taken place (Aronowitz,2009). The perils of both trafficking in person and human smuggling cannot be ignoredbecause each has different consequences. The source of both human trafficking and humansmuggling can be traced back to the varied forms of migration (Salt, 2000).It can be seen that migration, human trafficking and human smuggling have a nexusamongst themselves. They thrive on mutual elements which are functional in thesephenomena. The ‘consent’ element is taken into account in context of trafficking and humansmuggling (Kyle & Koslowski, 2011). Victims of both phenomena are exploited. In case ofmigration, people who avail the services of a smuggler outside their own consciousknowledge, often find themselves turn into victims of trafficking. Another prime differencebetween people smuggled and people trafficked is that the former have the freedom to leavetheir place of work or operation and the latter are not even re motely fortunate to do the same(Väyrynen, 2003). This is how one phenomena leads to another and thereby creating a nexus.Human trafficking is a profit making business worldwide.Traffickers make lump sum amount of money at the cost of the lives of innocent peoplewhich consists of babies, young girls, children, women, men (Orhant & Murphy, 2002). Theyare exploited and deprived of their freedom and human rights. People who get victimised areforced to work without pay (Kangaspunta, 2011). The incidences of human traffickinggenerally flourish due to the marginalised people who are frail, poverty stricken and helplessdue to the absence of livelihood options which makes them susceptible. Genderdiscrimination and related exploitation is another major reason for these marginalised peoplesuffering and bearing the cost of exploitation. Their lives can be transformed when better and3