A Brief History Of The Institute Of Child Health
Establishing the Vision,and the Reality in 1945A BriefHistory of theInstitute of Child Health1852: The Hospital forSick Children (HSC).Pupilsatthehospitalforbedsidetuition.1910: Postgraduatecourses at HSC expanded1866 Lectures for undergraduates andpostgraduates in the hospital.18781854Florence Nightingale in the Crimea;Charles West publishes his book“How to nurse sick children”1857-611884-87Pasteur describes origin of bacteria;birth of germ theory of infection Lecture theatre and course prospectusat The Hospital for Sick Children.1880-831895Pasteur develops vaccines againstchicken pox, cholera and anthrax.Koch discovers tubercule bacillusand cholera bacillus The Hospital for Sick Children MedicalSchool established; approved bythe Royal Colleges of Physicians andSurgeons First Dean; Dr F.G. Penrose.First Dean — Dr F.G. Penrose1941: Board of Management of HSC began to discuss “new concept” of preventative medicine applied to children.1942 (March): HSC Subcommittee meets and makes recommendations1. Preventative and curative workshould be concerted by closercooperation between public healthservices and children’s hospitals.2. Preventative paediatrics furtheredby setting up:a) A teaching department to instructthose who will be engaged in theprevention of disease in childrenie. nurses, health visitors, parents(for hygiene and mothercraft),nursery staff and nursery schools)plus General Practitioners.c) Practice of preventativemethods for which a children’shospital is a convenient centreie. treatment of prematurity,infant welfare, special clinicsfor growth disorders, endocrinedisease and nutrition.with a Dean, a Professor,part-time teachers andaccommodation.e) Preventative paediatrics to betaught in three divisions: Applied PhysiologyDiet, Growth, Endocrines,Clothing, Exercise, Play,Climate, etc.d) A “School of PreventativePaediatrics” should beestablished in LondonMembers of the subcommittee Applied PsychologyHome discipline, School life,Puberty and Delinquency. Applied ImmunologyAn Immunology Clinic, anInfant Welfare Centre andother clinics should be set upin liaison with an obstetrichospital for the teaching ofante- and neonatal hygiene.b) Active encouragementfor research intopreventative medicine.By the turn of the century progressincluded identification of causes ofinfection, its channels and preventativemethods of containment (Pasteurand Koch), Anaesthesia (Lister),Radiography (Reuntgen)1905Bordet and Gengou isolatewhooping cough bacillus1911-12Vitamins become known;National Insurance Act;Tuberculosis notification compulsory1924Calmett and Guérin inject childrenwith BCG vaccineHSC Research AppealManchester Guardian (28.1.1924)Discovery of penicillin bySir Alexander FlemingSir LancelotBarrington-WardDr R.S. LightwoodDr W.W. PayneMr ThomasTwistington HigginsDr W.G. Wyllie1945 (13 February) Mr H. Claughton, Principal of theUniversity of London wrote to LordSouthwood to confirm that theSenate and Court of the Universityhad approved the establishmentof an Institute of Child Health “as acentral activity of the university”.1942 (November) Administration of and appointmentsto “The London School of Paediatrics”discussed with the above authoritiesplus Holborn Borough Council.1945 (June) Advertisement placed for aNuffield Professor of Child Healthwhich was taken up by Dr (later Sir)Alan Moncrieff who also becameDirector of the Institute.1943-44 Definite title now “Institute of ChildHealth”. Funding discussed with theUniversity and the Nuffield Trust.1944 (July) HSC offer accommodation includingan office, lecture room and commonrooms for men and women students.190019261942 (May) Informal approaches to University ofLondon, London County Council andBritish Postgraduate Medical School. It was strongly felt that “it wasessential to keep it as a Great OrmondStreet scheme and not to be a minorpart of a larger Medical School”! University states that the schoolcannot be formed until after the war.1853Smallpox vaccinationmade compulsory The Charles West School of Nursingestablished at The Hospital forSick Children.Founder — Charles WestMedical BackgroundDr Alan MoncrieffAccommodation for students at HSCContent researched and written by Raymond J Lunnon MPhil HonFRPS HonFIMI RMIP, Archivist, Institute of Child HealthAnd so the Institute was born.1928First satisfactory iron lung(Drinker respirator) fortreatment of poliomyelitis1930-40General trend toward indroductionof local authority health centres andscholl health and dental services1932HSC are given a Drinker Respirator1935Introduction of sulphonamides usedespecially to combat tuberculosis1938Southwood Building openedintroducing single-patientcubicles to HSC1940Mass production of penicillinand, later, other antibiotics1942Beveridge Report on Healthand Social Services in Great Britain
The First Steps1945 – 1964A BriefHistory of theInstitute of Child Health1945Year was taken up makingadministrative, financial andacademic arrangements for theInstitute to start work officiallyon 1st January 1946.1946 Child Study Centre. First coursestarts. Pilot scheme for research intoGrowth and Development started. Strong criticism over poor OutpatientTeaching facilitites (HSC OutpatientDepartment demolished in 1938 andunable to rebuild until 1954).1950 Department of Genetics inauguratedunder the Direction of Dr JA FraserRoberts FRS. Research Committee established. Research projects at discussion stage. Doctors returning from war servicesand from the Commonwealth enrolin numbers as postgraduates for theensuing year.1947 Twice-weekly ward rounds organisedfor postgraduate students at HSC andQueen Elizabeth Hospital. Number of students threatens tobecome unmanageable - 168 Fulltime and 104 Part time. People of Durban, South Africaand the Province of Natal donate 106,880 to establish a Model ChildWelfare Clinic and Health Centre atthe Institute. Site purchased for Model WelfareCentre (bomb site on corner of LambsConduit and Guilford Streets) –houses have 8 years to run on leases.Dr AP Normanappointed DeputyDirector of ICH. Students abilityto communicatein English nowconsidered a primerequirement.1951 Director, Dr Alan Moncrieff consolidateslinks with Africa with second visit.1952 First full-time physiologist appointed. First BPMF Course forGeneral Practitioners.1953 Model Welfare Centre and SchoolClinic – building starts. Considered to be a milestone in thehistory of ICH, the Province of NatalCentre was opened on 26th May byMR GP Jooste, High Commissonerfor South Africa. Expansion in international demandsfor ICH staff to lecture. ICH Teaching staff now 1 Professor,1 Reader, 4 Lecturers and over80 Honorary Lecturers in 38specialisms at HSC. Dr JM Tanner joins staff of ChildStudy Centre to continue long-termresearch started in 1949.1956 Nuffield Foundation mark LordNuffield’s 80th birthday with agrant to endow a Chair in PaediatricSurgery ( 80,000). Clinical Genetics Research Unit fundedby MRC; Dr JA Fraser Roberts, Directorand Dr Cedric Carter, Deputy Director. New Cardiac Research Unit set up;directed by Dr BGB Lucas andMr DJ Waterston. Hospital Lecture Theatre opened(88 seats). Already the need fora 200-seat theatre envisaged. Development Policy planned for1962/67 – departments include:Teaching HSC & QEH, Clinical Genetics,Pathology and Museum, Enzymology,Preventitative Paediatrics, Growth& Development, Child Psychology,Medical Illustration, MentalRetardation, Professorial Departments.1961 UNICEF Grant for Course for Teachersin Paediatrics ( 50,000). Growth Research transferred fromChild Study Centre to Institute. Nuffield Trust fund Neonatal ResearchUnit for five years ( 55,000).1963 Building Appeal wound up with 500,000 total achieved. Dr AP Norman conducts researchinto asthma. Pickering Committee Report; combinedfacilities considered for The Hospital forSick Children, Institue of Child Health,The National Hospital for NervousDiseases and Institute of Neurology. Professor AlanMoncrieff resigns.Dr Cedric Carter(right) takes over asDirector of ClinicalGenetics Unit.1964 Plans to erect an Institute buildingfronting Guilford Street andinterconnecting with Province ofNatal Centre. Building Fund Appeal for 220,000. Monthly research meetings start. Professor Alan Moncrieff awarded KBE. Pilot scheme for research into organtransplantation. Dr JF Soothill appointed Head ofDepartment of Immunology. Finanical outlook for nextquinquennium – not promising.1954 New Outpatient Department openedin Hospital; greatly improvedfacilities for teaching.First vaccine for influenza1948National Health Service is established1952Paul Zoll develops the firstcardiac pacemaker to controlirregular heartbeat1953James Watson and Francis Crick atCambridge University publish thestructure of the DNA moleculeWatson, Crick, and Maurice Wilkinsshare the Nobel Prize for Physiologyor Medicine in 19621954Dr. Joseph E. Murray performsthe first kidney transplantbetween identical twins1955Jonas Salk develops the firstpolio vaccine1962First oral polio vaccine (as analternative to the injected vaccine)1964First vaccine for measlesAppointments1958Professor Andrew Wood Wilkinsonwas appointed Professor inPaediatric SurgeryProfessor JPM Tizard wasappointed Professor of Child Healthand Neonatal Medicine Financial expansion at a standstill no increase in UGC grant for 5 years.Content researched and written by Raymond J Lunnon MPhil HonFRPS HonFIMI RMIP, Archivist, Institute of Child Health1945Professor Otto H Wolff succeeds asNuffield Professor of Child Health1958 Teaching resources now fully extended- serious accommodation problem.Medical Background1964 Freehold of Nos. 26 to 33 GuilfordStreet purchased by University. Library transferred from HSC. Queen Elizabeth Hospital forChildren to collaborate on teachingand research. Marks Kennedy Trust donate 40,000for a lecture theatre in the building. First full-time librarian, Miss WHLord, appointed.1948 ICH and Institute of Educationset up Child Study Centre at theFoundling Hospital Nurseries inCoram’s Fields. Building Committee appointed andBuilding Appeal reachs 100,000.1955 Academic Board formed with DrWG Wyllie as Chairman and ClinicalClerkships introduced. Weekly Child Health Conference. Reorganisationof ProfessorialMedical Unit.Dr GH NewnssucceedsDr Wyllieas Dean.Dr W G Wyllie(Dean ofthe HospitalMedicalSchool)appointed firstDean of ICH. Lecturers in Child Welfare andPublic Health and Recognisedteachers appointed.Building Appealgoes public underchairmanship ofSir Hugh Beaver. University approves ICH as partof British Postgraduate MedicalFederation and its incorporationunder the Companies Act, 1948. Nuffield Foundation endows Chair inChild Health with a grant of 100,000. Dr RS Illingworth and Dr R EBonham Carter (above) appointedAssistants to the Professor.19591949New ICH Building begins constructionProfessor JM Tanner was appointedProfessor Child Health and Growth
New Building Opens1965 – 1984A BriefHistory of theInstitute of Child Health1966: Her Majesty The Queenopens new Institute BuildingOpen Day held with many visitors including donors and supporters of the Institute.1975 Fund Raising Policy Review;a professional fund-raiserappointed for first time.1976 Mr Leolin Price QC succeeds DrLeslie Farrar-Brown, who had beenassociated with the Institute sinceinception. Sub-Committee to report on theRoyal Commission on the NationalHealth Service. Child Health Research Appeal Trust(CHRAT) launched. Morris Committee on PostgraduateInstitutes visits ICH. Gold Medal of the Children’s Hospitalof Philadelphia awarded jointly toThe Hospital for Sick Children andInstitute of Child Health.1978 HM the Queen Mother inauguratesQueen Square House. HRH the Duke of Edinburgh opens thePerinatal Building at Hammersmith.19661970 Wolfson Foundation make grant forbuilding Wolfson Centre ( 85,000). Proposals for change in the structureof the London Teaching Hospitals. Dr KS Holt appointed Director ofWolfson Centre.1967 Plans submitted for new researchblock at QEH - the Hayward Building. Wolfson Centre - building starts.1969 National Foundation for CripplingDisease make grant for research( 250,000). HRH The Duchess of Kent opensWolfson Centre, Coram’s Fields. ICH Research Fund reorganised –planned fund raising campaign to setup Endowment Fund of 1,000,000.Professor Lewis Spitzappointed NuffieldProfessor of PaediatricSurgery in successionto Professor AWWilkinson1971 First bone marrow transplantationin a child performed at GOSH.1981 Dean formulates proposals to relievethe serious financial situation;redundancies, early retirementsand increased income from outsidesources to be implemented. Nodepartments to be closed. Defects identified in Cardiac Wing;completion delayed four years. Honorary Fellowship of the Instituteconferred upon Mr Hugh Greenwood.1982 Professor OH Wolff succeedsProfessor JA Dudgeon as Dean. Department of Paediatrics andNeonatal Medicine transferred to theBritish Postgraduate Medical Schoolat Hammersmith Hospital. King Faisal International Prize inMedicine awarded to Dr DC Morley. CHRAT reaches 2,147,504.1983 Wolfson Centre extension starts;Wolfson Foundation Grant of 69,000.19841972 Rosen van Rosenstein Award givento Professor JM Tanner. ICH and Institute of Neurologynegotiate lease of land to build QueenSquare House (Phase 1 building).Professor JA Dudgeonsucceeds Dr GH Newns(Dean since 1949). Children’s ResearchFund and Mr HughGreenwood makeannual grant of 25,000 to foster researchplus other support grants. Honorary Fellowship of the Instituteconferred upon Dr IAB Cathie,longstanding supporter of ICH. Institute celebrates its Silver Jubileewith a Conversazione and Open Daywith each department exhibitingexamples of research and teaching.1974Department ofPaediatric Nephrologyset up under ProfessorTM Barratt Professor JPM Tizard knighted. Departments andChair of Immunologynamed in honour of Mr HughGreenwood, long-standing benefactor. Tropical Child Health Unit located inCoram’s Fields. Minister of Health approved moreremedial works to Cardiac Wing. CHRAT reaches total of 2,910,719.The Hugh GreenwoodDepartment of immunology University Grant now partiallyrelated to research support.ProfessorCatherinePeckham Outline planning permission given.for a Cardiac WingContent researched and written by Raymond J Lunnon MPhil HonFRPS HonFIMI RMIP, Archivist, Institute of Child Health1968Professor JF Soothill was appointedProfessor of ImmunologyProfessor RM Hardisty was appointedProfessor of HaematologyProfessor AE Claireaux wasappointed Professor of HistopathologyProfessor Barbara E Clayton wasappointed Professor ofChemical Pathology1972Professor JA Dudgeon was appointedProfessor of MicrobiologyProfessor V Dubowitz, HammersmithHospital was appointed Professor ofPaediatrics and Neonatal Medicine1974Professor June K Lloyd was appointedProfessor of PaediatricsProfessor JP Graham was appointedProfessor of Child Psychiatry – theWalker Chair of Child Pyschiatry1975Professor F Macartney was appointedProfessor of Paediatric CardiologyProfessor C O Carter was appointedProfessor of Clinical Genetics1977Professor AD Patrick was appointedProfessor of Enzymology1981Professor JT Harries was appointedProfessor of GastroenterologyMr Hugh Greenwood OBE and Dr JCathie became ICH Honorary Fellows1983Professor DC Morley was appointedProfessor in Tropical Child Health Dr GH Newnscreated DeanEmeritus. Teaching Aids at Low Cost (TALC)becomes charitable foundationfor distributing audiovisual andother teaching aids to developingcountries.19791984ProfessorJuneK LloydProfessor Catherine S Peckham wasappointed Professor ofPaediatric EpidemiologyProfessor June K Lloyd was appointedNuffield Professor of Child Health insuccession to Professor Wolff
A Period of Growth1985 – 1994A BriefHistory of theInstitute of Child Health19851989HRH Princess Royal’s visit; TALC success Professor Philip J Graham succeedsProfessor Otto H Wolff as Dean. HRH Princess Anne, Chancellor ofthe University of London, visits theInstitute and addresses the studentsand staff at the commencement ofthe first course for Teachers andPlanners in Community-BasedRehabilitation run by the TropicalChild Health Unit.CHRAT funding; more courses; Wishing Well Appeal CHRAT now funds nine postgraduatestudentships. Many and varied courses nowrun for: paediatricians, generalpractitioners, social workers, healthvisitors, psychologists, speechtherapists, physiotherapists,physicians in specialist fields of adultmedicine and may other professionalgroups. Wishing Well Appeal endows Chair inInternational Child Health. Professor June K Lloyd appointed DBE.1990 Teaching Aids at Low Cost (TALC)becomes largest worldwidedistributor of low cost slides andbooks on child health for teachersand health workers everywhere.New Dean; closer HSC integration; new structure Professor Roland JLevinsky (right) succeedsProfessor Philip JGraham as Dean. Income from an expandedteaching programme, together witheconomies, helps to balance costs. Joint Strategic PlanningGroup convened toconsult and cooperatebetween HSC and ICH. The Sir Clavering Fison VisitingProfessorship; funded by Fison plc. The Wellcome Trust funds newLectureships in Immunology andGenetics. External review by BPMF enables ICHto take critical look at research strategyand the long-standing departmentalstructure with a view to beneficialrealignment to facilitate interdisciplinaryresearch along defined themes. The Iris Fund sponsor a non-clinicalSenior Lectureship, in the Departmentof Ophthalmology. New academic structure bridgingICH and HSC departments allowingcloser integration of activities. ICH now structured into five divisionseach containing several units withresearch themes proposed fornext five years: molecular basisof single gene disorders; vascularand transplantation biology;developmental biology, growthand dysmorphology; immunity andinfection; neurosciences.19921986Cardiac Wing; Alternative Funding Model Cardiac Wing wards and researchlaboratories available. New diploma courses in PaediatricSurgery, Child & AdolescentPsychiatry, new one-day and othershort courses started. New scheme for Clinical Fellowshipsstarted. University funding for the Institute nowless than 30% of its total revenue.Income from research grants andteaching continues to increase. PrinceFahd bin Slaman endows a ResearchFellowship in the Department ofNephrology ( 200,000). The SportsCouncil makes a substantial five-yeargrant. CHRAT continues finance forimportant research and its investmentcompany, the Child Health ResearchInvestment Trust Company, iscontinued for a further seven years.Research growth; Developmental Biology Unit Research grant applications nowsubject to “peer group review”.Research grants databaseinstituted. Review and improvementof research grant applicationsincreases success rate by 35%. New academic unit of DevelopmentalBiology, funded by part of the WishingWell Appeal, has Professor PeterThorogood as Head together with anentire research team of eighteen scientists. Senior researchers appointed toinvestigate fields including: geneexpression in early mammaliandevelopment; European treatmenttrials for HIV Infection; respiratoryepidemiology; molecularhaematology; medical audit andhealth services research; molecularpathology and behavioural sciences.1987More Labs; New Academic Plan Major initiative to improve the imageof both the BPMF and ICH on all fronts. Laboratory space expanded in theCardiac Wing and development ofspace on Ground Floor of Provinceof Natal Building vacated byBloomsbury District Health Authority. Wolfson Foundation finance majorrefurbishment of two floors of theInstitute Building. New Academic Plan: prospectof establishment of Chairs inInternational Child Health andVirology; New MSc course inMother and Child Health; New SubDepartment of Radiology. Grants and Gifts now cover 75% ofICH annual expendi
Dr R.S. Lightwood Dr W.W. Payne Mr Thomas Twistington Higgins Dr W.G. Wyllie c) Practice of preventative methods for which a children’s hospital is a convenient centre ie. treatment of prematurity, infant welfare, special clinics for growth disorders, endocrine disease and nutri
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