Classical Subjects Creatively Taught Rhetoric

T E AC H E ClassicalR ’S SubjectsE D I TCreativelyI O NTaught Rhetoric!evilABOOK 1:PRINCIPLES OF PERSUASIONPERSUASIVE SPEECH AND WRITINGIN THE TRADITION OF ARISTOTLEAlyssan Barnes, PhD

Dedication:To Annie, June, and ZoeAlive!Book 1: Principlesof PersuasionRhetoric RhetoricAlive! Book1: Principlesof PersuasionTeacher’s Edition Classical Academic Press, 2016Version 1.0978-1-60051-301-5ISBN: 978-1-60051-300-8All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,without the prior written permission of Classical Academic Press.Classical Academic Press2151 Market StreetCamp Hill, PA 17011www.ClassicalAcademicPress.comContent editors: Christopher Perrin, PhD; Joelle Hodge; and Stephen BarnesEditor: Sharon BergerIllustrator: David GustafsonBook designer: Robert BaddorfPGP.07.16

Table of ContentsList of Figures, Tables, and Chart. viiForeword.ixAcknowledgments.xiNote to Student. xiiOverviewNoteto Teacher.of Chapters. xiiixiiOverviewRhetoric Map.xviiof Chapters. xiiiRhetoric Map.xviiSection 1: A Brief Introduction.1Section1: A Brief Introduction.1Chapter 1—Rhetoric and the Song of the City. 2ChapterRhetoric1—RhetoricVersus Dialectic.and the Song of the City. 23RhetoricWhy BotherVersuswithDialectic.Rhetoric?. 35WhyRelyingBotheron Commonwith Rhetoric?.Opinion. 56RelyingDefiningonCommon Opinion. 67Rhetoric.DefiningRhetoric andthe Transcendentals. 78Rhetoric.RhetoricDiscussionandText:the Transcendentals.Plato, The Republic.(360 BC). 89DiscussionWorkshop 1:Text:ImaginingPlato, ThetheRepublicCave.(360 BC).169Workshop 1:2: ImaginingRhetorical theAnalysisCave.of.an Ad. 1617WorkshopPresentation:2: RhetoricalGreat SpeechAnalysisExcerpt.of.an Ad. 1720Presentation: Excerpts GreatSpeechExcerpt.Theodora,.20of speechesby EmpressLouis Pasteur, Jonathan Winthrop, Ben Franklin, LucyExcerptsStone,of speechesSojournerby QueenPasteur,Elizabeth,JonathanPopeWinthrop,Urban II,BenMahatma l,Truth, kElizabeth,DouglassPope UrbanII, Mahatma Gandhi, Winston Churchill, Jonathan Edwards, and Frederick DouglassSection 2: The Three Rhetorical Appeals.31Section2: The Three Rhetorical Appeals.31Chapter 2—Ethos: Revealing the Speaker’s Credibility. 33ChapterPractical2—Ethos:Wisdom,RevealingMoral Virtue,the Speaker’sand Goodwill.Credibility. 3333PracticalSaying WhatWisdom,NeedsMoralto BeVirtue,Said.and Goodwill. 3334George“A Faithful Friend to the Army” (1783). 34SayingDiscussionWhatText:Needsto Be Washington,Said.36DiscussionWorkshop 1:Text:JustGeorgeTrust Me!.Washington, “A Faithful Friend to the Army” (1783). 3642Workshop 1:2: JustCollegeApplicationEssay. 4243TrustMe!.Workshop 2:3: CollegeThe RhetoricApplicationof E-Mail.Essay. 4344WorkshopPresentation:3: TheGreatRhetoricSpeech ofExcerpt.E-Mail. 4446Presentation: Great Speech Excerpt. 46Chapter 3—Pathos: Guiding the Audience’s Emotions. 49ChapterThe 3—Pathos:Legitimacy ofGuidingthe Emotionalthe Audience’sAppeal.Emotions. 4949ThePainLegitimacyand Pleasure.of the Emotional Appeal. 4950PainRationaland Passions?.Pleasure. 5051RationalPathos andPassions?.the Imagination. 5153PathosDiscussionand theText:Imagination.Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, Act 3, Scene 2. 5355DiscussionWorkshop: Text:ConjuringShakespeare,the Emotions.Julius Caesar, Act 3, Scene 2. 5566Workshop:Presentations:ConjuringPoetry Recitation.the Emotions. 6670Presentation: Poetry Recitation. 70

Table of ContentsChapter 4—Logos in the Enthymeme: Abbreviating the Syllogism. 74Reasoning with Words. 75The Body of Persuasion. 76Enthymematic Reasoning. 78Rhetoric Is Not Dialectic. 79Discussion Text: Patrick Henry, “Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death!” (1775). 81Workshop 1: Fashioning Enthymemes. 85Workshop 2: Fill in the Enthymeme Competition. 89Presentation: Read Aloud Story Time. 90Chapter 5—More on Logos: Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Reasoning. 91Deductive Reasoning. 94Maxims. 94Inductive Reasoning. 96Examples, Comparisons, and Fables. 97Discussion Text: Plato, Phaedrus, Excerpt (circa 360–370 BC). 100Workshop 1: A Duel between Maxims. 104Workshop 2: Emily Dickinson Imitatio. 108Workshop 3: Writing a Fable. 112Presentation: School Board Address. 114Section 3: The Five Canons of Rhetoric.116Chapter 6—Canon One, Invention: Finding Something to Say. 118The Content of the Speech. 119Commonplaces: The Topics of Invention. 119How the Mind Works. 120Topics and Subtopics. 121Discussion Text: Martin Luther King, Jr., “Letter from Birmingham City Jail” (1963). 124Workshop: Commonplace Competitions. 140Presentation: Ronald Reagan, “Mr. Gorbachev, Tear Down This Wall!” (1987). 143Chapter 7—Canon Two, Organization: Ordering the Content. 149Section One: OpeningIntroduction, or Exordium. 151Statement of Facts, or Narratio. 152Division, or Partitio. 154Section Two: ArgumentProof, or Confirmatio. 155Interrogation, or Refutatio. 156Section Three: ClosingConclusion, or Peroratio. 157A Persuasive Order . 158Discussion Text 1: Martin Luther King, Jr., “Letter from Birmingham City Jail” (1963). 159Discussion Text 2: Organizing Emily Dickinson. 162Workshop 1: Ordering an Essay. 164Workshop 2: Organization Scramble. 168Presentation: Argument Sampler . 169

Table of ContentsChapter 8—Canon Three, Style: Choosing the Language. 170Bringing Speech to Life. 173Just the Right Word. 174Appropriate Style. 175Figures of Speech. 177Fine-Tuning Style. 178Discussion Text: John F. Kennedy, “Ask Not What Your Country Can Do for You” (1961). 180Workshop 1: Figures of Speech Match-Up. 184Workshop 2: Stylish Sentences. 188Workshop 3: Figures of Speech Dress-Up. 190Presentation: Fairy Tale Retold. 191Chapter 9—Canon Four, Memory: Storing What’s Valuable. 193The Art of Memory. 196A Matter of the Soul. 197How to Remember. 199Memory and Virtue. 200Discussion Text: St. Augustine, Confessions (circa AD 400). 201Workshop 1: Memory Palace—Poetry. 206Workshop 2: Memory Palace—The Bill of Rights. 208Workshop 3: Memory Song—The US Presidents. 209Presentation: Recitation. 211Chapter 10—Canon Five, Delivery: Presenting the Whole. 212Delivery: A Matter of Ethos. 213Voice. 214Gestures. 216The Nuts and Bolts. 217Discussion Text: Broadcaster John Hilton, “A Talk about Giving a Talk” (1937). 218Workshop: Liar! Liar!. 224Presentation: Shakespearean Soliloquies and Monologues. 225Section 4: The Three Kinds of Rhetoric.238Chapter 11—Deliberative Rhetoric: Considering Goods. 242Goodness and the Quest for Happiness. 243Aristotle’s Favorite. 245Discussion Text 1: Winston Churchill, “Blood, Toil, Tears, and Sweat” (1

Discussion Text: Plato, The Republic (360 BC). 9 orkshop 1: Imagining the Cave . Example of Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address marked for delivery. . 218 Figure 26. Bust of Pericles, Roman copy AD second century after a Greek original of the .