Transit Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimator: User Guide

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Transit Greenhouse Gas EmissionsEstimator: User GuideNOVEMBER 2016

CONTENTS1Introduction . 12How to Use the Estimator . 1Step 1: Enter Construction Inputs . 1Step 2: Enter Transit Operations Inputs. 2Step 3: Enter Displaced Emissions Inputs . 4Step 4: Enter Facility Operations Inputs . 5Step 5: View Results . 63Emission Factors . 74Data Sources . 9Construction Related Emission Factors . 9Maintenance Related Emission Factors . 9Vehicle Operations Related Emission Factors. 10Facility Operations Related Emission Factors . 11Carbon Storage Emission Factors . 11

1 IntroductionThe Transit Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Estimator is a spreadsheet tool that allows users toestimate the partial lifecycle GHG emissions generated from the construction, operations, andmaintenance phases of projects across select transit modes. Users input general information about aproject, and the tool calculates annual GHG emissions by project phase. Total annual GHG emissions fora transit project is the sum of amortized construction emissions, 1 annual maintenance emissions, andannual operations emissions, minus annual displaced emissions.Section 2 provides detailed instructions on how to use the tool. Sections 3 and 4 provide information onthe GHG emissions factors, data source, and assumptions used in the tool.The tool was developed in connection with the Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transit ProjectsProgrammatic Assessment. Although the tool lacks the precision that may be attainable by using morecomplex emission models or route-specific ridership estimates, it provides a resource to generate coarsebut informative estimates of greenhouse gas emissions for a broad range of transit projects. In no case isthe use of this tool mandatory, and transit agencies should work with Federal Transit Administration(FTA) Regions to determine whether to conduct project-specific analyses of GHG emissions and the bestapproach for doing so.2 How to Use the EstimatorThe tool utilizes macros. When opening the tool, be sure to click “Enable Content” when prompted to doso in order to ensure the tool runs properly.Step 1: Enter Construction InputsThe tool asks user to enter information associated with constructing a transit project (Figure 1). If thisinformation is not applicable to the project, click “Move to Transit Operations” to proceed.FIGURE 1: CONSTRUCTION INPUTS SCREENCONSTRUCTION INFORMATIONTotal Construction Across All Transit Modes:Move to Transit OperationsStructured Parking SpotsTransit Mode:0Lot Parking SpotsTrees RemovedMiles of Track/Alignment000Underground Elevated At-GradeALREADY ADDED: 0Transit ModeLight RailMiles of Track/AlignmentUnderground ElevatedAt-Grade Catenary131100Number of ber of StationsUnderground ElevatedAt-Grade0016Add Construction toCalculationRemove Marked EntriesMark for Deletion with 'X'Input the following information:oStructured Parking Spots: Enter the total number of structured (garage) parking spacesthat will be constructed for the project.1Total construction related GHG emissions are amortized over a 50-year period, which corresponds to theminimum useful lifespan of facilities, per FTA Circular 5010.1

oLot Parking Spots: Enter the total number of surface lot parking spaces that will beconstructed for the project.oTrees removed: Enter the total number of trees that will be removed as a result ofconstruction the transit project.If the project does not involve any additional construction click the “Move to Transit Operations”buttons. If the project involves construction of track, pavement, and/or transit stations proceed to thefollowing steps.oSelect Transit Mode: From the pull down menu, select the type of transit mode beingconstructed Heavy Rail Commuter Rail Light Rail Streetcar Bus Rapid Transit (BRT): New lane miles: Choose this when constructing of anew dedicated lane or right-of-way BRT: Converted lane miles: Choose this when converting or upgrading anexisting facilityoEnter the miles of track by alignment type: Enter the number of miles of track (or lanemiles for BRT projects) that will be constructed. Enter number of miles by alignment:above ground, below-ground, or at-grade.oEnter the miles of catenary: Enter the number of miles of catenary overhead wire thatwill be constructed for the project. If the project does not use a catenary system thenleave the cell black or enter zero.oEnter the number of stations by alignment types: Enter the number of stations that willbe constructed for the project. Enter number of stations by type: above ground, belowground, or at-grade. Once all the construction inputs associated with the selected transit mode have been enteredclick the “Add Construction to Calculation” button. If a project includes infrastructure related to another type of transit mode, users can selectanother transit mode from the drop down menu and enter the associated construction inputs.Click the “Add Construction to Calculation” button once finished. Users can delete information previously entered by entering an “X” in the appropriate cell in the“Already Added” section, then clicking the “Remove Marked Entries” button. Once all construction related inputs associated with the transit project have been added clickthe “Move to Transit Operations” button at the top to move to the next data input screen.Step 2: Enter Transit Operations InputsThe tool asks user to enter information associated with operations of the new transit project (Figure 2).If this information is not applicable to the project, click “Move to Displaced Emissions” to proceed.2

FIGURE 2: TRANSIT OPERATIONS INPUTS SCREENTRANSIT OPERATIONS INFORMATIONTransit ModeFuel SourceeGrid SubregionElectricALREADY ADDED: Operation Mode eGrid Subregion (if applicable)Annual VMT0Add VMT to CalculationVMTMark for Deletion with 'X'Remove Marked EntriesInput the following information:ooo Fuel SourceMove to Displaced EmissionsReturn to ConstructionSelect a Transit Mode: From the pull down menu, select the type of transit mode thatwill operate as part of the transit project Heavy Rail Light Rail Streetcar Commuter Rail Bus/DR Bus Vanpool School bus Sedan/AutoSelect Fuel Source: From the drop down menu, select the type of fuel that the transitvehicle will use to operate. Notes regarding fuel source: Heavy rail, light rail, and streetcar have electric as the only fuel source option. The tool does not include all vehicle fuels for buses, demand response vehicles,and vanpools. For example, buses operating with gasoline, liquefied propanegas, ethanol, kerosene, and hydrogen are not included in the tool because datafor the emissions associated with these fuel types were not readily available. For electric fuel source, users will also need to select an eGRID subregion fromthe corresponding drop down menu. The tool allows the user to choose the “USMix” region from the EPA’s eGRID2012, which represents the average electricitygeneration mix for the country, or an eGRID subregion, which reflects moreregion-specific electricity generation. Refer to the map of eGRID subregions toidentify the applicable subregion or refer to the eGRID subregion finder tool tolook up the subregion by zip code.Enter annual vehicle miles traveled (VMT): Enter in the annual VMT for the selectedtransit mode.Click “Add VMT to Calculation” Button. The transit operations data entered will appear in the“Already Added” area.3

Continue to add transit operation inputs as needed to account for all transit operationsassociated with the transit project. Users can delete information previously entered by entering an “X” in the appropriate cell in the“Already Added” section, then clicking the “Remove Marked Entries” button. Once all transit operations related inputs have been added click the “Move to DisplacedEmissions” button at the top to move to the next data input screen.Step 3: Enter Displaced Emissions InputsThe tool asks user to enter information associated with transit and personal vehicle VMT that isdisplaced due to the new transit project (Figure 3). If this information is not applicable to the project,click “Move to Facility Operations” to proceed.FIGURE 3: DISPLACED EMISSIONS INPUT SCREENDISPLACED EMISSIONSModeFuel SourceALREADY ADDED: Operation Mode Return to Transit OperationsFuel SourceMove to Facility OperationsAnnual VMTElectric Region (if applicable)0Add VMT to CalculationVMTMark for Deletion with 'X'Remove Marked EntriesInput the following information:ooSelect a Mode: From the pull down menu, select the type of mode that will have VMTdisplaced due to the transit project: Heavy Rail Light Rail Streetcar Commuter Rail Bus/DR Bus Vanpool School bus Sedan/AutoSelect Fuel Source: From the drop down menu, select the type of fuel that the vehiclewill use to operate. Notes regarding fuel source: Heavy rail, light rail, and streetcar have electric as the only fuel source option. The tool does not include all vehicle fuels for buses, demand response vehicles,and vanpools. For example, buses operating with gasoline, liquefied propanegas, ethanol, kerosene, and hydrogen are not included in the tool because datafor the emissions associated with these fuel types were not readily available.4

oFor electric fuel source, users will also need to select an eGRID subregion fromthe drop down menu. The tool allows the user to choose the “US Mix” regionfrom the EPA’s eGRID2012, which represents the average electricity generationmix for the country, or an eGRID subregion, which reflects more region-specificelectricity generation. Refer to the map of eGRID subregions to identify theapplicable subregion or refer to the eGRID subregion finder tool to look up thesubregion by zip code.Enter the annual VMT for the select mode that is displaced due to the transit project.Click “Add VMT to Calculation” button. The transit operations data entered will appearin the “Already Added” area. Continue to add displaced VMT inputs as needed to account for all VMT displaced due to thetransit project. Users can delete information previously entered by entering an “X” in the appropriate cell in the“Already Added” section, then clicking the “Remove Marked Entries” button. Once all displaced VMT inputs have been added click the “Move to Facility Operations” buttonat the top to move to the next data input screen.Step 4: Enter Facility Operations InputsThe annual GHG emissions from with a transit project include emissions associated with the operationsof new maintenance/storage facilities and/or transit stations constructed as part of the project. The toolasks user to enter information associated with new facilities constructed as part of the new transitproject (Figure 4). If this information is not applicable to the project, click “Calculate Emissions” toproceed.FIGURE 4: FACILITY OPERATIONS INPUTS SCREENFACILITY OPERATIONSTransit ModeBuilding TypeALREADY ADDED: Facility Mode Building TypeReturn to Displaced EmissionsCalculate EmissionsSquare Footage0Add Facility to CalculationSquare FootageMark for Deletion with 'X'Remove Marked EntriesInput the following information:oSelect a Mode: From the pull down menu, select the transit mode that the facility isassociated with: Heavy Rail Commuter Rail Light Rail Streetcar Bus Rapid Transit5

ooSelect Building Type: From the pull down menu, select the type of facility that will beconstructed as part of the transit project: Station Maintenance/Storage FacilityEnter Square Footage: Enter the square footage of the facility. Click the “Add Facility to Calculation” button. The facility operations data entered will appear inthe “Already Added” area. Continue to add facility operations inputs as needed to account for all new facilities constructedas part of the transit project. Users can delete information previously entered by entering an “X” in the appropriate cell in the“Already Added” section, then clicking the “Remove Marked Entries” button. Once all facility operations inputs have been added click the “Calculate Emissions” button at thetop to move to the Results screen.Step 5: View ResultsThe tool presents the total annual GHG emissions generated by the transit project in metric tons of CO2equivalent (MTCO2eq)) by project phase and by upstream and downstream emissions (Figure 5).FIGURE 5: RESULTS SCREENResultsGHG Emissions By Project PhaseConstruction - UpstreamConstruction - DownstreamOperations - UpstreamOperations - DownstreamMaintenanceDisplaced VMTTotal Annual GHG EmissionsMTCO2eq0000000Modify Construction InformationModify Operations InformationModify Displaced Emissions InformationModify Facility InformationReset and Enter Another Project6

3 Emission FactorsThe Tool uses the GHG emission factors in Table 1 to calculate the GHG emissions estimates by transitmode for the construction, maintenance, and operations phases of transit project development. See theData Sources section for details on the data resources used to develop the emissions factors used in theTool.7

TABLE 1: GHG EMISSION FACTORS USED IN THE 1,764Track Mile-VehicleVehicleElectricStationMaint/Storage ty/facility5/mi/yr0.0003/mi/yr- /veh-mile0.01170.01210.0018Phase roundCatenary5,085717362Pavement, tationMaint/Storage ndElevatedAt facility/mi/yr-0.000012/mi/yrElectric0.0043Track MileStationMaint/Storage Fac.- /veh-mile0.0029 /veh-mile0.0117 /sq-ft/yr0.0121 /sq-ft/yr0.0018 /sq-ft/yrUpstream Downstream MTCO2eqUndergroundElevatedAt 109-Phase undElevatedAt Grade-StationOps./mi/mi/mi/miVehicleTrack MileLIG HT RA IL A N D ST REET CA R5,085717362-Track MileVehiclePhase111,2623,223580-School BusDemandResponse BusPhase SourceLotGarageLotGarageOps. 0170.00050.0000 /veh-mile0.0027 /veh-mileBiodieselLNG0.00010.00070.0022 /veh-mile0.0026 .0026 /veh-mile0.0117 /sq-ft/yr0.0017 /sq-ft/yr0.0152 /sq-ft/yr0.0010 /sq-ft/yrUpstream Downstream MTCO2eqUndergroundElevatedAt GradeConv./UpgradedDR, V A N POOL, DISPLA CED A U T OSSourceTrack MilePA RKIN GConst.Maint.COMMU T ER RA ILPhaseUpstream Downstream MTCO2eqNew BRT Lane/ROWConv./Upgraded Lane/ROWTrolleybus At GradeOps.HEA V Y RA ILUpstream Downstream MTCO2eqUndergroundElevatedAt GradeOps.SourceTrack MileBU S/BU S RA PID T RA N SITPhaseDieselGasEthanolGas, EthanolCNG, LPGH (gaseous)HEVBio/DieselUpstream Downstream i/miBiodieselCNGUpstream Downstream MTCO2eq1/space5/space0.0001 /space/yr0.0001 /space/yrCA RBON ST ORA G EUpstream Downstream MTCO2eqC Sequestration Loss Due to Tree Removal0.8368/tree/yr-- -ft/yr8

4 Data SourcesConstruction Related Emission FactorsIn the construction phase of a transit project, upstream emissions are the emissions associated with theextraction, transport, and production of the materials used in the construction of the facilities (e.g.,asphalt, concrete, base stone, and steel). Downstream construction emissions are tailpipe emissionsresulting from the operation of construction vehicles and equipment. The primary data sources forconstruction-related greenhouse gas emissions factors in the Estimator Tool are the Federal HighwayAdministration’s (FHWA) Infrastructure Carbon Estimator (ICE) and research by Hanson et al (2014).FHWA’s ICE is a spreadsheet tool that estimates the lifecycle energy and greenhouse gas emissions fromthe construction and maintenance of transportation facilities. ICE’s lifecycle emissions include thoseresulting from the operation of construction vehicle and equipment and the embodied energy andemissions associated with the extraction, transport, and production of the materials (i.e. asphalt,concrete, base stone, and steel) used in the construction of the transportation facilities. The informationin ICE is based on a nationwide database of construction bid documents, data collected from StateDepartments of Transportation, and consultation with transportation engineers and lifecycle analysisexperts. ICE use emission factors from the Pavement Lifecycle Assessment Tool (PaLATE).Hanson et al provides a technique to assess the greenhouse gas emissions associated with theconstruction of commuter rail projects, with focus given to the lifecycle emissions associated withmaterials used to construct track, catenary systems, station platforms, parking facilities, and tunnels andbridges.Emission factors for the construction of structure (garage) and surface parking on a per-space basis arebased on data from FHWA’s ICE. ICE’s parking emissions include those from the operation ofconstruction vehicle and equipment, and the embodied energy and emissions associated with theextraction, transportation, and production of the materials (i.e. (asphalt and base course stone) requiredto construct parking facilities.Maintenance Related Emission FactorsMaintenance phase greenhouse gas emissions are all considered downstream emissions. The EstimatorTool uses greenhouse gas emission factors for maintenance of track/lane-miles and transit vehicles. Thegreenhouse gas emission factors for track/lane-mile maintenance are based on FHWA’s ICE. The ICE toolaccounts for direct emissions associated with routine maintenance activities such as snow removal andvegetation management, among other activities. The ICE tool used data from the Los Angeles CountyMetropolitan Transportation Authority and the NTD to estimate total fuel use for rail-relatedmaintenance activities.The Tool’s greenhouse gas emission factors for vehicle maintenance are based on research by Chester(20

construction the transit project. If the project does not involve any additional construction click the “Move to Transit Operations” buttons. If the project involves construction of track, pavement, and/or transit stations proceed to the following steps. o Select Transit Mode: From

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