FIREGROUND HYDRAULICS - Bonitafd

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FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSINTRODUCTIONFIREGROUND HYDRAULICSThis section is designed to give pump operators a quick and fairly easy process for determiningfire ground hydraulics. Supplying water is a critical part of the control, and the efficient use of thiswater requires maintaining specified pressures and flow rates. Remember, like everything elsethere is an acceptable margin of error. If pressures are within 5 or 10 psi of the required psi, littleof the effectiveness is lost. Also, gauges are not precise. They vibrate with the engine and twopeople reading the same gauge will probably read slightly different pressures.The objective of this section is to enable the pump operator to solve any hydraulic problem withinone minute with 100% accuracy. This, together with fire-ground experience, will enable theoperator to supply a continuous flow of water at the desired pressure.1

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSOBJECTIVES Define pump pressure and energy resistance. Describe sources of energy resistance. State the weight of one foot of water and elevation friction loss to the nearest tenth. State the friction loss rate formula for specific gpms. Describe, in detail, the facts a pump operator must know in order to determine pump pressure. State the initial set-up pressures when a request is made for water before hydrauliccalculations can be made. Calculate pump pressure (PP) for a variety of instances. Identify the conversion factors to 2 1/2" hose when using other sizes of hose. Calculate equivalent flow conversions when converting from 2 1/2" hose to all other sizes ofhose used by the Bonita-Sunnyside Fire Protection District. Calculate the approximate amount of available water flow at a specific hydrant. Describe the specific information needed to set up a relay pumping operation. Describe the considerations that should be examined before and during relay pumpingoperations. Calculate pump discharge maximums given the rated capacity, rated pressure, and givenpressure. Determine, by estimation; water flow availability from specific hydrants. Estimate the static water pressure at a given city hydrant. Estimate the water capacity for water containers (e.g., Tanks, rooms, etc.) Describe considerations that should be made concerning the weight of water and nozzlereaction (i.e., water discharge). State the measurements that are specific to determining hydraulic pressure. Identify and recognize the gpm flow for nozzles used by the Bonita-Sunnyside Fire ProtectionDistrict. Describe operations necessary to prepare a pumper for a service test, and when and wherethe test should take place. Describe each portion of the service test in detail.2

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSDETERMINING PUMP PRESSUREPUMP PRESSUREPump pressure is the amount of pressure in poundsper square inch (psi) indicated on the pressuregauge or any given discharge gauge. Visualizerunning the pump on a fire engine. You are standingat the pump panel. You are running the throttle outwhich increases the rpm's of the engine (and therebythe pump) and you notice the pressure gauge at the pump panel increase from 50 psi to 100 psi.This is energy created by the pump which makes the water move through the plumbing on the fireengine. The pump pressure is telling you the amount of pressure being developed at thedischarge side of the pump and up to the discharge outlets on the fire engine.In fire ground hydraulics the basic pump pressure formula for a level lay is:Pump Pressure Nozzle Pressure Total Friction Loss. This equation is: PP NP TFLThe pressure registering on the pump pressure gauge will not be the same at the nozzle becauseenergy (pressure) is being used up overcoming friction within the hose. Friction loss is determinedby recognizing that water, as a non-compressible fluid, exerts pressure equally against itsconfining material. Therefore, fluid pressure must be determined as a rate of water flow versusthe friction index of the substance it is flowing through. Fortunately, in the case of fire hose, thefriction loss rate (FLR) is a simple function of the square of the amount of water flowing.Specifically, the total gallons per minute (gpm) divided by 100 and then squared and thendoubled, has been found to be an adequate fire ground formula for computing the friction lossrate.FLR 2Q2Where Q gpm1003

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSDETERMINING PUMP PRESSUREAs a pump operator, you must have certain facts to determine pump pressure (PP). These factsare listed in order of importance for calculating the pump pressure: Nozzle Pressure GPM flowing or Size of the nozzles tip Size of hose Length of hose in lay Elevation differential between pump and nozzle Appliance Loss Sprinkler System or Stand Pipe Loss,The first five facts are needed, in all cases, to solve pump pressure. Make sure you gather thesefacts and put them on your scratch pad or memory bank.NOZZLE PRESSUREThe next step in the simplification of fire ground hydraulics is to establish nozzle pressures for allnozzle streams. The Bonita-Sunnyside Fire Protection District has established the following as thedesired Nozzle Pressures (NP)4NOZZLE PRESSURENOZZLE TYPE50 psiHand lines with smooth bore nozzles80 psiDeluge sets, monitor nozzles, or water tower equipped witha smooth bore tip100 psiAll adjustable or fog nozzles

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSDETERMINING PUMP PRESSUREGPM FLOWS FOR FOG NOZZLES AND SMOOTH BOREFog nozzles have adjustable gpm flows that can be found labeled on the nozzle. The gpm flowdepends on the settings used by the firefighter.When pumping to an adjustable gpm fog nozzle and the gpm setting is NOT KNOWN. When a hose line is used for an INTERIOR ATTACK, use 150 gpm as your MAXIMUMgpm flow. When a hose line is used for an EXTERIOR ATTACK, use 200 gpm as your MAXIMUMgpm flow. When the use and gpm setting are both unknown, pump to the highest gpm for that nozzle.Example: When a 95, 125, 150 and 200 gpm fog nozzle is used, pump to the 200 gpmsetting.Smooth Bore Nozzles. The size of the straight tip nozzle plus pressure determines thegallon per minute flow, which is the major factor causing friction loss in fire hose. The larger the tipor nozzle, at a given nozzle pressure, the more friction loss involved. For any size SMOOTHBORE nozzle, the discharge for fresh water can be approximately determined by this formula.GPM 30 d2 NPNozzle PressureWhere d diameter of smooth bore tip, and NP HINTThere are only two square root numbers to choose fromfor these calculations.Hand held smooth bore - 50 psi 7Deck gun, Deluge or Monitor - 80 psi 9See Nozzle Pressures section.5

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSDETERMINING PUMP PRESSUREGPM FLOWS FOR SMOOTH BORE (Continued)After calculating nozzle gpm it is necessary to round off. Round off according to the followingrules: Handheld (NP 50) smooth bore tips (wildland) ¼” to 3/8”, to the NEAREST 1 gpm Handheld (NP 50) smooth bore tips ½” to 1 1/8”, to the NEAREST 10 gpm Appliances (NP 80) 1 ¼” to 2”, to the NEAREST 100 gpmA list of nozzles with their respective gpms is presented near the end of this section.SIZE OF HOSEThe size of hose and gpm flowing determine the amount of friction loss for each 100-footsection. With a given flow, the smaller the diameter, the more friction loss involved. This isbecause a greater proportion of the water pushed through actually comes into contact with theinterior surface of the hose than in the case of a larger hose. A larger diameter hose allows arelatively larger percentage of the water volume to go through without contacting the interiorsurface.6

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSDETERMINING PUMP PRESSURESIZE OF HOSE (Continued)Fire hose is limited in the amount of pressure it can sustain. Because of this, the maximumpressure we can pump to any given hose is it’s annual service test pressure.The maximum Pump Pressure for fire hose is:TYPESIZECOLORSERVICE PRESSURE &MAXIMUM PUMPPRESSUREBooster Line¾” and 1”RED400 PSICotton Single Jacket (Wild land)1” and 1 ½”TAN200 PSI1”, 1 ¾”, 2 ½”,3, 3 ½, & 4”YELLOWGREEN300 PSI4”BLACK150 PSISynthetic Double Jacket (Attack Line)Hard SuctionREMEMBER: When pumping through a combination of hoses, the lowest pressure hose is thedetermining factor for maximum pump pressure.7

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSDETERMINING PUMP PRESSUREEQUIVALENT FLOWSThe first step is to determine the actual number of gallons per minute flowing through the size ofhose used in the lay. This is a function of the nozzle used and the pressure supplied at thenozzle.The formula for determining friction loss rate (FLR 2Q2) is based on gpm through 2 1/2" hose.All flow rates through various size hoses must be converted to an equivalent flow (EF) as if it wereflowing through 2 1/2" hose.Converting gpm flow in other than 2 ½" hose to equivalent flow of 2 ½" hoseTo calculate friction loss in hose other than 2 ½", we have developed factors to convert the largerand smaller hose flows to gpm flow that creates the same amount of friction loss as in 2 ½" hose.These factors are based on comparison of friction in hose other than 2 ½" to that of 2 ½" hoseCONVERSION FACTORS TO 2 ½” HOSEHOSE SIZECONVERSION FACTOR¾”1”1 ½”1 ¾”2½33 ½”4”2593.621.67 OR 2/3.4.25* THE BONITA-SUNNYSIDE FIRE PROTECTION DISTRICT NO LONGER HAS 3” HOSE ON ANYOF ITS APPARATUS. HOWEVER 3” HOSE MAY STILL BE FOUND ON OTHER DEPARTMENTS.8

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSDETERMINING PUMP PRESSUREEQUIVALENT FLOWSWhen converting: ¾" hose to equivalent flow of 2 ½" hose. Multiply gpm flow from ¾" hose by 25. 1” hose to equivalent flow of 2 ½" hose. Multiply gpm flow from 1" hose by 9. 1 ½” hose to equivalent flow of 2 ½" hose. Multiply gpm flow from 1 ½” hose by 3.6. 1 ¾" hose to equivalent flow of 2 ½" hose. Multiply gpm flow from 1 ¾" hose by 2.0. 2 ½” hose does not need converting to 2 ½ “ hose. 3” hose to equivalent flow of 2 ½” hose. Multiply gpm flow from 1 ¾” hose by .67 3 ½” hose to equivalent flow of 2 ½" hose. Multiply gpm flow from 3 ½” hose by .4. 4" hose to equivalent flow of 2 ½" hose. Multiply gpm flow from 4" hose by the factor .25.After the flow is computed it is treated as a 2 ½” hose, this flow is rounded off as 2 ½” hose to theNEAREST 10 gpm.LENGTH OF HOSE IN LAYIn order to solve the amount of friction loss in a hose lay you must know the entire length of thehose lay. Friction loss rate factors are computed on 100' lengths of hose. When hose is doubled,as in the case of a siamese lay, it is necessary to average the lengths. This procedure will bedescribed later. Remember: L total length of hose in feet divided by 100.L total feet1009

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSDETERMINING PUMP PRESSUREELEVATION DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN PUMP AND NOZZLEElevation differential is also called head, gravity loss or gravity gain. When hose lines are laid upor down an elevation, such as inclines, stairways, fire escapes, canyons, or the face of a building,the pressure loss or gain in pounds per square inch, which is exerted by the head of water, mustbe compensated for. If energy (pressure) is gained by water going down then you must subtracthead. If energy (pressure) is lost by pushing water up then you must add head.Head is the height of water. One foot of head is equivalent to a column of water one-foot high.Head becomes pressure because a column of water one foot high by one square inch weighs .434pounds. For fire ground hydraulics this weight has been rounded to .5 pounds. Thepressure is proportional to the height of the liquid column alone, and not to the size or shape of thevessel.Head is very much like climbing up or down a ladder. As you climb up a ladder you must exertstrength (pressure) in your legs and arms to reach the desired elevation. When descending aladder gravity exerts a pull upon your body. If you lost your footing and fell, your body would gaintremendous downward pressure. The amount of pressure developed would determine the force ofimpact. The longer the fall in elevation, the greater the pressure.Energy (pressure) is used up when pumping water higher than the pump. Water weighs 8.35pounds per gallon and the effort of lifting this weight uses up some of the engine pressure. Ittakes .434 psi to lift water one foot. For fireground hydraulics this figure has been rounded off to.5 psi.Just as it takes energy to lift water, energy is gained by dropping water. In fact, an equal .434 psiis gained in energy for every one-foot water drops in elevation. For fireground hydraulics thisfigure has been rounded off to .5 psi.When calculating the Gravity Loss in a high-rise building calculate 5 pounds per floor.10

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSDETERMINING PUMP PRESSUREELEVATION DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN PUMP AND NOZZLEREMEMBERGravity Loss (GL) - ADD PressureGravity Gain (GG) - SUBTRACT PressureINITIAL PUMP PRESSUREOften a pump operator will get the request for water before accurate hydraulic calculations can bemade. In this situation the standard operating procedure will be to pump the pressures givenbelow for the following cases: ALL HAND LINES: 0-400’ 125 psi, 400-800’ 175 psi, 800 200 psiORInitial Pump Pressure NOZZLE PRESSURE GL or – GG ELEVATED STREAMS: Initial Pump Pressure 150 psi SPRINKLER and STANDPIPE SYSTEMS: Initial Pump Pressure 150 psi.11

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSHYDRAULIC SET-UPS AND CALCULATIONSEXAMPLE OF FIRE GROUND HYDRAULICS AND WRITTEN HYDRAULICSNOTE: RULES WILL HAVE AN ASTERISKS (*) AND BE UNDERLINEDThe following example will show how fire ground hydraulics is tied directly to written hydraulics:250 gpm SOF nozzle, 250 gpm setting, 450' of 2 ½" hose, PP ?Initial pump pressure 100 psiIn fire ground hydraulics the pump pressure formula for a level lay is:PP NP TFLTFL FLR x LFLR 2Q2Q GPM100Working this out step-by-step would look like this: Step One: Determine the Nozzle Pressure (NP) for a fog nozzle. NP 100 psi Step Two: Determine the GPM Flow 250 gpm12

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSHYDRAULIC SET-UPS AND CALCULATIONSEXAMPLE OF FIRE GROUND HYDRAULICS AND WRITTEN HYDRAULICS Step Three: Calculate the Friction Loss Rate (FLR)HINT2FLR 2QHINTSquaring a .5 number such as(2.5), subtract .5 from one 2.5and add .5 to the other.2FLR 2 (gpm)100FLR 2 (250)2 2.5100FLR 2(2.5)2FLR 2 x 6.25 12.5Round off 12.5 to 13FLR 13 psiFor 2 ½” flowsbetween 180 &320 subtract 12from the first 2numbers.2.5 - .5 22.5 .5 3In this example it would give youthe numbers 2 and 3.(250 – 12 13)Multiply 2 x 3 6 - Now AddSee friction losstable in appendix.25Answer 6.25 Step Three: Determine Length (L) of the hoseL total feet100L 450100L 4.5 Step Four: Calculate Total Friction Loss (TFL)TFL FLR x LTFL 13 x 4.5 58.5Round off 58.5 to 59TFL 59 psiFinally: Add together the Nozzle Pressure and Total Friction Loss to equate the PumpPressure.PP NP TFLPP 100 59PP 159 psi13

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSHYDRAULIC SET-UPS AND CALCULATIONSHand lines - Straight Lay – Smooth Bore TipExample: 1" tip, 650' of 2 ½" hose, PP ?Initial pump pressure 50 psi Step One: NP 50 psi. Step Two: GPM 30d2 NPGPM 30 x 12 x 50GPM 30 x 1 x 7GPM 210 Step Three: FLR 2Q2HINT2FLR 2 (gpm)100FLR 2 x (2.1)2For 2 ½” flowsbetween 180 &320 subtract 12from the first 2numbers.FLR 2 x 4.41(210 – 12 9)FLR 2 (210)2 2.1100FLR 8.82, round to nearest one psi 9 psiFLR 9 psi14See friction losstable in appendix

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSHYDRAULIC SET-UPS AND CALCULATIONSHand lines - Straight Lay – Smooth Bore Tip Step Four: L total feet100L 650100L 6.5 Step Five: TFL FLR x LTFL 9 x 6.5TFL 58.5 round to nearest one psi 59 psiPP NP TFLPP 50 59PP 109 psi15

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSHYDRAULIC SET-UPS AND CALCULATIONSHand lines - Gravity LossExample: 2 ½" SOF nozzle, 250 gpm setting, 600' of 2 ½" hose, nozzle 40' Above pumplevel, PP ?Initial Pump Pressure NP GLIPP 100 20 120 psi Step One: Flow 250 gpm2 Step Two: FLR 2QFLR 2 (gpm)2100FLR 2 (250)2 2.5100FLR 2(2.5)2FLR 2 x 6.25 12.5Round off 12.5 to 13FLR 13 psiHINTHINTFor 2 ½” flowsbetween 180 &320 subtract 12from the first 2numbers.Squaring a .5 number such as(2.5), subtract .5 from one 2.5and add .5 to the other.(250 – 12 13)See friction losstable in appendix2.5 - .5 22.5 .5 3In this example it would give youthe numbers 2 and 3.Multiply 2 x 3 6, now Add .25Answer 6.2516

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSHYDRAULIC SET-UPS AND CALCULATIONSHand lines - Gravity LossGRAVITY LOSS OR GRAVITY GAIN, ALLOW .5 PSI FOR EACH VERTICAL FOOT OFELEVATION* Step Three: L total feet100L 600100L 6 Step Four: TFL FLR x LTFL 13 x 6 78TFL 78 psi Step Five: *GL .5 x HGL .5 x 40 20GL 20 psiHINTMultiplying a .5number is thesame as halvingor dividing by 2.(40 2 20)PP NP TFL GLPP 100 78 20PP 198 psi17

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSHYDRAULIC SET-UPS AND CALCULATIONSHand lines - Gravity GainExample: 1 1/8" tip, 500' of 2 ½" hose, nozzle 30' below the pump level, PP ?Initial pump pressure NP - GGIPP 50 - 15 35 psi Step One: 1-1/8" tip @ 50 psi30 d2 NP230 (1.125) 730 x 1.265 x 7 265.78Round 265.78 to 270Flow 270 gpmHINTTo convert afraction to adecimal: divide thenumerator by thedenominator.1 8 .1252 Step Two: FLR 2QFLR 2 (gpm)2100FLR 2 (270)2 2.7100FLR 2(2.7)2FLR 2 x 7.29 14.58HINTFor 2 ½” flowsbetween 180 & 320subtract 12 fromthe first 2 numbers.(270 – 12 15)Round off 14.58 to 15FLR 15 psi18See friction losstable in appendix

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSHYDRAULIC SET-UPS AND CALCULATIONSHand lines - Gravity GainGRAVITY LOSS OR GRAVITY GAIN, ALLOW .5 PSI FOR EACH VERTICAL FOOT OFELEVATION.* Step Three: L total feet100L 500100L 5 Step Four: TFL FLR x LTFL 15 x 5 75 psi Step Five: *GG .5 x HGG .5 x 30 15GG 15 psiHINTMultiplying a .5number is thesame as halvingor dividing by 2.(30 2 15)PP NP TFL – GGPP 50 75 - 15PP 110 psi19

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSHYDRAULIC SET-UPS AND CALCULATIONSHand lines – 1 ¾” HoseCONVERTING 1 ¾” HOSE FLOW TO EQUIVALENT FLOW FROM 2 ½" HOSE. MULTIPLY GPMFLOW FROM 1 ¾” HOSE BY FACTOR 2.*Example: 1 ¾” SOF nozzle, 200' of 1 ¾" hose, nozzle set at 125 gpm.Initial pump pressure - NP 100 Step One: Flow 125 gpm*EF Factor x gpmEF for 1 ¾" hose 2 x 125EF 250 gpmHINT2 Step Two: FLR 2QHINT2FLR 2 (gpm)100FLR 2 (250)2 2.5100FLR 2(2.5)2FLR 2 x 6.25 12.5Round off 12.5 to 13FLR 13 psi20For 2 ½” flowsbetween 180 &320 subtract 12from the first 2numbers.(250 – 12 13)See friction losstable in appendixSquaring a .5 number such as(2.5), subtract .5 from one 2.5and add .5 to the other.2.5 - .5 22.5 .5 3In this example it would give youthe numbers 2 and 3.Multiply 2 x 3 6, now Add .25Answer 6.25

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSHYDRAULIC SET-UPS AND CALCULATIONSHand lines – 1 ¾” Hose Step Three: L total feet100L 200100L 2 Step Four: TFL FLR x LTFL 13 x 2 26TFL 26 psiPP NP TFLPP 100 26PP 126 psiTime to Recap:1st:2nd:3rd:4th:5th:6th:NPFlow (either the GPM setting (FOG) or (smooth bore) GPM 30 d2 NP)FLRLengthTFL FLR x LPP NP TFL21

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSHYDRAULIC SET-UPS AND CALCULATIONSHand lines – Multiple 1 ¾” Hose linesPUMP TO THE HIGHEST LINE AND GATE DOWN THE SECOND LINE *Example: Two 1 ¾” hand lines, one 200’ and 175 gpm, the second is 150’ and 150 gpm.Initial pump pressure - NP 100 Step One: EF Factor x gpmFlow (a) 175 gpmFlow (b) 150 gpmEF (a) for 1 ¾" hose 2 x 175 350EF (b) for 1 ¾" hose 2 x 150 300EF (a) 350 gpmEF (b) 300 gpm2 Step Two: FLR 2QFLR 2 (gpm)2100FLR 2 (gpm)2100FLR 2 (350)2 3.5100FLR 2 (300)2 3100FLR (a) 2(3.5)2FLR (a) 2 x 12.25 24.52FLR (b) 2(3)FLR (b) 2 x 9 18Round off 24.5 to 25FLR (a) 2522FLR (b) 18

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICSHYDRAULIC SET-UPS AND CALCULATIONSHand lines – Multiple 1 ¾” Hose linesHINTHINTSquaring a .5 number such as (3.5), subtract .5 fromone 3.5 and add .5 to the other.For 2 ½” flowsbetween 180 &320 subtract 12fr

FIREGROUND HYDRAULICS 1 INTRODUCTION This section is designed to give pump operators a quick and fairly easy process for determining fire ground hydraulics. Supplying water is a critical part of the control, and the efficient use of this water requires maintaining specified

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