Water Resources: Hydraulics And Hydrology
US Army Corpsof Engineers .Water Resources:Hydraulics and HydrologyInterview withAlfred S. Harrison
ALFRED S. HARRISONWATER RESOURCES:HYDRAULICS AND HYDROLOGYThis manuscript is an edited version of an oral history interviewed conducted by John T. Greenwoodon the telephone on June 16, 19, 23, 24, and 25, 1997. The original tapes and unedited transcript arein the Research Collections, Office of History, Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,Alexandria, Virginia.
ApproYed for public release. distribution is unlimited.II
PrefaceThe United States Army Corps of Engineers significantly contributed to hydraulic andhydrologic engineering over the last two hundred years. Exploiting theory, innovation, andmechanical ingenuity, Corps civilian and military engineers studied the behavior of rivers and themotion of water. They investigated hundreds of streams in the United States, many more than once,collecting data on the physical, chemifal, and biological characteristics of rivers; regionalprecipitation; and local runoff. Their work vastly improved the nation's ability to predict floods andto take preventive actions.This interview is one of several being produced in a special series covering engineers whoshaped the Corps' hydrology and hydraulics program. Understanding the experiences, contributions,and thoughts of these individuals illuminates the past and provides guidance for the future. Wecommend this interview to all those interested in the development of twentieth century research inriver hydraulics and hydrology.CadCcv (Earl E. Eiker, P.E.Chief, Hydraulics and Hydrology CMAL K. WtU.!u-Paui K. Walker, Ph.D.Chief, Office of History111
The InterviewerDr. John T. Greenwood is currently the Chief Historian, Office of The Surgeon General/U.S.Army Medical Command (OTSGIMEDCOM), in Falls Church, Virginia. He was formerly Chief,Field Programs and Historical Services Division, U.S. Army Center ofMilitary History, inWashington, D.C., from 1988 to 1998 and the ChiefHistorian ofthe U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers from 1978 to 1988. Dr. Greenwood specializes in U.S. and Russian military andaviation history, is the author of a number of articles anci- book reviews, and has conductednumerous interviews with civilian and military personnel of the Corps ofEngineers. His interviewwith Maj. Gen. Hugh J. Casey appeared in 1993 as Engineer Memoirs: Major General Hugh J.Casey (EP 870-1-18). This interview with Alfred S. Harrison is the fifth ofDr. Greenwood'sinterviews to appear in the series Water Resources: Hydraulics and Hydrology. The others werewith Franklin F. Snyder (EP 870-1-54) in August 1997, Vernon K. Hagen (EP 870-1-55) andJacob H. Douma (EP 870-1-56) in September 1997, and Margaret S. Petersen (EP 870-1-60) inJuly 1998. Dr. Greenwood holds his Ph.D. in military history from Kansas State University.IV
ContentsPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiiThe Interviewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IVAlfred S. Harrison: A Biographical Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IXCareer Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIEducation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Civil Engineering Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Graduate Study at the University of California at Berkeley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Hans Albert Einstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Universities Specializing in Hydraulics and Sedimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Professor Joe Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) and Thorndike Saville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Prominent Classmates from the University of California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Transfer ofHydraulic Concepts and Technology from Germany and Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Thesis Work on Sedimentation and the Interest of the Corps of Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Don Bondurant and Employment with the Omaha District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13The Mainstem Dams on the Missouri River in the Early 1950's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Work in the Omaha District's Sedimentation Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Nick Barbarossa and the General Hydraulics Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Calculating Backwater, Flood, and Water Surface Profiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Margaret Petersen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Frank Campbell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Early Computer Usage for Studies of Reservoir Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Hydraulics and Hydrology in the Omaha District and Missouri River Division . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Omaha District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Missouri River Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Chief, Technical Engineering Branch, Missouri River Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Sediment Section Field Teams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Change from the Missouri River Division to the Missouri River Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Planning and Completing Diversions at Fort Randall, Garrison, Gavins Point, Oahe,and Big Bend Dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Early Computer Modeling in the Omaha District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Don Bondurant . 38Missouri River Sediment Advisory Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Hydraulics and Sedimentation in the Omaha District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41The Emergence ofPlanning and Organizational Restructuring . 42Omaha District's Engineering Division under Jerry Ackermann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Ed Soucek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44v
Wendell Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ake Alin .Contacts with Hydraulics Personnel at the Office of the Chief of Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gail Hathaway and the Spillway Design Flood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclamation Dam Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . .Other Contacts at OCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .AI Cochran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sam Powell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Jake Douma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Omaha District Work with the Waterways Experiment Station (WES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .WES and the Missouri River Division Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Channel Stabilization Committee Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The Use of Consultants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Surge Tanks on the Mainstem Dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Developing WHAMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Surge Tank Design .Penstock Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Replacement of Penstocks at Fort Peck Dam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Second Powerhouse at Fort Peck Dam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Changes in the Fort Randall Design .Sedimentation Studies and Wind Wave Protection in the Mainstem Reservoirs .Design and Construction of Large Earth Dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Construction Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tainter Gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Computer Modeling and Management ofMainstem Reservoir Operations .Degradation of the Missouri River below Gavins Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Natural and Artificial Cutoffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Degradation and Reregulation of Flows on the Missouri River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Problems with the Delta of the Niobrara River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The Platte River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sedimentation Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Reservoir Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Benefit-Cost Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Environmental Changes in the Missouri River's Regimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Effect of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Flood Control Reservoir System in the Omaha Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Flood Control Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Flood Protection in Major Urban Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Omaha and Lincoln, Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07273747778818385868990919294959799
Sioux City, Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Denver, Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Kansas City Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 00Other Urban Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Problems with Project Approvals at OCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Authorizing and Funding Local Protection Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 03Effect ofthe Water Resources Development Act of 1986. 104Recreation Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 07Estimating Project Benefits and Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 08Computer Model for Calculating Flood Damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IllNavigation Improvements on the Missouri River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112The Channel Stabilization Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Environmental and Water Quality Operations Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Computers in the Missouri River Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Relocations ofTowns, Roads, Railroads, and Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Career in the District and Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Organizational Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126Bob Pafford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128The Role of the Military Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130Tom Hayes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Jack Morris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132Chuck Dominy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132Mark Sisinyak . 133Craig Cannon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Clyde Selleck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Bill Ray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Centers of Expertise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Hazardous Waste, Rocky Mountain Arsenal, and the Superfund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Military Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Corrugated Metal Roofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Underground Heat Distribution Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142The Air Force as a Customer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Army Military Construction Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Experience in Consulting Work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Taiwan . 146Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Expert Testimony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Vll
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ALFREDS.HARJUSONA Biographical SketchAlfred Harrison grew up in Los Angeles, California. After high school, he entered the U.S.Navy's wartime V-12 Program in 1944 and attended the University of Southern California (USC).Because his grandfather was a mining engineer, Harrison decided on civil engineering as his fieldof study. At USC he became interested in soil mechanics, fluid mechanics, and hydraulics. Afterreceiving his Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering in 1947, he went on to graduate study at theUniversity of California at Berkeley where he worked under Professor Hans Albert Einstein, a notedprofessor of hydraulics and specialist in sedimentation. As a teaching and research assistant from194 7-1950, he worked closely with Einstein and did the computations for many of Einstein'sresearch experiments. During his years at Berkeley, Harrison developed a deep interest in riverengineering, a field he would pursue throughout his professional life.While at the University of California, Harrison studied sedimentation processes andcompleted his master's thesis on the armoring of river bottoms. His work was funded by theMissouri River Division of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers which was then studying the armoringproblem as it prepared to build the large mainstem dams on the Missouri River. Because of thisresearch work, Don Bondurant of the Omaha District recruited Harrison to work in the generalhydraulics section under Nick Barbarossa. There he learned about open channel hydraulics andpractical applications of river engineering in addition to working on sedimentation problems.In the district, he quickly rose to be head of the general hydraulics section in 1951 and thenof the hydraulics and sediment section in 1954. He was involved in virtually every aspect of thehydraulic study and work on the mainstem dams and of flood control, bank protection, and channelstabilization projects. From 1952-60 Harrison worked on the diversions during the dam closures atFort Randall, Oahe, Gavins Point, and Big Bend Dams. To calculate the backwater program forsimulated water surface profiles for the complex diversion at Oahe, he wrote his own program usingBell-2, an early computer program, that ran on an IBM 650 computer. He was also involved inreservoir surveys and aggradation and degradation studies for the Missouri River reservoirs.Harrison also did the measurement, analysis, and publication of sediment load on the Missouri Riverand its tributaries.After joining the Missouri River Division in 1964 as chief of hydraulics and hydrology, hesupervised the review and approval of hydraulic design, hydrologic engineering, water quality, andsedimentation aspects of Corps of Engineer projects in the Missouri River Basin. These includedthe six large dams which were constructed on the Missouri River for water supply, power,navigation, and recreation, along with the multi-purpose dams on the Platte River, Osage River, andKansas River basins, small dams const
hydraulics section under Nick Barbarossa. There he learned about open channel hydraulics and practical applications of river engineering in addition to working on sedimentation problems. In the district, he quickly rose to be head of the general hydraulics section in 1951 and then of the
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