1.1 The Six Essential Elements Of Geography

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6 ElementsMany geographers use the sixessential elements toorganize their study. 1. The World in Spatial Terms 2. Places and Regions 3. Physical Systems 4. Human Systems 5. Environment and Society 6. Uses of Geography

The World in Spatial Terms Geography is the study of thespecial physical and humancharacteristics of a place orregion. An important part of geography isthe relationship between humansand their environment. A geographer may study culture, ora learned system of shared beliefs,traits, and values.

The World in Spatial Terms Geographers look at wherethings are on the Earth’ssurface. Changes in settlementpatterns over time are alsoimportant.

The World in Spatial Terms Geographers use many tools intheir studies, including maps,charts, and graphs. They also usefield notes, interviews,photographs, reference books, andvideos High-tech tools such as satellitesprovide detailed images of theEarth Computer databases, likeGeographic Information Systems,(GIS) store huge amounts of data.Satellite image of Texas, Louisianaand the Gulf of Mexico

The World in Spatial TermsIt also tells us where this place is inrelation to other places? Absolute Location:The exact latitude and longitude oraddress of a place. (1234 HuntingtonLane) Relative Location:The location of a place in relationship toother locations (around the cornerfrom Krogers)

Places and Regions A place has physical andhuman characteristics thatmake it special. Physical characteristicsinclude animal and plant life,sources of water, climate andweather, landforms and soils.Palo Duro Canyon

Places and Regions Landforms are the naturalshapes on the Earth’s surface,such as mountains, hills, andvalleys.Enchanted Rock State Park

Places and Regions Human characteristics includeethnicity, language, politicaland economic systems,population distribution,religion and standard of living.Regions in Texas

Places and Regions: Think of your favorite city,state, or country. Describe it. How have the physicalcharacteristics of this placeinfluenced the people there?

Places and RegionsDowntown Dallas A region is an area withcommon characteristics thatmake it different fromsurrounding areas. A formal region has one ormore shared characteristic,such as plant life or can becultural, economic or political. Countries, states and citiesare examples of formalpolitical regions.

Places and Regions A functional region is made upof different places thatfunction together as aunit such as a metropolitanarea such as Dallas-Ft. Worth. Perceptual regions aredefined by people’s sharedattitudes, culture and feelingsabout an area. Central Texasand the Panhandle have vagueborders.The Cadillac RanchAmarillo, TexasThe Texas Panhandle

Physical Systems Geographers study thephysical processes andinteractions among fourphysical systems – Earth’satmosphere, land, water andlife. Physical processes shape andchange Earth’s physicalfeatures and environments. Climate and weather affecthumans.

Physical Systems An ecosystem is all of an area’splants and animals together withthe nonliving parts of theirenvironment. Earth is the largest ecosystem. Natural events and human activitycan change ecosystems. Studying physical processes andecosystems because theenvironment is the setting for alllife on Earth.

Physical Systems: How did Hurricane Katrina influence NewOrleans’ population and economy?

Human Systems Studying human systems such aspopulation distribution, growth andmovement helps in understandinghuman events and geography. Population growth is affected by apopulation’s age, birthrate, deathrate, and life expectancy. Changes in human activity such asadvances in medical care and foodproduction have led to populationgrowth.

Human Systems Geographers look at wherepeople live and how crowded aHouston, Texas trafficregion or place is when theystudy place population density. They also study migration orthe movement of people. One specific type of movementis urbanization, which is anincrease in people living orworking in cities.

Human Systems Many geographers study thefeatures of cultural groups. People often create groupsthat separate, organize, orunify areas. Geographers also considerhuman systems ofcommunication, trade andSouthwest Airlines Jet at DallasLove Fieldtransportation in the globalcommunity.

Environment and Society One of the most importanttopics in geography is howpeople interact with theenvironment. Human activities can havepositive and negative affectson the environment.Pollution in Houston, Texas on a clearday.

Environment and Society The environment affectshumans as well. Physical features such aslandforms and rivers caninfluence where people live,Padre Island, Texasand people depend on theenvironment for survival. Human life requires threebasic resources: air waterland.

Environment and Society Other materials such as wood,coal and oil are also importantresources. As the world populationgrows, demands on resourcesincrease. Geographers study thelocations, quality and quantityof Earth’s resources and theeffect of human activity onthese resources.Oil Fields in West Texas

Environment and Society Historians use geography tounderstand history. Not only do they look at whenthings happened, but whereand why they happened. Geography helps peopleunderstand the present aswell as the past.

Now you try it! Analyze the following image using the 6Elements of Geography.

Uses of Geography Important information aboutall the planet’s systems canbe provided by geographers. This information can helppeople plan for the future.Hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico

Geography is the study of the special physical and human characteristics of a place or region. An important part of geography is the relationship between humans and their environment. A geographer may study culture, o

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