Simulating An Op Amp To Simulate An Op Amp In LTSpice .
Simulating an op ampTo simulate an op amp in LTSpice, begin by opening the component library, searchingfor “UniversalOpamp2” and clicking ok.Connect the positive, negative, and output terminals of the op amp to the rest of thecircuit.
An additional step before simulating most integrated circuits (ICs) such as an op amp isto power the device. This is an important step because an op amp is only able to output avalue between the ranges of voltages it is powered with. In this example the outputsignal should be an inverted and amplified signal to five times the size of the inputwaveform.Power the positive rail of the op amp with a 100V DC source. This value can changedepending on the experiment, but for this example it is assumed infinite (like an ideal opamp.) Connect the negative rail of the op amp to ground.
Click “Run,” enter the following simulation conditions for a transient analysis, and thenclick “OK”Measuring the input voltage at “Vin” and the output voltage at “Vo” produces thefollowing result:
In this simulation it is clear to see that the input voltage varies between -5V and 5V asexpected. The output voltage is inverted and amplified to five times the size of the inputwaveform, but only for half of the time. This is not the desired output waveform.What happened was that although the op amp was able to supply 25V with an inputvoltage of -5V (because the positive rail of the op amp was powered with 100V) it wasunable to supply -25V with an input voltage of 5V. This is because the negative rail ofthe op amp was connected to ground, which means that the lowest voltage this op ampcan supply is 0V.The behavior of the output waveform, which suddenly maintains a constant voltage as theresult of undesired limitations is known as “clipping.” This is a common problem whendealing with op amps and can either be solved by introducing a DC offset to shift thesignal up (in this case an output DC offset of 25V would be required to avoid clipping)or to change the device limitations.In this example we will change the device limitations by powering the negative rail of theop amp with a -100V source. This will allow the output signal to vary between 100Vand -100V.Place another voltage source with the positive terminal connected to the negative rail ofthe op amp, the negative terminal to ground, and a value of -100V as shown below:Re-simulate the circuit. As before measure the input voltage at “Vin” and the outputvoltage at “Vo.” Now the output is the desired waveform, inverted and five times largerthan the input waveform as shown below:
An additional step before simulating most integrated circuits (ICs) such as an op amp is to power the device. This is an
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