Transistor Amplifier Circuits - Lab-Volt

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Transistor Amplifier Circuits00Student Workbook91565-00Edition 4 3091565000811T

FOURTH EDITIONThird Printing, November 2008Copyright March, 2003 Lab-Volt Systems, Inc.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopied, recorded, orotherwise, without prior written permission from Lab-Volt Systems, Inc.Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent acommitment on the part of Lab-Volt Systems, Inc. The Lab-Volt FACET. software and othermaterials described in this document are furnished under a license agreement or a nondisclosureagreement. The software may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of theagreement.ISBN 0-86657-202-3Lab-Volt and FACET. logos are trademarks of Lab-Volt Systems, Inc.All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Other trademarks and tradenames may be used in this document to refer to either the entity claiming the marks and names ortheir products. Lab-Volt System, Inc. disclaims any proprietary interest in trademarks and tradenames other than its own.

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THIS PAGE IS SUPPOSE TO BE BLANKTable of ContentsUnit 1 – Introduction to Transistor Amplifiers.1Exercise 1 – Circuit Location and Identification .3Exercise 2 – Multistage Amplifier Introduction .5Unit 2 – Common Base Circuit .7Exercise 1 – Common Base Circuit DC Operation.10Exercise 2 – Common Base Circuit AC Operation.12Unit 3 – Common Emitter Circuit.15Exercise 1 – Common Emitter Circuit DC Operation .18Exercise 2 – Common Emitter Circuit AC Operation .20Unit 4 – Common Collector Circuit .23Exercise 1 – Common Collector Circuit DC Operation.26Exercise 2 – Common Collector Circuit AC Operation.28Unit 5 – Bias Stabilization .31Exercise 1 – Temperature Effect on Fixed Bias.34Exercise 2 – Temperature Effect on Voltage Divider.36Unit 6 – Transistor Specification Sheet.39Exercise 1 – Transistor Parameters Familiarization.41Exercise 2 – Using the Transistor Specification Sheet .42Unit 7 – RC Coupling .45Exercise 1 – DC Operation .47Exercise 2 – AC Voltage Gain and Phase.48Exercise 3 – Frequency Response.50Unit 8 – Transformer Coupling .53Exercise 1 – DC Operation .55Exercise 2 – AC Operation .57Exercise 3 – Frequency Response.59Unit 9 – Direct Coupling.61Exercise 1 – Direct-Coupled Amplifier DC Operation.63Exercise 2 – Direct-Coupled Amplifier AC Operation.65Exercise 3 – Direct-Coupled Amp Frequency Response.66i

Appendix A – Safety . A-iiii

THISIntroductionThis Student Workbook provides a unit-by-unit outline of the Fault Assisted Circuits forElectronics Training (F.A.C.E.T.) curriculum.The following information is included together with space to take notes as you move through thecurriculum. The unit objectiveUnit fundamentalsA list of new terms and words for the unitEquipment required for the unitThe exercise objectivesExercise discussionExercise notesThe Appendix includes safety information.iii

THISiv

Transistor Amplifier CircuitsUnit 1 – Introduction to Transistor AmplifiersUNIT 1 – INTRODUCTION TO TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERSUNIT OBJECTIVEAt the completion of this unit, you will be able to identify, connect, and operate circuit blocksand their major components on the TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS circuit board.UNIT FUNDAMENTALSThis unit describes the circuit blocks on the TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS circuitboard and presents some background on transistor amplifiers.Transistor amplifiers are grouped into one of three basic circuit configurations depending onwhich transistor element is common to input and output signal circuits.1. Common base2. Common emitter3. Common collectorEach circuit configuration has its own characteristics and, therefore, its own applications.Multistage transistor amplifiers include more than one transistor. The output of the first stage isconnected (coupled) to the input of the second stage. The output of the second stage is coupled tothe input of the third stage, and so forth.The three methods of coupling amplifier stages on the TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER CIRCUITScircuit board are RC coupling, transformer coupling, and direct coupling.1

Transistor Amplifier CircuitsUnit 1 – Introduction to Transistor AmplifiersNEW TERMS AND WORDSMultistage - an amplifier circuit that uses more than one active component (transistor).active component - a circuit component that controls gain or directs current flow.gain - the amount by which an amplifier increases signal voltage, current, or power; expressed asa ratio of the output to input value.distortion - undesired change to a signal waveform.EQUIPMENT REQUIREDF.A.C.E.T. base unitMultimeterOscilloscope, dual traceGenerator, sine waveTRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS circuit boardNOTES2

Transistor Amplifier CircuitsUnit 1 – Introduction to Transistor AmplifiersExercise 1 – Circuit Location and IdentificationEXERCISE OBJECTIVEWhen you have completed this exercise, you will be able to locate and identify the functionalcircuit blocks on the TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS circuit board. You will observethe operation of two basic amplifier circuits by using an oscilloscope.DISCUSSION Amplifiers are circuits that increase the voltage, current, or power of an input signal. An amplifier consists of an active circuit component and a source of power. Transistors are the active components used on this circuit board. The power source is theexternal power supply. Five amplifier circuit blocks, which can be configured for seven different circuits, are presenton the TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS circuit board. The five amplifier circuit blocks are the:COMMON BASE / EMITTER circuit blockRC COUPLING/TRANSFORMER COUPLING circuit blockCOMMON COLLECTOR circuit blockBIAS STABILIZATION circuit blockDIRECT COUPLING circuit block Potentiometer R4 is the load resistor on the COMMON COLLECTOR circuit block. The BIAS STABILIZATION circuit block does not use a sine wave generator, instead, ituses a positive, variable, dc power supply. In addition, this circuit block has a resistor,labeled HEATER which is located near the transistor, that is powered by a separate dc powersupply. The RC COUPLING/TRANSFORMER COUPLING and the DIRECT COUPLING circuitblocks include components that are used to demonstrate two-stage amplification. All transistors on the TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS circuit board are NPN exceptfor the second stage PNP transistor on the DIRECT COUPLING circuit block.3

Transistor Amplifier CircuitsUnit 1 – Introduction to Transistor AmplifiersNOTES4

Transistor Amplifier CircuitsUnit 1 – Introduction to Transistor AmplifiersExercise 2 – Multistage Amplifier IntroductionEXERCISE OBJECTIVEWhen you have completed this exercise, you will have observed the operation of a two-stagetransistor amplifier circuit. You will view your results on an oscilloscope.DISCUSSION Multistage transistor amplifiers utilize multiple transistors to produce voltage, current, orpower gains greater than those provided by a single transistor. Multistage transistor amplifiers are identified by the method used to couple the signalbetween amplifier stages. Resistor-capacitor (RC) coupling uses a resistor to develop an output signal and a capacitorto pass the signal from the output of one stage to another. Transformer coupling uses a transformer to couple signals between the primary and thesecondary side of the coil. In multistage amplifiers, capacitors are used to isolate the dc bias levels and simplify thedesign. All amplifiers are designed for a specific frequency range and an input/output signalamplitude range. An input signal that is too large or outside the frequency range of an amplifier will produce adistorted output signal.5

Transistor Amplifier CircuitsUnit 1 – Introduction to Transistor AmplifiersNOTES6

Transistor Amplifier CircuitsUnit 2 – Common Base CircuitUNIT 2 – COMMON BASE CIRCUITUNIT OBJECTIVEAt the completion of this unit, you will be able to demonstrate the operation of the common basetransistor amplifier circuit by using calculated and measured circuit conditions.UNIT FUNDAMENTALSThe base terminal is common to the input and output signals in the common base (CB) transistorcircuit. The ac output signal of a common base (CB) circuit is in phase with the input signal.For a PNP or NPN transistor to function normally in any type of amplifier circuit, the baseemitter junction is forward biased, and the base-collector junction is reversed biased.The emitter current (IE) increases very rapidly after the transistor is forward biased [base-emittervoltage (VBE) of about 0.6 Vdc].7

Transistor Amplifier CircuitsUnit 2 – Common Base CircuitProper biasing of a CB transistor circuit can be provided by a connection between the baseterminal and a voltage divider circuit across a single dc power supply.NEW TERMS AND WORDSactive region - the region on the transistor load line between the saturation point and the cutoffpoint.Q-point (quiescent point) - the dc steady state operating point set by the dc bias conditions.cutoff point - the point on the load line where the collector current is essentially zero.saturation point - the point on the load line where the collector current is maximum.EQUIPMENT REQUIREDF.A.C.E.T. base unitMultimeterOscilloscope, dual traceGenerator, sine waveTRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS circuit board8

Transistor Amplifier CircuitsUnit 2 – Common Base CircuitNOTES9

Transistor Amplifier CircuitsUnit 2 – Common Base CircuitExercise 1 – Common Base Circuit DC OperationEXERCISE OBJECTIVEWhen you have completed this exercise, you will be able to determine the dc operatingconditions of a common base (CB) transistor circuit by using a typical CB circuit. You willverify your results with a multimeter.DISCUSSION In common base amplifier circuits the base terminal is common to both the input and outputsignals. The voltage divider network provides the fixed dc base voltage required to forward bias thebase-emitter junction of the transistor. The voltage divider equation can be used to calculate the base voltage (VB). VBE, base-emitter voltage, of a forward biased silicon transistor is approximately 0.6 V. The emitter voltage (VE) is the difference between the base voltage and the base-emittervoltage.VE VB - VBE Ohm’s law is used to calculate both emitter current (IE) and collector current (IC). Collector current can be found in two other ways: First the collector current is approximatelyequal to the emitter current. Second the collector current is the difference between the emittercurrent and the base current.IC I E I B Transistor characteristic curves and dc load lines are used to determine the Q (quiescent)point, dc-point, or operating point of the transistor circuit. Saturation occurs when the base-collector voltage is zero.10

Transistor Amplifier CircuitsUnit 2 – Common Base CircuitNOTES11

Transistor Amplifier CircuitsUnit 2 – Common Base CircuitExercise 2 – Common Base Circuit AC OperationEXERCISE OBJECTIVEWhen you have completed this exercise, you will be able to determine ac operatingcharacteristics of a common base (CB) amplifier by using a typical CB circuit. You will verifyyour results with a multimeter and an oscilloscope.DISCUSSION The sine wave generator provides the ac input signal. Ac signals at the base are shorted to ground by capacitor C2. The ac output signal is between capacitor C3 (located at the collector of Q1) and ground. The input impedance of the common base configuration is very low while the outputimpedance is very high. Low input impedance causes loading of the input signal. The high ratio of output to input impedance creates a circuit with high gains. Common base transistor circuits are used in applications which require high output gains. The ac output signal is in phase with the input signal. Voltage gain of the common base circuit is the ratio of the output voltage to the inputvoltage, or the ratio

Transistor Amplifier Circuits Unit 1 – Introduction to Transistor Amplifiers 2 NEW TERMS AND WORDS Multistage - an amplifier circuit that uses more than one active component (transistor). active component - a circuit component that controls gain or directs current flow. gain - the amount by which an amplifier

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