Fig. 30-1 What Human Reproductive Organ Is Functionally .

2y ago
79 Views
2 Downloads
9.81 MB
136 Pages
Last View : 14d ago
Last Download : 2m ago
Upload by : Emanuel Batten
Transcription

Fig. 30-1What human reproductive organ is functionally similar to this seed?

Overview: Transforming the World Seeds changed the course of plant evolution,enabling their bearers to become the dominantproducers in most terrestrial ecosystems A seed consists of an embryo and nutrientssurrounded by a protective coatCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 30-1What human reproductive organ is functionally similar to this seed?

Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for lifeon land In addition to seeds, the following are commonto all seed plants– Reduced gametophytes– Heterospory– Ovules– PollenCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Advantages of Reduced Gametophytes The gametophytes of seed plants developwithin the walls of spores that are retainedwithin tissues of the parent sporophyte Protect female gametophyte from UV anddesiccation (good for the land life!)Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 30-2PLANT GROUPMosses and othernonvascular plantsGametophyte DominantSporophyteFerns and other seedlessvascular plantsSeed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)Reduced, independent(photosynthetic andfree-living)Reduced (usually microscopic), dependent on surroundingsporophyte tissue for nutritionReduced, dependent onDominantgametophyte for ic femalegametophytes (n) insideovulate picfemalegametophytes(n) insidethese partsof flowersExampleMicroscopic malegametophytes (n)inside pollenconeSporophyte (2n)Gametophyte(n)Microscopicmalegametophytes(n) insidethese partsof flowersSporophyte (2n)

Fig. 30-2cSeed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)Reduced (usually microscopic), dependent on surroundingGametophyte sporophyte tissue for nutritionSporophyte DominantGymnospermMicroscopic femalegametophytes (n)inside ovulate coneAngiospermMicroscopicmalegametophytes(n) insidethese partsof flowersExampleMicroscopic malegametophytes (n)inside pollenconeSporophyte (2n)Sporophyte (2n)Microscopicfemalegametophytes(n) insidethese partsof flowers

Heterospory: The Rule Among Seed Plants The ancestors of seed plants were likelyhomosporous (one type of spore [like ferns]),while seed plants are heterosporous Megasporangia produce megaspores that giverise to female gametophytes Microsporangia produce microspores that giverise to male gametophytesCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Ovules and Production of Eggs An ovule consists of a megasporangium,megaspore, and one or more protectiveinteguments Gymnosperm megaspores have oneintegument Angiosperm megaspores usually have twointegumentsCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 30-3-1IntegumentSpore wallImmaturefemale coneMegasporangium(2n)Megaspore (n)(a) Unfertilized ovule

Pollen and Production of Sperm Microspores develop into pollen grains, whichcontain the male gametophytesCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Pollen and Production of Sperm Microspores develop into pollen grains, whichcontain the male gametophytes Pollination is the transfer of pollen to the partof a seed plant containing the ovulesCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Pollen and Production of Sperm Microspores develop into pollen grains, whichcontain the male gametophytes Pollination is the transfer of pollen to the partof a seed plant containing the ovules Pollen eliminates the need for a film of waterand can be dispersed great distances by air oranimalsCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Pollen and Production of Sperm Microspores develop into pollen grains, whichcontain the male gametophytes Pollination is the transfer of pollen to the partof a seed plant containing the ovules Pollen eliminates the need for a film of waterand can be dispersed great distances by air oranimals If a pollen grain germinates, it gives rise to apollen tube that discharges two sperm into thefemale gametophyte within the ovuleCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 30-3-2Femalegametophyte (n)Spore wallMale gametophyte(within a germinatedpollen grain) (n)Micropyle(b) Fertilized ovuleEgg nucleus (n)Dischargedsperm nucleus (n)Pollen grain (n)

The Evolutionary Advantage of Seeds A seed develops from the whole ovuleCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Evolutionary Advantage of Seeds A seed develops from the whole ovule A seed is a sporophyte embryo, along with itsfood supply, packaged in a protective coatCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Evolutionary Advantage of Seeds A seed develops from the whole ovule A seed is a sporophyte embryo, along with itsfood supply, packaged in a protective coat Seeds provide some evolutionary advantagesover spores:– They may remain dormant for days to years,until conditions are favorable for germinationCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Evolutionary Advantage of Seeds A seed develops from the whole ovule A seed is a sporophyte embryo, along with itsfood supply, packaged in a protective coat Seeds provide some evolutionary advantagesover spores:– They may remain dormant for days to years,until conditions are favorable for germination– They may be transported long distances bywind or animalsCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 30-3-3(c) Gymnosperm seed

Fig. 30-3-3Seed coat(derived fromintegument)Food supply(femalegametophytetissue) (n)Embryo (2n)(new sporophyte)(c) Gymnosperm seed

Fig. 30-3-4IntegumentFemalegametophyte (n)Seed coat(derived fromintegument)Spore wallEgg nucleus (n)Immaturefemale coneMegasporangium(2n)Megaspore (n)(a) Unfertilized ovuleMale gametophyte(within a germinatedpollen grain) (n)Micropyle(b) Fertilized ovuleDischargedsperm nucleus (n)Pollen grain (n)Food supply(femalegametophytetissue) (n)Embryo (2n)(new sporophyte)(c) Gymnosperm seed

Concept 30.2: Gymnosperms bear “naked” seeds,typically on cones The gymnosperms have “naked” seeds notenclosed by ovaries and consist of four phyla:– Cycadophyta (cycads)– Gingkophyta (one living species: Ginkgobiloba)– Gnetophyta (three genera: Gnetum, Ephedra,Welwitschia)– Coniferophyta (conifers, such as pine, fir, andredwood)Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 30-UN1Nonvascular plants (bryophytes)Seedless vascular plantsGymnospermsAngiosperms

Gymnosperm Evolution(fun fact) Fossil evidence reveals that by the lateDevonian period some plants, calledprogymnosperms, had begun to acquiresome adaptations that characterize seed plantsCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 30-4Archaeopteris, a progymnosperm

Living seed plants can be divided into twoclades: gymnosperms and angiospermsCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Living seed plants can be divided into twoclades: gymnosperms and angiosperms Gymnosperms appear early in the fossil recordand dominated the Mesozoic terrestrialecosystemsCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Living seed plants can be divided into twoclades: gymnosperms and angiosperms Gymnosperms appear early in the fossil recordand dominated the Mesozoic terrestrialecosystems Gymnosperms were better suited thannonvascular plants to drier conditionsCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Living seed plants can be divided into twoclades: gymnosperms and angiosperms Gymnosperms appear early in the fossil recordand dominated the Mesozoic terrestrialecosystems Gymnosperms were better suited thannonvascular plants to drier conditions Today, cone-bearing gymnosperms calledconifers dominate in the northern latitudesCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Phylum Cycadophyta Individuals have large cones and palmlikeleaves These thrived during the Mesozoic, butrelatively few species exist todayCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 30-5aCycas revolutaVery successful during Mesozoic (age of cycads)

Phylum Ginkgophyta This phylum consists of a single living species,Ginkgo biloba It has a high tolerance to air pollution and is apopular ornamental treeCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 30-5bGinkgo bilobapollen-producing (male) tree

Fig. 30-5cGinkgo bilobaleaves and fleshy seeds

Phylum Gnetophyta This phylum comprises three genera Species vary in appearance, and some aretropical whereas others live in desertsCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 30-5dGnetum

Fig. 30-5eEphedra“Morman Tea”caffeine ephedrine!

Fig. 30-5fWelwitschiaSW Africasome of the biggest leaves

Fig. 30-5gOvulate conesWelwitschia

Phylum Coniferophyta This phylum is by far the largest of thegymnosperm phyla Most conifers are evergreens and can carry outphotosynthesis year roundCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 30-5hDouglas fir

Fig. 30-5iEuropean larch

Fig. 30-5jBristlecone pine4,600 years!

Fig. 30-5kSequoia

Fig. 30-5lWollemi pine

Fig. 30-5mCommon juniper

1942 air raids‘44-’45 balloons, deaths

Result 1. Loss of habitat!2. Cataclysmic fires?

Fire Ecology: Longleaf Pine (Pinus)

Life Stages1. Seed – falls to ground andgerminates (or dies)*2. Grass Stage – builds rootsystem. Meristem protectedby needles.3. Bottlebrush-Shoots up fast –vulnerable, but bark isthickening rapidly.* Other pines may release seeds onlywhen hot (wax, etc.)

Disclimax CommunityThick bark, no lower limbs,no understory “staircase”vegetation, no fuel buildup(1-7 year natural fire rotation)

The Life Cycle of a Pine: A Closer Look Three key features of the gymnosperm lifecycle are:– Dominance of the sporophyte generationCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Life Cycle of a Pine: A Closer Look Three key features of the gymnosperm lifecycle are:– Dominance of the sporophyte generation– Development of seeds from fertilized ovulesAnimation: Pine Life CycleCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Life Cycle of a Pine: A Closer Look Three key features of the gymnosperm lifecycle are:– Dominance of the sporophyte generation– Development of seeds from fertilized ovules– The transfer of sperm to ovules by pollenAnimation: Pine Life CycleCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The pine tree is the sporophyte and producessporangia in male and female conesCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The pine tree is the sporophyte and producessporangia in male and female cones Small cones produce microspores called pollengrains, each of which contains a malegametophyteCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The pine tree is the sporophyte and producessporangia in male and female cones Small cones produce microspores called pollengrains, each of which contains a malegametophyte The familiar larger cones contain ovules, whichproduce megaspores that develop into femalegametophytesCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The pine tree is the sporophyte and producessporangia in male and female cones Small cones produce microspores called pollengrains, each of which contains a malegametophyte The familiar larger cones contain ovules, whichproduce megaspores that develop into femalegametophytes It takes nearly three years from coneproduction to mature seedCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Concept 30.3: The reproductive adaptations ofangiosperms include flowers and fruits Angiosperms are seed plants with reproductivestructures called flowers and fruits They are the most widespread and diverse ofall plantsCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 30-UN2Nonvascular plants (bryophytes)Seedless vascular plantsGymnospermsAngiosperms

Characteristics of Angiosperms All angiosperms are classified in a singlephylum, Anthophyta The name comes from the Greek anthos,flowerCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Flowers The flower is an angiosperm structurespecialized for sexual reproduction Many species are pollinated by insects oranimals, while some species are windpollinatedCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Allergenic Pollen (poplar, alder, timothy grass, ragweed, sagebrush, scotchbroom)(SEM x1,000). This image is copyright Dennis Kunkel http://www.pbrc.hawaii.edu/ kunkel/gallery.

A flower is a specialized shoot with up to fourtypes of modified leaves:– Sepals, which enclose the flowerCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

A flower is a specialized shoot with up to fourtypes of modified leaves:– Sepals, which enclose the flower– Petals, which are brightly colored and attractpollinatorsCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

A flower is a specialized shoot with up to fourtypes of modified leaves:– Sepals, which enclose the flower– Petals, which are brightly colored and attractpollinators– Stamens, which produce pollen on theirterminal anthers– Carpels, which produce ovulesCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. lSepalOvule

A carpel consists of an ovary at the base anda style leading up to a stigma, where pollen isreceivedVideo: Flower Blooming (time lapse)Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fruits A fruit typically consists of a mature ovary butcan also include other flower parts Fruits protect seeds and aid in their dispersal Mature fruits can be either fleshy or dryAnimation: Fruit DevelopmentCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 30-8TomatoRuby grapefruitNectarineHazelnutMilkweed

Various fruit adaptations help disperse seeds Seeds can be carried by wind, water, oranimals to new locationsCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 30-9WingsSeeds within berriesBarbs

Science 1 January 1982:Vol. 215. no. 4528, pp. 19 - 27Neotropical Anachronisms: The Fruits the Gomphotheres AteDaniel H. Janzen 1 and Paul S. Martin 2

Guanacaste: A victim of ice age extinctions?

Gomphotheres!Other anachronistic fruits?

Megalonyxjeffersonii

The Angiosperm Life Cycle The flower of the sporophyte is composed ofboth male and female structuresCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Angiosperm Life Cycle The flower of the sporophyte is composed ofboth male and female structures Male gametophytes are contained within pollengrains produced by the microsporangia ofanthersCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Angiosperm Life Cycle The flower of the sporophyte is composed ofboth male and female structures Male gametophytes are contained within pollengrains produced by the microsporangia ofanthers The female gametophyte, or embryo sac,develops within an ovule contained within anovary at the base of a stigmaCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Angiosperm Life Cycle The flower of the sporophyte is composed ofboth male and female structures Male gametophytes are contained within pollengrains produced by the microsporangia ofanthers The female gametophyte, or embryo sac,develops within an ovule contained within anovary at the base of a stigma Most flowers have mechanisms to ensurecross-pollination between flowers fromdifferent plants of the same speciesCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

A pollen grain that has landed on a stigmagerminates and the pollen tube of the malegametophyte grows down to the ovaryCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Silk style; trichomes make them sticky

Long way to go, if you are a corn pollen!

A pollen grain that has landed on a stigmagerminates and the pollen tube of the malegametophyte grows down to the ovary The ovule is entered by a pore called themicropyleCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

A pollen grain that has landed on a stigmagerminates and the pollen tube of the malegametophyte grows down to the ovary The ovule is entered by a pore called themicropyle Double fertilization occurs when the pollentube discharges two sperm into the femalegametophyte within an ovuleCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

One sperm fertilizes the egg, while the othercombines with two nuclei in the central cell ofthe female gametophyte and initiatesdevelopment of food-storing endosperm The endosperm nourishes the developingembryo (think yolk!)Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

One sperm fertilizes the egg, while the othercombines with two nuclei in the central cell ofthe female gametophyte and initiatesdevelopment of food-storing endosperm The endosperm nourishes the developingembryo (think yolk!) Within a seed, the embryo consists of a rootand two seed leaves called cotyledonsCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 30-10-1KeyHaploid (n)Diploid (2n)Mature flower onsporophyte plant(2n)AntherMicrosporangiumMicrosporocytes (2n)MEIOSISMicrospore(n)Generative cellTube cellMale gametophyte(in pollen grain)Pollen(n)grains

Fig. 30-10-2KeyHaploid (n)Diploid (2n)Mature flower onsporophyte plant(2n)MicrosporangiumMicrosporocytes (2n)AntherMEIOSISMicrosporeOvule (2n)(n)OvaryMEIOSISMale gametophyte(in pollen )Antipodal cellsFemale gametophyte Central cell(embryo sac)SynergidsEgg (n)Generative cellTube cell

Fig. 30-10-3KeyHaploid (n)Diploid (2n)Mature flower onsporophyte plant(2n)MicrosporangiumMicrosporocytes (2n)AntherMEIOSISMicrosporeOvule (2n)(n)OvaryMEIOSISMegasporangium(2n)Male gametophyte(in pollen ntipodal cellsFemale gametophyte Central cell(embryo sac)SynergidsEgg (n)Generative cellTube cleus (n)Discharged sperm nuclei (n)

Fig. 30-10-4KeyHaploid (n)Diploid (2n)Mature flower onsporophyte plant(2n)MicrosporangiumMicrosporocytes (2n)AntherMEIOSISMicrosporeOvule n)Embryo (2n)Endosperm (3n)SeedSeed coat (2n)Nucleus ofdevelopingendosperm(3n)Male gametophyte(in pollen ntipodal cellsFemale gametophyte Central cell(embryo sac)SynergidsEgg (n)Generative cellTube cellSpermStylePollentubeSperm(n

(c) Gymnosperm seed Embryo (2n) (new sporophyte) Food supply (female gametophyte tissue) (n) (a) Unfertilized ovule (b) Fertilized ovule Immature female cone Spore wall Megasporangium (2 n) Male gametophyte (within a germinated pollen grain) ( ) Megaspore (n) Micropyle Pollen gra

Related Documents:

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 11 Fig. 12 Fig. 13 Fig. 14 Fig. 15 Fig. 16 Fig. 17 AB A B Fig. 10

IMPRESSA Xs90 / Xs95 Instructions for use. Legend: DISPLAY: serves as information. DISPLAY: please follow the instructions shown. Note Important Tip. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 11 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10 Fig. 12 Fig. 13 1 2 3 Fig. 14 Fig. 15. 2 1 3 17 7 10

Manual. Contents page 1. Introduction 1 2. The MOLLE System 1 Includes: . MOLLE is a replacement for the current ALICE system and com- . fig. 1 fig. 2 fig. 3 fig. 4 fig. 5 fig. 6 fig. 7 fig. 8 fig. 9 fig. 10 Pockets: fig. 1 100 round utility pocket fig. 2 200 round magazine pocket fig. 3 medical pocket fig. 4 30 round single magazine pocket .

PIPE HANGERS AND SUPPORTS Hanger Rods—Pipe Supports Hanger Rod Attachments Fig. 110R Fig. 157 Fig. 299 Fig. 233 Fig. 230 Fig. 290 Fig. 291 Machine Bolts Socket, Rod Extension Forged Turnbuckle Turnbuckle Thread Clevis Pin & Hex Nuts Threaded Piece Steel Clevis Weldless With Eye Nut Cotters U-Bolts Fig. 137 & Fig. 137S Fig. 120File Size: 449KB

(fig. 36) Use roofing nails and adhesive to re-attach the shingles. For ideal fit and finish, we recommend covering the flashing with shingles leaving only the bottom center area of the flashing exposed as shown. (fig. 37) fig. 34 fig. 35 fig. 36 fig. 37 1/2 inch from dome frame trim to fit fig. 38a fig. 38b fig. 39 fig. 40

7 Fig. 25: Curva de compensación. 37 Fig. 26. Desgaste de Patterson 38 Fig. 27: Plano oclusal 39 Fig. 28: Inclinación cuspídea. 40 Fig. 29: Movimientos funcionales de los dientes artificiales. 40 Fig. 30: Dientes anatómicos. 43 Fig. 31: Corte sagital de dientes anatómicos en contacto. 43 Fig. 32: Dientes no anatómicos. 46 Fig. 33: Corte sagital de dientes no anatómicos en contacto.

the applicable Caterpillar manual. See Fig.1 for a full view of the Caterpillar C10, C12 and 3406 engine controls wiring. See Fig.2, Fig.3 and Fig.4 for partial views of the Caterpillar C10, C12 and 3406 engine controls wir ing. See Fig.5 for a full view of the Caterpillar 3126 en-gine controls wiring. See Fig.6, Fig.7 and Fig.8 for partial .

Fig. 3. UML Diagram for the Greggg Hardware 141 Fig. 4. The Greggg Robot 142 Fig. 5. Use Case Diagram for the Greggg Robot 143 Fig. 6. Sensor Diagram for Greggg 144 Fig. 7. The Greggg Dashboard with Vision Recognition 145 Fig. 8. UML Class Diagram of the Flow of Information Used for Image Processing 146 Fig. 9. Greggg’s Tour Route on Campus 147