An Introduction To Language And Linguistics
Cambridge University Press0521847680 - An Introduction to Language and LinguisticsEdited by Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-LintonFrontmatterMore informationAn Introduction to Language and LinguisticsThis accessible new textbook is the only introduction to linguistics inwhich each chapter is written by an expert who teaches courses on thattopic, ensuring balanced and uniformly excellent coverage of the fullrange of modern linguistics. Assuming no prior knowledge, the textoffers a clear introduction to the traditional topics of structurallinguistics (theories of sound, form, meaning, and language change), andin addition provides full coverage of contextual linguistics, includingseparate chapters on discourse, dialect variation, language and culture,and the politics of language. There are also up-to-date separate chapterson language and the brain, computational linguistics, writing, childlanguage acquisition, and second language learning. The breadth of thetextbook makes it ideal for introductory courses on language andlinguistics offered by departments of English, sociology, anthropology,and communications, as well as by linguistics departments.RALPH FASOLD is Professor Emeritus and past Chair of the Department ofLinguistics at Georgetown University. He is the author of four books andeditor or coeditor of six others. Among them are the textbooks TheSociolinguistics of Society (1984) and The Sociolinguistics of Language (1990).JEFF CONNOR-LINTON is an Associate Professor in the Department ofLinguistics at Georgetown University, where he has been Head of theApplied Linguistics Program and Department Chair. He supervises amulti-section introductory linguistics course and the pedagogicaltraining of graduate students in the Linguistics Department. Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521847680 - An Introduction to Language and LinguisticsEdited by Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-LintonFrontmatterMore informationAn Introductionto Languageand LinguisticsEdited byRALPH FASOLDANDJEFF CONNOR-LINTON Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521847680 - An Introduction to Language and LinguisticsEdited by Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-LintonFrontmatterMore informationcambridge universit y pressCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São PauloCambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UKPublished in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New Yorkwww.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521612357 Cambridge University Press 2006This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.First published 2006Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, CambridgeA catalogue record for this publication is available from the British LibraryISBN-13 978-0-521-84768-1 hardbackISBN-10 0-521-84768-0 hardbackISBN-13 978-0-521-61235-7 paperbackISBN-10 0-521-61235-7 paperbackCambridge University Press has no responsibility forthe persistence or accuracy of URLs for external orthird-party internet websites referred to in this publication,and does not guarantee that any content on suchwebsites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521847680 - An Introduction to Language and LinguisticsEdited by Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-LintonFrontmatterMore informationContentsDetailed contentsAcknowledgmentsIntroductionviixvi1Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-Linton1 The sounds of language13Elizabeth Zsiga2 Words and their parts55Donna Lardiere3 The structure of sentences97David Lightfoot and Ralph Fasold4 Meaning137Paul Portner5 Discourse169Deborah Schiffrin6 Child language acquisition205Kendall A. King7 Language and the brain235Michael T. Ullman8 Language change275Shaligram Shukla and Jeff Connor-Linton9 Dialect variation311Natalie Schilling-Estes10 Language and culture343Deborah Tannen11 The politics of language373Ralph Fasold12 Writing401Jeff Connor-Linton Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521847680 - An Introduction to Language and LinguisticsEdited by Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-LintonFrontmatterMore informationviCONTENTS13 Second language acquisition433Alison Mackey14 Computational linguistics465Inderjeet ManiGlossaryReferencesIndex Cambridge University Press493519533www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521847680 - An Introduction to Language and LinguisticsEdited by Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-LintonFrontmatterMore informationDetailed contentsIntroductionUniversal properties of languageModularityConstituency and ance on contextVariabilityThe descriptive approachDefining languageThe diversity of linguisticsHow to approach this book1 The sounds of languageKey termsChapter previewGoalsArticulatory phoneticsThe tools of phoneticsThe vocal tractArticulationManners of articulationWriting sounds: Tone and intonationSyllable structureStressAcoustic phoneticsSound wavesSimple and complex soundsHearingMeasuring speechPhonologyPhonemes and allophonesPhonotacticsAlternation and allomorphsTypes of phonological alternations Cambridge University 303132323334353838414344www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521847680 - An Introduction to Language and LinguisticsEdited by Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-LintonFrontmatterMore informationviiiDETAILED CONTENTSPhonological theoryChapter summaryExercisesSuggestions for further reading474950532 Words and their parts55Key termsChapter previewGoalsWhat is a word?Morphology: the study of word-structureMorphemesThe forms of morphemesSome morphological operations of the world’slanguagesAffixationOther types of affixationReduplicationAblaut and suppletionTone and stressTwo purposes of morphology: derivation and inflectionDerivationInflectionAcquiring inflectional contrastsChapter summaryExercisesSuggestions for further reading3 The structure of sentencesKey termsChapter previewGoalsPoverty of the stimulusThe amazing robot basketball playerApplying the metaphor to the structure of nMovement and deletionGrammars are finite; language is notRecursionThe significance of recursionRestrictionsYou can do without that, but not alwaysHeavy Determiner Phrase movementThe Binding TheorySummary Cambridge University w.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521847680 - An Introduction to Language and LinguisticsEdited by Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-LintonFrontmatterMore informationDetailed contentsDifferences in syntax across languagesHead–complement order in HindiImmobile-WH-words in ThaiGender in languagesFunctional SyntaxA functional analysis of pronounsContrasting formal and functional analysesChapter summaryExercisesSuggestions for further reading4 MeaningKey termsChapter previewGoalsSpeaker’s meaning and semantic meaningSemanticsFundamental semantic concepts andcompositionalitySubjects, predicates, and argumentsThematic roles and lexical semanticsLogical s summaryPragmatics 1: meaning and contextIndexicality, context-dependency, and anaphoraPresuppositionPragmatics 2: meaning and the intention tocommunicateThe Gricean view of meaningImplicatureSpeech actsPragmatics summaryPhilosophical issuesThe psychological viewThe referential viewChapter summaryExercisesSuggestions for further reading5 DiscourseKey termsChapter previewGoalsLanguage use above and beyond the sentenceData: language use in everyday life Cambridge University ge.org
Cambridge University Press0521847680 - An Introduction to Language and LinguisticsEdited by Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-LintonFrontmatterMore informationxDETAILED CONTENTSSpoken and written discourse: a first lookSpoken discourseSequential and distributional analysesRepair and recipient designComparing transcriptsAdjacency pairsParticipation frameworksNarrativesSummary: spoken discourseWritten discourseFragmentation and integrationWriting to be readLanguage functionsPlanes of discourseParticipation frameworkExchange structureAct structuresInformation stateIdea structureLinking together planes of discourseChapter summaryExercisesSuggestions for further reading6 Child language acquisitionKey termsChapter previewGoalsGathering data on language acquisitionParental diariesObservational studiesExperimental studiesThe data: milestones in child language developmentThe first soundsThe first wordsFirst sentences: morphological and syntacticdevelopmentCrosslinguistic and crosscultural aspects of languageacquisitionExplaining the dataBehaviorismNativismConnectionismSocial interactionismWhat’s at stake in the child language debate?Chapter summaryExercisesSuggestions for further reading Cambridge University dge.org
Cambridge University Press0521847680 - An Introduction to Language and LinguisticsEdited by Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-LintonFrontmatterMore informationDetailed contents7 Language and the brainKey termsChapter previewGoalsThe biology of the brainThe cerebrumThe cerebral cortex and its neuronsCytoarchitectonics: the distribution of neuronsin the cortexThe cerebellum, subcortical structures, and networksin the brainQuestions about the biology of languageBiological substrates: what are the biological basesof language?Biotemporal dynamics: what does brain activity duringlanguage use look like?Separability: do different language functions dependon different biological substrates?Domain specificity: are the biological substrates oflanguage dedicated exclusively to language?Methods in the study of the biology of languageThe lesion methodHemodynamic neuroimagingEvent-related potentialsMagnetoencephalographyDirect brain recording and stimulationTranscranial Magnetic StimulationEvidence and explanationsThe lexicon, conceptual-semantics, and phonologySyntaxMorphologyChapter summaryExercisesSuggestions for further reading8 Language changeKey termsChapter previewGoalsLanguages changeCauses of language changeArticulatory simplificationRegularizationLanguage contactKinds of language changePhonological changeMorphological changeSyntactic change Cambridge University 276276277277278278280281283284www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521847680 - An Introduction to Language and LinguisticsEdited by Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-LintonFrontmatterMore informationxiiDETAILED CONTENTSSemantic changeMechanisms of language changeSound changeBorrowingAnalogyLinguistic reconstruction and language familiesThe comparative methodInternal reconstructionHistorical linguistics and cultureChapter summaryExercisesSuggestions for further reading9 Dialect variationKey termsChapter previewGoalsThe nature of dialect variationLanguages, dialects, and standardsThe regular patterning of dialectsWhy are standards held in such esteem?Why dialects?Inherent variabilityLevels of dialect variationLexical variationPhonological variationMorphosyntactic variationPragmatic variationShared features among dialectsTypes of dialect variationSocial class and social networkGender-based patterns of variationEthnicity-based variationDialect and styleAge-based variation and language changeThe fate of dialect variationChapter summaryExercisesSuggestions for further reading10 Language and cultureKey termsChapter previewGoalsCulturally-influenced aspects of languageLanguage, culture, and framingCrosscultural miscommunicationPoliteness and interaction Cambridge University bridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521847680 - An Introduction to Language and LinguisticsEdited by Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-LintonFrontmatterMore informationDetailed contentsHigh-involvement and high-considerateness stylesOverlapBack-channel cuesTurn-takingAsking questionsIndirectnessMutual stereotypingThe ritual nature of conversationLanguage and genderComplementary schismogenesisLanguage and cultural relativityChapter summaryExercisesSuggestions for further reading11 The politics of languageKey termsChapter previewGoalsIdentity politics and languageIdentity in languageKey conceptsInterpreting some of the casesLanguage standardizationMinimum and arbitrary standardsNonstandard language: EbonicsLanguage issues in China and SingaporeThe politics of standardizationDiglossia“Languages” and “dialects”The politics of languages and dialectsOfficial EnglishLanguage rights in the United StatesBilingualismBilingual maintenance: continuing immigrationBilingual maintenance: group identityControlling the content of speechBlasphemy and cursingHate speechChapter summaryExercisesSuggestions for further reading12 WritingKey termsChapter previewGoalsWriting and speaking Cambridge University .cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521847680 - An Introduction to Language and LinguisticsEdited by Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-LintonFrontmatterMore informationxivDETAILED CONTENTSTypes of writing systemsLogographic systemsSyllabic systemsAlphabetic systemsConsonantal alphabetic systemsThe development of writingProtowritingCuneiformEgyptian hieroglyphsEarly alphabetsThe consequences of Relative advantageChapter summaryExercisesSuggestions for further 2842943043213 Second language acquisition433433433Key termsChapter previewGoalsTheories of second language acquisitionBehaviorismComprehensible input and the natural orderhypothesisThe interaction hypothesisSocioculturalismUniversal grammarFrequency-based approachesSummaryIndividual differences in second language acquisitionFirst language (L1)AgeGenderWorking memoryMotivationContext of second language learningSLA processesAttentionDevelopmental sequencesFossilizationInstructionTeaching methodsBridging the theory–pedagogy gapTask-based language teaching and learningChapter summary Cambridge University 449450450450452454455458458459www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521847680 - An Introduction to Language and LinguisticsEdited by Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-LintonFrontmatterMore informationDetailed contentsExercisesSuggestions for further reading14 Computational linguisticsKey termsChapter previewGoalsThe computational perspectiveMorphological processingTokenizationMorphological analysis and synthesisSyntactic processingContext-free grammarsParsingPart-of-speech taggingBeyond context-free grammarsStatistical parsingSemantic processingWord meaningSentence meaningNatural language generationProbabilistic theoriesRelated technologiesInformation extractionSpeech recognitionSpeech synthesisMachine translationMajor challenges in computational linguisticsChapter summaryExercisesSuggestions for further reading Cambridge University .cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521847680 - An Introduction to Language and LinguisticsEdited by Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-LintonFrontmatterMore informationAcknowledgmentsChapter 6 Child language acquisitionThanks to Donna Lardiere, Alison Mackey, andGigliana Melzi for their many helpful comments on this chapter, and to Rebekha Abbuhlfor excellent research and editorial assistance.Chapter 7 Language and the brainThis chapter was written with support from NSFSBR-9905273, NIH R01 HD049347, and researchgrants from the National Alliance for AutismResearch, the Mabel Flory Trust, and Pfizer, Inc.The author thanks Paul Aisen, Sherry Ash,Harriet Bowden, Stefano Cappa, AlfonsoCaramazza, Jeff Connor-Linton, AntonioDamasio, John Drury, Ivy Estabrooke, AngelaFriederici, Jennifer Ganger, Matthew Gelfand,Jordan Grafman, Yosef Grodzinsky, GregoryHickok, Argye Hillis, Peter Indefrey, Edith Kaan,Amy Knight, Sonja Kotz, Alex Martin, RobbinMiranda, Matthew Moffa, Susan Nitzberg Lott, Cambridge University PressAaron Newman, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, DavidPoeppel, Brenda Rapp, Ardi Roelofs, Ned Sahin,Karsten Steinhauer, Tamara Swaab, MichaelThomas, Sharon Thompson-Schill, John vanMeter, Jill Weisberg, and particularly MatthewWalenski, for useful suggestions and help inpreparing this chapter.Chapter 9 Dialect variationThanks to:Philip Carter, North Carolina State UniversityKirk Hazen, West Virginia UniversityAida Premilovac, Georgetown UniversityRyan Rowe, North Carolina State UniversityDaniel Schreier, University of RegensburgWalt Wolfram, North Carolina State UniversityChapter 14 Computational linguisticsThanks to Jonathan Frank for comments on adraft version of this chapter.www.cambridge.org
Differences in syntax across languages 122 Head–complement order in Hindi 122 Immobile-WH-words in Thai 123 Gender in languages 123 Functional Syntax 126 A functional analysis of pronouns 126 Contrasting formal and functional analyses 128 Chapter summary 129 Exercises 131 Suggestions for further reading 135 4 Meaning 137 Key te
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