LABORATORY MANUAL FOR LABORATORY TECHNICIAN
BURMA BORDER PROGRAMLABORATORY MANUALFOR LABORATORYTECHNICIAN TRAINING2002Mae Hong Son – Mae- SodThailand
Page iLaboratory n 1 Health and diseaseLesson 2 Job descriptionLesson 3 Safety in the LaboratoryLesson 4 The MicroscopeLesson 5 The CellLesson 6 Blood CellsLesson 7 Malaria7.1 Malaria cycle7.2 Malaria Smear7.3 Fixing and staining7.4 Principle of smearing, fixing and staining7.5 How to recognize a good stain7.6 Examination of blood film for malaria parasites7.7 Routine examination of blood film for malaria parasites7.8 Malaria parasite density7.9 Malaria recordPictures of Plasmodium parasitesLesson 8 FilariasisLesson 9 Determining of haemoglobin and haematocrit9.1 Determining of haemoglobin level9.2 Determining of haematocritLesson 10 Tuberculosis10.1 Safety precautions10.2 Sputum collection10.3 Sputum smearing10.4 AFB stain of sputum smear10.5 TB slide examination10.6 TB recordLesson 11 Paragonimiasis11.1 Sputum preparation11.2 Microscopic examinationLesson 12 Hepatitis BLesson 13 Blood transfusionLesson 14 Laboratory recordingLesson 15 Laboratory quality control15.1 Laboratory quality control service by SMRULesson 16 Inventory / 65676970717273747582868687Appendix 1 Learning materialsAppendix 2 Reagents and equipmentAppendix 3 Laboratory equipment suppliers in ThailandReferences91929495
Page iiLaboratory ManualACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis manual would not be finished if there were no contribution and support fromall NGOs’ laboratory program representatives along the Thai–Myanmar Border.These are IRC, MHD, MSF, SMRU, AMI and ARC who support their staff in thiscooperative work.Katherine Jonhson, R.T. – Supervisor of Laboratories, MSF – ThailandProux Stephane, Laboratory in charge, Shoklo Malaria Research Unit.Banjong Suttiprapa, Laboratory Coordinator, ARC – ThailandKyi Twe, Laboratory Supervisor, MHD – ThailandPattinee Suanprasert, Laboratory Technician, IRC – ThailandWe are also very grateful to the Royal Perth hospital web site:http://www.rph.wa.gov.au for providing valuable Plasmodium pictures and weencourage students to visit this excellent web site.Any comments or questions concerning this manual should be addressed to:Proux StephaneS.M.R.UPO. Box 46 Mae-Sot 63110TAK Province. THAILANDTel: (66) 055 545 021Fax: (66) 055 545 020E-Mail: NT COVER PICTURES:Upper left: Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte on a Giemsa stained thinblood film.Upper right: Paragonimus westermani egg in sputum. Wet preparation,X40 objective.Down left: Anophele female mosquito feeding.Down right: Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites in a smear ofmosquito's salivary gland, Giemsa stain.
Page iiiLaboratory ManualPrefaceThis laboratory manual is a selected review of the main laboratory techniques used forthe training of laboratory technicians working in the camp’s laboratory along theThai – Myanmar border. All the tests presented in the manual correspond to thedisease most commonly found along the border. The techniques presented in themanual are those most appropriate to use in the camp laboratories and are feasible tostandardize in all camps along the border. Most of all equipment and supplies can bepurchased and maintained in Thailand. This manual is intended to prepare displacedpersons from Myanmar to organize and maintain laboratories as well as trainadditional laboratory technicians on their own.
Page 1Laboratory Manual1. HEALTH AND DISEASEWHAT IS A HEALTHY PERSON?Somebody, who feels well, has no pain, eats well, and sleeps well. A healthy childgrows well. A healthy adult has normal activity.WHAT IS A DISEASE?Anything that disturbs the normal function of the body. A person who has adisease will feel various symptoms; for example: headache, abdominal pain,chills.These symptoms are only caused by the disease. They are not the diseases.CAUSE OF DISEASE:1) A Disease can be caused by a lack or an excess of something, for example offood.Lack of food for child: no growth, œdema, weakness Lack of essential vitamins: eye problems (vitamin A), skindisease (vitamin B) .Drinking too much alcohol: liver problems2) A disease can also be caused by infectious agents. Infectious agents areparasites, bacteria, viruses or other small living things that you cannot seewith your eyes that enter our body from the outside and cause diseases.Some examples of parasites are worms and the parasite thatcauses malariaSome examples of bacteria that causes diseases are thebacteria that cause tuberculosis and the bacteria that causewounds to get infected (cause pus in wound).Some viruses cause diseases like the common cold andmeasles.3) A disease can also be caused by abnormality inside the body such as diabetes,cancer WHAT IS THE ROLE OF A DOCTOR OR A MEDIC?The doctor or the medic will examine the patient to find clinical signs of thedisease. For example; big liver, hard belly, noise in the lungs, fast pulse .For some disease, examining only the clinical signs and symptoms is enough for amedic to treat the patient. Sometimes it is not enough, so they need the help of alaboratory for other examinations before giving treatment.
Page 2Laboratory ManualWHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE LABORATORY?The laboratory will find the infectious agents that cannot be seen only by eyes,because they are very small in size. To find them, the laboratory uses amicroscope.The laboratories can also check for some bodily substances, especially in bloodand urine. For example: some kind of sugar in the blood or protein in urine.While doctors and medics examine the whole body, laboratory techniciansexamine only samples from the body such as blood, urine, sputum and stool.These samples are also called specimens.PATIENTDOCTORSymptomExample: (fever)Clinical Signs(Big liver) Healthy TreatmentLABORATORYInfectious Agents(Malaria) Result
Page 3Laboratory Manual2. JOB DESCRIPTIONA. LABORATORY TECHNICIANS1. Collect the specimen:- Sputum / Blood2. Prepare the specimen:- Thin and thick blood smears- Dry and wet sputum smear3. Make the staining4. Examine: for- Malaria parasites- TB Bacteria- Lung parasite (Paragonimus)- Microfilaria parasite- Haemoglobin or haematocrit measurement- Blood grouping- HIV- Hepatitis B5. Record each specimen with the result in the register book.6. Return the result to the medic or nurse. The laboratory technician is responsiblefor the result that he / she gives. In emergency cases, he / she must give the resultdirectly to the medic as quickly as possible.7. Keep the laboratory cleanooooClean the room. Tables, chairs, shelves, floor and boxesClean the laboratory EquipmentClean the old slidesProperly dispose of all waste8. Maintain the microscope properly; dry the desiccant (silica gel) for reusing.9. Regularly check the stock of reagents, equipment, and items and fill out theinventory (stock) and the order form that you will give to the in – charge.10. Do the statistics at the end of the month and fill in the laboratory statistic form.11. Collect the slides for quality control every month and send to the lab supervisor.QUALITIES OF THE LAB TECHNICIANSConscientious, Honest, Neat and ReliableLab technicians should be aware that the patient’s life depends on the resultshe / she gives
Page 4Laboratory ManualB. LABORATORY SUPEVISORSThe supervisors should be able to:1. Perform all the laboratory activities described in the laboratoryworkers job description.2. Communicate:2.1 Between the laboratory and the other departments (OPD, IPD.):o Discuss the result of all IPD patients with the medics.o With the medic, organise a meeting if there is a problem tosolve.o Teach the nurses and medics for the proper collection ofspecimen especially thin and thick blood smear in case the labtechnicians cannot do it by their own. Bad smears can lead towrong results, so lab technician supervisor should show themedics and nurses how to make a good smear and explain thatthe quality of the result depends on it. However, bloodcollection should be done by the lab technician as much aspossible.2.2 Among the laboratory staff:o Organise meeting with the staff if there is a problem.o Organise the staff duties.2.3 With the NGO laboratory technician in – charge:o Discuss the problems met during the month.o Give new ideas to improve the work.o Complete and send the statistic forms, quality control form,quality control slides, and laboratory order form on time.o Discuss about the monitoring record.3. Monitor the laboratory activities:3.1 Check the collection of the specimens:o Blood.o Sputum.3.2 Evaluate all the techniques done in the laboratory:o Thin and thick smears.o Giemsa staining.o TB smears.o TB staining.o Paragonimus smears.o Haemoglobin or haematocrit measurement.o Blood grouping.o HIV tests.o Hepatitis B tests.
Page 5Laboratory Manual3.3 Control the registration of the results in each book and on forms:o Malaria book.o TB book.o Haemoglobin or haematocrit book.o Blood transfusion book.o Lab request forms.o Statistics forms.o Quality control forms.3.4 Confirm the results from the lab technicians if they are not sure.3.5 Control the laboratory inventory and ordering systemo Recheck the inventory form done by the lab techniciano Realisation of the laboratory order3.6 Do quality control of malaria and TB slides3.7 Fill out general monitoring record.3.8 Supervise the cleaning and maintenance of the lab items and thelaboratory room
Page 6Laboratory Manual3. SAFETY IN THE LABORATORYThe main accidents associated with medical laboratory work are:INFECTIONSCUTBURNSHARMFUL EFFECTS OF TOXIC CHEMICALSWASTESINFECTIONSLaboratory specimens are often infectious:Sputum of TB patients contains bacteria that may infect the lab technicians.Urine of patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) contains bacteria. If the labtechnician touches this urine, then touches his / her mouth or his / her eyes,he / she may get an infection.Stool may contain parasites such as roundworm eggs. If swallowed, they willgive roundworm infection.To avoid this, you must:Put a mask on before smearing a sputum specimen.Put gloves on before you work with any specimens or when cleaningequipment.Always wash your hands after handling specimens.Be very careful with needles, blood lancets and dispose of them properly.Using these safety methods is called UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS. If youfollow this you will protect yourself from the diseases that can infect and kill you.Anytime that you handle any specimens for laboratory tests, you must treat themas if they were infectious. Do not treat only the specimens that you think areinfectious. You must assume that every patient has an infection. This way you willprotect yourself from the possibility of getting an infection.CUTSLab work requires some glassware: slides, beakers, cylinders, pipettes, bottles.You must be careful with cracked glassware, especially when you wash slides.
Laboratory ManualPage 7BURNSDifferent kinds of alcohol are used in the laboratory. All of them areflammable.Acid alcohol, used in TB test, contains acid that causes burns on skin andclothes.HARMFUL EFFECTS OF TOXIC CHEMICALSAll the chemicals used in the laboratory are toxic if swallowed.Mouth pipetting should be avoided. Never mouth pipetting for acid.Avoid skin contact with xylene, and do not breath it.WASTESBefore washing used slides (especially unstained slides) or specimen containers,throw the wasted specimen into the latrine. Then soak these slides and containers withdisinfectant (solution used for destroying the infectious agents), such as chlorine andhypochlorite.Old slides and used blood lancets must be collected in closed bottles or boxes (or oldinfusion bottles) and thrown into the latrines or wasted wells.NEVER LEAVE USED SLIDES or BLOOD LANCETS LYING ON THE FLOOR
Page 8Laboratory Manual4. THE MICROSCOPEMicroscope is used to see something so small that you cannot see it with your eyes. Amicroscope can magnify the object up to 1000 times its real size.The parts of the microscope can be classified into 4 systems:A)B)C)D)THE SUPPORT SYSTEMTHE MAGNIFICATION SYTEMTHE ILLUMINATION SYSTEM or THE LIGHT SYSTEMTHE ADJUSTMENT SYSTEMABACD
Page 9Laboratory ManualA)THE SUPPORT SYSTEMConsists of:1.2.3.4.5.3The footThe bodyThe objective holderThe stage to place the slide or the objectThe mechanical stage, which holds and controls the movement of theobject slide2451
Page 10Laboratory ManualB)THE MAGNIFICATION SYSTEMConsists of a system of lenses:1.The eyepieces:They multiply the size of the object by 10.2.The objectives:X 10 objective multiplies the size of the object 10 times.X 40 objective multiplies the size of the object 40 times.X 100 objective multiplies the size of the object 100 timesWith x 100 objective, we use immersion oil on the slide.Example: If the x 40 objective and the x 10 eyepiece are used, the total magnificationwill be 40 times (objective) multiplied by 10 times (eyepieces): 40x10 400.It means that the image will be magnified 400 times from real eyesight image.
Page 11Laboratory ManualC)THE ILLUMINATION SYSTEM or THE LIGHT SYSTEMConsists of:1.The mirror that sends the light to the object.2.The condenser that focuses the light.3.The diaphragm, which is fixed within the condenser.It reduces or increases the light before passing through thecondenser.CondenserMirrorDIAPHRAGMCLOSE(Obj X10)HALF-OPEN(Obj X40)OPEN(Obj X100)
Page 12Laboratory ManualD)THE ADJUSTMENT SYSTEMConsists of:4.The coarse adjustment screwThis is the largest screw. It is used to adjust approximately5.The fine adjustment screwThis moves the objective more slowly. It is used to adjustperfectly.6.The condenser screw (some models do not have this)This is used to raise the condenser for greater light or to lowerit to reduce the light:Using x 10 objective: condenser downUsing x 40 objective: condenser half wayUsing x 100 objective: condenser up7.The iris diaphragm leverThis is a small lever inside the condenser. It is moved to closeor open the diaphragm to reduce or increase the intensity oflight8.The screw of the mechanical stageOne screw moves the slide to the right or left.One screw moves the slide forward or backward.Blue filter to beused withelectric light only
Laboratory ManualPage 13ROUTINE MAINTENANCE OF THE MICROSCOPEThe microscope needs daily attention to keep it in good working orderto ensure reliable laboratory result1- Remove the oil from x100 objective with lens paper or soft tissue paper.2- Clean the eyepieces with lens paper or soft tissue paper.3- Clean the condenser, the mirror and support stage with a soft cloth.4- Cover the microscope with a clean plastic or cloth cover in order to protectit from dust.5- Put it in a sealed microscope box with an opened box of blue desiccant toprotect from fungus developing on the microscope especially on the lenssurfaceNote:Desiccant must be renewed regularly by heating it. Its color will turn from pink toblue and ready to be used again.
Page 14Laboratory Manual5. THE CELLThe cell is the basic unit of all living things. A cell is an important part of all animals orplants. It usually works together with other cells to form various organisms(it performs like a leaf, which is one component of an entire roof). Some organisms areformed of only one cell but others, like the human body or plants, have billions of cells.Most of the organisms that cause diseases are one-cell living things, which are toosmall to be seen with the eye.Examples of these living things are yeast, malaria protozoa and bacteria.Aside from these living things, there are free-living things, which are so small that wecannot see them even with an ordinary microscope. They are called Virus and they arenot complete cells.ONLY SOME OF EACH KIND OF THESE ORGANISMS CAN CAUSE DISEASE IN HUMANSAlthough cells vary in shape, size, and function, they are similar in their main structure.Commonly a cell consists of 2 major parts:1. Nucleus2. Cytoplasm1. NUCLEUS is the inner part of the cell. Inside the nucleus, there is a very smallmaterial called Chromatin that acts like the brain of the cell2. CYTOPLASM is the fluid that surrounds the nucleus and is enclosed by a Cellmembrane or/and Cell wall. Inside the cytoplasm, there are variouscomponents, which help the cell to perform its activities.Fig 5. 1: Structure of a cell.
Page15Laboratory Manual6. BLOOD CELLSBlood is a red liquid solution, which contains several different kinds of cells. Thesecells are:1) Red Blood Cells2) White Blood Cells3) Platelets1) THE RED BLOOD CELLS (RBC)The RBC carries oxygen (good air) from lungs to all body tissue cells.Size:7 m (micrometer or micron. 1000 m 1 mm)It is seen about 7 mm by the x100 objective.Shape: Round as a biconcave disc, occasionally slightly irregular.Mature RBC is the only kind of cell in our body that has no nucleus.Coloring by Giemsa stain:Periphery is pink-grey colorCenter is pale pink-grey color or almost colorless.Fig 6. 1: Normal RBC as seen on a thin smear.
Page16Laboratory Manual2) THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBC)The WBC defends the body against infection. They act as the soldiers of our body.There are 5 main types of WBC, which differ in size, shape of the nucleus, color ofcytoplasm and granules in the cytoplasm (granules look like spots).We will study only 4 kinds of WBC:2.1) NeutrophilSize: 12 – 15 mIt is seen about 12 – 15 mm by x100 objective.Shape: RoundColoring by Giemsa stain:Cytoplasm:Nucleus:Granules:PinkishSeveral (2 to 5) lobes, linked by strands of chromatin.The chromatin forms a deep purple mass.Mauve and very small, blue, numerous but separate.For patients suffering from severe malaria the cytoplasm may contain brownish –black masses. This is malaria pigment (see figure 7. 20).Fig 6. 2: Neutrophil
Page17Laboratory Manual2.2) EosinophilSize: 12 – 15 mShape: RoundColoring by Giemsa stainNucleus:Granules:Usually 2 lobes in a deep purple mass.Large, round, orange, numerous and closely packed.Sometimes the cell appears damaged, with scattered granules.LymphocyteEosinophilFig 6. 3: Eosinophil2.3) LymphocyteSize: 7 – 10 m (They are smaller than the other kinds of WBCs)Shape: RoundColoring by Giemsa stainNucleus:Cytoplasm:One compact and large nucleus occupying most of the cell.Chromatin is dark purple and dense.Very little visible, pale blue without granules.LymphocyteFig 6. 4: LymphocyteNeutrophil
Page18Laboratory Manual2.4) MonocyteSize: 15 – 25 m (They are the largest kinds of WBCs)Shape: IrregularColoring by Giemsa stainNucleus:Granules:Cytoplasm:Variable, often kidney – shaped.Chromatin arranged in strands, pale mauve.fine, dust – like, blue.blue – gray, sometimes vacuoles are present inside.For patients suffering from severe malaria the cytoplasm may contain brownish –black masses. This is malaria pigment.Fig 6. 5: Monocyte3) THE PLATELETS (Plt.)They are fragments of cells, which have an important function in the clotting of blood.Without platelets, bleeding from any scratches or cut wounds will not be stopped.Size: 1 – 4 m (It is seen about 1 – 4 mm by the x100)Shape: various shapes (triangular, star – shape, oval, etc )Coloring by Giemsa stain: pinkPlateletsFig 6. 6 Platelets
Page 19Laboratory Manual7. MALARIAMalaria is a disease caused by a parasite, Plasmodium, which infects red blood cells.Malaria is spread by mosquitoes. Mosquitoes suck up the malaria parasite from the blood of aninfected person and transfer parasites to another person when biting them.There are 4 kinds of Plasmodium:Plasmodium falciparum causes the severe malaria, which can cause coma and lead to death.Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale give mild malaria cases.Along Thai – Myanmar border area, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are oftenfound and Plasmodium malariae is seldom found whereas Plasmodium ovale is rarely found.Symptoms and clinical signs:A patient with malaria will complain of fever, chills,
Laboratory Manual Page 6 3. SAFETY IN THE LABORATORY The main accidents associated with medical laboratory work are: INFECTIONS CUT BURNS HARMFUL EFFECTS OF TOXIC CHEMICALS WASTES INFECTIONS Laboratory specimens are often infectious: Sputum of TB patients contains bacteria that may infec
Bruksanvisning för bilstereo . Bruksanvisning for bilstereo . Instrukcja obsługi samochodowego odtwarzacza stereo . Operating Instructions for Car Stereo . 610-104 . SV . Bruksanvisning i original
Medical Laboratory Technician and Laboratory Phlebotomy Technician Textbook List p. 48 Medical Laboratory Technician and Laboratory Phlebotomy Technician Course . appropriate patient care are integrated into each area of the curriculum. . Phlebotomy Technician programs promise t
10 tips och tricks för att lyckas med ert sap-projekt 20 SAPSANYTT 2/2015 De flesta projektledare känner säkert till Cobb’s paradox. Martin Cobb verkade som CIO för sekretariatet för Treasury Board of Canada 1995 då han ställde frågan
service i Norge och Finland drivs inom ramen för ett enskilt företag (NRK. 1 och Yleisradio), fin ns det i Sverige tre: Ett för tv (Sveriges Television , SVT ), ett för radio (Sveriges Radio , SR ) och ett för utbildnings program (Sveriges Utbildningsradio, UR, vilket till följd av sin begränsade storlek inte återfinns bland de 25 största
Hotell För hotell anges de tre klasserna A/B, C och D. Det betyder att den "normala" standarden C är acceptabel men att motiven för en högre standard är starka. Ljudklass C motsvarar de tidigare normkraven för hotell, ljudklass A/B motsvarar kraven för moderna hotell med hög standard och ljudklass D kan användas vid
LÄS NOGGRANT FÖLJANDE VILLKOR FÖR APPLE DEVELOPER PROGRAM LICENCE . Apple Developer Program License Agreement Syfte Du vill använda Apple-mjukvara (enligt definitionen nedan) för att utveckla en eller flera Applikationer (enligt definitionen nedan) för Apple-märkta produkter. . Applikationer som utvecklas för iOS-produkter, Apple .
och krav. Maskinerna skriver ut upp till fyra tum breda etiketter med direkt termoteknik och termotransferteknik och är lämpliga för en lång rad användningsområden på vertikala marknader. TD-seriens professionella etikettskrivare för . skrivbordet. Brothers nya avancerade 4-tums etikettskrivare för skrivbordet är effektiva och enkla att
Den kanadensiska språkvetaren Jim Cummins har visat i sin forskning från år 1979 att det kan ta 1 till 3 år för att lära sig ett vardagsspråk och mellan 5 till 7 år för att behärska ett akademiskt språk.4 Han införde två begrepp för att beskriva elevernas språkliga kompetens: BI
