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SPANISHGRAMMARDRILLS

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SPANISHGRAMMARDRILLSRogelio Alonso VallecillosNew York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico CityMilan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto

Copyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted underthe United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.0-07-159654-2The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-147269-X.All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we usenames in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where suchdesignations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps.McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs.For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069.TERMS OF USEThis is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of thiswork is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you maynot decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publishor sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use;any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms.THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THEACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANYINFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY ORFITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work willmeet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyoneelse for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has noresponsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liablefor any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any ofthem has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claimor cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise.DOI: 10.1036/007147269X

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For more information about this title, click hereContentsPrefaceix1 Ser Versus Estar12 Present Simple Versus Present Continuous73 Articles154 Object Pronouns255 Reflexive Verbs33Review 1416 Imperfecto Versus Indefinido497 Possessives578 Pretérito Perfecto659 “Wh-” Questions7310 Use of HowReview 211 Pluscuamperfecto12 Adverbs of Frequency and Already, Still,Also, Too, and Yet818797107v

13 The Future11514 Infinitives and Gerunds12315 The Conditional131Review 316 The Preposition A14717 The Subjunctive15318 The Imperative16119 Conditional Sentences16720 Relative Pronouns177Review 418521 There To Be Haber19322 Possibility: May, Might, and Could19923 Expressing Movement20724 The Impersonal21525 The Passive223Review 523126 Obligation: Deber and Tener que23927 Other Uses of Deber and Tener que24528 Quantity25129 Some-, Any-, No-, and Every-261Review 6vi139Contents267

30 Comparatives and Superlatives27331 Either, Neither, So, and Such27932 Reason, Result, and Purpose28533 Time29134 Contrast297Review 7303Answer Key307Contentsvii

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PrefaceIf you’ve picked up this book, you know that to learn a language well—toread and write and to understand others and be understood yourself—atsome point you just have to buckle down and deal with the grammar. Spanish Grammar Drills will enable you to take charge of the grammar that youneed to know Spanish well by providing you with plenty of writing drillsthat will reinforce your knowledge and enhance your ability to speak, read,and write with finesse.This book shows you how each grammatical structure functions withcomprehensive descriptions and practical examples. The selection of variedexercises at the end of each chapter progresses from simple to more complex.The last exercise in each is always a translation task, which will help youproduce well-constructed Spanish sentences.The chapters are presented in an order that will help you organize yourstudies. They have been arranged so you will be able to make a logicalprogress toward developing more complex sentences. There are review unitsof the concepts encountered in the various chapters. The exercises in thereviews serve as an aid in determining which concepts you have learned welland which you might need to go over again. Answers to all the exercises areprovided in the Answer Key. You will find Chapters 23 to 34 especially useful. They cover linking elements that are necessary for the construction oflonger, more interesting sentences.Once you’ve worked your way through Spanish Grammar Drills, notonly will you find yourself confidently on your way to fluency, but this bookwill remain a unique resource any time you need to clarify or review essentialgrammatical concepts.ixCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

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1Ser Versus EstarSer is connected with what the subject is, what the subject is like (or usually looks like), and who thesubject is. It is therefore used to designate, describe, and refer to characteristics that are part of ortypical of (inherent to) the subject:Eso es un reloj.Ella es enfermera.Juan es alto, delgado y moreno.Somos los nuevos profesores.That is a clock.She is a nurse.Juan is tall, slim, and dark.We are the new teachers.Ser is also used to say when or where something takes place:La boda es mañana.The wedding is tomorrow.Estar refers to a situation or location:Estamos en un lío.Estamos en Nueva York.Eso está en Londres.We are in trouble.We are in New York.That is in London.The verb To be in translates as Estar:Marta no está.Marta isn’t in.Estar is also used with adjectives that refer to characteristics that are presumably temporary, torefer to looks or aspect at the moment of speaking, and in the construction of progressive tenses withthe gerund:Ella está muy guapa.Estoy muy nervioso.Ella está preocupada.Estamos estudiando.She looks very beautiful.I am very nervous.She is worried.We are studying.1Copyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

Estar expresses a change in characteristics. Ella es muy alta states only that She is very tall. Ellaestá muy alta implies that She has become very tall. Estar refers to situation at or around the momentof speaking. Soy soltero (I am unmarried) is my general situation; estoy soltero is my situation now.Casado (married) takes estar.Adjectives that end in -ing in English take ser, whereas those that end in -ed take estar:Ella es aburrida.Ella está aburrida.She is boring.She is bored.Passives need ser, but past participles acting as adjectives take estar. Compare La puerta fueabierta (The door was opened) with La puerta estaba abierta (The door was open).Adverbs take estar. Compare Él está bien (He is fine) with Él es bueno (He is good). “Being too oldor not in good shape” for something and “being in the mood” for something are expressed by estar:Yo ya no estoy para estos juegos.No estoy para celebraciones.I’m no longer young enough for these games.I’m not in the mood for celebrations.Exercise 1Fill in the blanks with the correct form of ser or estar. Use the present tense. In some cases both verbsare possible.1. La cocinaabajo.2. La cocinademasiado pequeña.divorciados.3. Mis padres nointeresada en el arte.4. Ellamis cuñados.5.6. Ellosaquí mañana.7.las dos de la tarde.8.muy simpática.9. Tu hijomuy alto.un hombre casado.10. Yoen esa clase.11. Los chicosmuy difícil hacer eso.12.13. ¡Túloco!14. Pedro2Spanish Grammar Drillsenamorado de ti.

15. Mis padres16. ¿17. Esto18. El paciente19. Tus notas20. ¡Qué tardecomiendo.usted soltero?para tu hermana.bastante bien.excelentes.!Exercise 2Match the items in the first column with the item in the second column.1. Dos helicópterosA. están jugando al fútbol.2. No puedo salir, porqueB. está buscando a dos convictos.3. Mis amigosC. están sobrevolando la ciudad.4. Los recién casadosD. está explicando la lección.5. La policíaE. estoy enfermo.6. Tom no sabe que su padreF. es malo.7. La fiesta de los GonzálezG. está más guapa que nunca.8. MartaH. está con otra mujer.9. El profesor10. FumarI. están de viaje de novios.J. es el sábado que viene.Exercise 3Find and correct any mistakes made with the verbs ser and estar.1. Todos los chicos de mi clase están en clases particulares.2. Son más de cincuenta alumnos los que vienen mañana.3. Esta película está sencillamente asombrosa.4. El examen de matemáticas está el jueves que viene.5. Esta comida está muy buena, pero no es muy saludable.6. La puerta es cerrada y yo no tengo llave.7. Están seis dólares y cincuenta centavos, por favor.8. ¿Cómo son los padres de Jane? ¿Son simpáticos?9. Sé lo del accidente. ¿Cómo es tu hermano?Ser Versus Estar3

10. Mi tío Jorge está diabético, y mi tía Gertrudis es alcoholizada.11. La casa que es junto a la mía está de un hombre de Los Ángeles.12. La gente son muy mala.13. La policía están intentando proteger al testigo.14. Los libros de biología están en el segundo estante.15. No entiendo este texto. Está escrito en alemán.16. Está muy sano hacer ejercicio por las mañanas.17. Las correcciones son listas para el lunes.18. Los padres de Javier están ricos. Tienen doce casas.19. Hoy soy libre de ocho a doce de la noche. Podemos salir un poco.20. La Biblia dice que los hombres son libres.Exercise 4Fill in the blanks with the correct form of ser or estar. Use the present tense. Sometimes two answersare possible.(1) muy posible que Juan haya olvidado que su aniversario de boda(2) la semana que viene. Si (3) así, ya (4)la cuarta vez que lo olvida. Su mujer (5) muyseria últimamente, y no (6) para menos. Dice, y yo creo que (7)cierto, que su marido (8) el hombre menosromántico del mundo. Ella a veces le disculpa diciendo que tiene demasiado trabajo. (9)ausente todo el tiempo que (10) en casa, ycuando (11) con los niños, no (12) dispuestoa jugar con ellos. Los que le conocemos sabemos que Juan (13) en unasituación muy difícil. (14) desempleado, porque le despidieron el mespasado, aunque su mujer piensa que (15) en la oficina de siempre. (16)verdad que Juan no (17) muy atento con sumujer y nunca (18) interesado en celebraciones, pero ahora todo (19)mucho peor. Con una familia que mantener, hipoteca, seguro médico yun sinfín de otras cosas, Juan no (20) precisamente para acordarse deaniversarios y cenas.4Spanish Grammar Drills

Exercise 5Translate the following sentences. Use ser or estar as appropriate.1. My husband is at the office.2. María isn’t working at the moment.3. My friends are very happy with the results.4. Tom’s brother isn’t married. He is single.5. What is your (tú) sister studying?6. Marta is very interested in history.7. Are you (tú) free tonight?8. Don’t be nervous (to a woman). I’m here with you (tú).9. Mr. Fernández isn’t in. He is at home.10. You (tú) look wonderful tonight (to a woman).11. All the lights are on.12. Are you (ustedes) here on holiday?13. How are your (tú) parents?14. Your (tú) father looks very young for his age.Ser Versus Estar5

15. What is Andrea like?16. She is short, slim, and dark.17. She is very fat, but she is now eating less.18. These books are for Carmen.19. The school bus is no longer suitable for long journeys.20. What is this for? Is it for the new installation?21. I am not in the mood for parties.22. What color are the new drapes?23. How much is it?24. The meat is ten dollars and the melon is two dollars.25. It’s the second of January.6Spanish Grammar Drills

2Present Simple VersusPresent ContinuousThe present simple refers to: actions that always happen or usually happen:Vivo con mis padres.Este río desemboca en el Atlántico.I live with my parents.This river flows into the Atlantic Ocean. future plans, intentions, and arrangements:Mañana no vengo.I’m not coming tomorrow. predictions with a high degree of certainty:Mi equipo gana seguro.My team is going to win. proposals and suggestions of the type Shall I/we . . . and How/What about doing . . .:¿Comemos?¿Qué tal si comemos?Shall we eat?What about eating? decisions made at the moment of speaking:De acuerdo. Yo voy.All right. I’ll go. actions that are taking place at the moment of speaking (present continuous in English):¿Qué haces?What are you doing?The present continuous refers to:7Copyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

actions that are being done at or around the moment of speaking:Estoy dando clases de conducir.I’m taking driving lessons. development and change:Los precios están subiendo.Prices are going up. habitual actions or situations, but then the speaker mostly considers the action as temporary orrecently started:Ahora estoy viviendo con mis padres. I’m living with my parents now.The present continuous cannot be used to refer to future plans, intentions, or arrangements.The present simple of ir a is equivalent to the present of to be going to:Voy a comprar una casa.I’m going to buy a house.The gerund of ir (go) and venir (come) can be used only when the focus is on the movementitself:Están yendo hacia el arrecife.They are going toward the reef.The gerund of stative verbs such as gustar (like), odiar (hate), preferir (prefer), and so on, is notthat common (much as in English):Eres muy descuidado.You are very careless.Estás siendo muy descuidado.You are being very careless.Tengo dos ordenadores.I have two computers.Estoy teniendo problemas con mi auto. I’m having problems with my car.Hueles a vino.You smell of wine.Estoy oliendo la comida.I’m smelling the meal.Esto sabe horrible.This tastes awful.Ella está probando la sopa.She is tasting the soup.Peso ochenta kilos.I weigh eighty kilos.Estoy pesando la carne.I’m weighing the meat.However, gustar and costar (cost) can be used in the progressive to mean so far:8Spanish Grammar Drills

Me está gustando la comida.Eso me está costando una fortuna.I have liked the meal so far.That has cost me a fortune so far.Note: In referring to what is being done at the moment of speaking, the present simple doesn’talways sound natural, so the present continuous is preferred. In questions, on the other hand, thepresent simple can be used more freely:¿Qué haces? ¿Qué estás haciendo? What are you doing?Pleasure or irritation with siempre (always), continuamente (continually), and so on, are usuallyexpressed by the present continuous. Nunca (never) prefers the present simple:Siempre me estás molestando.Nunca me ayudas.You are always bothering me.You never help me.Exercise 6Fill in the blanks with the verbs in parentheses. Use the present simple.1. La madre de Elena (querer) enviar a su hija a la Universidad.2. Mis padres no (poder) comprar esa casa en la costa.3. Ella (decir) que yo (deber) estudiar más.4. Mi cuñado (necesitar) otro coche de inmediato.5. ¿Por qué no (venir) (tú) con nosotros?6. Usted (tener) que presentar otros documentos.7. Estos documentos no (parecer) estar en orden.8. Mis vecinos (pensar) construir una piscina en el jardín.9. El hijo de Antonio siempre (suspender) en matemáticas.10. Mi mujer (opinar) que yo (conducir) muymal.11. Yo no (conocer) a tus suegros.12. Juan (volar) a París todas las semanas.13. Esta sopa (oler) estupendamente.14. Sara (ir) a comprar el bolso del escaparate.15. Ella siempre (leer) un poco antes de dormir.Present Simple Versus Present Continuous9

Exercise 7Fill in the blanks with the present continuous of the verbs in parentheses.1. Los Vázquez (cenar) en este momento.2. El pintor (pintar) la cocina de mi casa.3. ¿Qué (usted) (hacer) con esas tijeras?4. Los precios de los comestibles (subir) constantemente.5. (Nosotros) (tener) unos días estupendos en el sur.6. Las autoridades (intentar) solucionar los problemas de esa fábrica.7. Las tropas (ir) hacia la frontera.8. Carlos no (leer) ningún libro en este momento.9. Ese señor (dar) de comer a las palomas.10. (llover) mucho estos últimos días.11. El bebé (dormir) en su habitación.12. Tú (fumar) demasiado últimamente.13. Ahora mismo (nosotros) (sobrevolar) los Alpes.14. (caer) gotas. (empezar) a llover.15. Este auto (hacer) unos ruidos muy extraños.Exercise 8Fill in the blanks with the verbs in parentheses. Use the present simple or present continuous; sometimes both tenses are possible. Indicate also when ir a is possible or compulsory.1. Esta noche nos (reunir) con los jefes de mi marido.2. ¿Qué (hacer) (usted) este fin de semana?3. El año que viene (yo) (estudiar) en la universidad.4. Siempre (tú) (dejar) todas tus cosas por medio.5. El reloj (dar) las doce en este momento.6. Ahora (yo) (cenar) con mis padres. Llama más tarde.7. ¿De qué (hablar) este hombre?8. Mañana (yo) (necesitar) tu ayuda.10Spanish Grammar Drills

9. Mi equipo (ganar) el campeonato.10. Marta me (decir) que (ella) (tener)problemas con su jefe.11. ¿Por qué (tú) (llorar)?12. Hola, Pedro. ¿Dónde (tú)

some point you just have to buckle down and deal with the grammar. Span-ish Grammar Drills will enable you to take charge of the grammar that you need to know Spanish well by providing you with plenty of writing drills that wi

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