EMINENT INDIAN SCIENTIST VENKATESH BAPUJI KETKAR
EMINENT INDIAN SCIENTISTVENKATESH BAPUJI KETKAR
EMINENT INDIAN SCIENTISTVENKATESH BAPUJI KETKARAuthorSiddhi Nitin MahajanEdited byMs. Sangeeta AbhayankarContent Coordinator, VVMDr. Arvind C. RanadeNational Convenor, VVM
Vijnana Bharati September, 2020First Edition, September 2020Published byVijnana Bharati, Head Quarter, DelhiAuthorMs. Siddhi Nitin MahajanEditorial TeamDr. Arvind C. RanadeNational Convenor, VVMMs. Sangeeta AbhayankarContent Coordinator, VVMAll rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, or storedin a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanicalphotocopying, recording, or otherwise without the written permission of the publisher. Forinformation regarding permission, write to:Vijnana BharatiA-4, First Floor, Gulmohar Park,August Kranti Marg,New Delhi- 110049Cover & Book DesignMs. Babita Rani
CONTENTSFrom Editor's Deski-iiPrefaceiii-iv1Introduction1-32Brief history of Indian Astronomy4-63The family legacy7-84Venkatesh Ketkar : Early Life and Career9-105Ketkar and his Almanac Research11-156Tilak, Ketkar and Pañcānga16-177Citrā Nakshatra Paksha and Ketaki Pañcānga18-208Ketkar’s Prediction about Existence of Pluto21-229Other Research by Ketkar23-2410Multi-talented Ketkar11Review of Ketkar’s Literature26-2912Some Memories30-3113Final Journey32-34References2535
From Editor’s DeskFrom time antiquity, India possesses a great legacy in Science and Technology which needsto be communicated and informed to the young generation. We need to bring out stories ofsuch unsung heroes from India. We are happy to present this book titled ‘The eminent Indianscientist: Shri. Venkatesh Bapuji Ketkar’.This forgotten star from the field of Indian Astronomy, the legendary ‘Jyotirvid’ born in 1854,dedicated his life for the research and purification of Indian almanac system (Pañcānga) oftimekeeping. It is a lesser known fact that he predicted the existence of ‘Pluto’ in 1911; evenbefore its discovery in 1930. He authored a number of books on astronomy, Pañcānga andliterature and also published many research papers in European science journals. Apart frombeing a polyglot and a teacher by profession, V. B. Ketkar was passionate about observationalastronomy, higher mathematics, literature, painting-sculpting and music. In spite of hisremarkable contribution to the field of science, not much has been written about him exceptfor a couple of biographies. One of them was written by his son late Shri. Dattatrey Ketkar andthe other by Late Dr. Prabhkar Kunte, a scientist from Tata Institute of Fundamental Research,Mumbai and a founder member of Vijnana Bharati, konkan prant.We, as organizers of Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan (VVM), produce exclusive study materialon life stories and contribution of Indian scientists every year. VVM is a national sciencetalent search program for school children which is one of the initiatives of Vijnana Bharatiaimed to inculcate the spirit of scientific enquiry and national pride by exposing them to theimmense contribution of Indians to the field of Science and Technology. Maintaining thistradition, Vijnana Bharati, a swadeshi science movement of Bharat, decided to have its ownpublication on the life story of Shri. Venkatesh Bapuji Ketkar, written in a form that appeals toyoung minds. We are confident that Ketkar’s lifelong passion for scientific research, despitethe adversities of the pre-independence period in India, will inspire the young minds. Wei
appreciate the painstaking efforts of the author Siddhi Nitin Mahajan from Goa for the researchand discussions about the available literature on Ketkar and her proactive approach to contacthis great grand-sons, Shri. Raghunath Ketkar from Pune and Shri. Prabhakar Ketkar fromRatnagiri, Maharashtra. Due to this networking, we could access the original texts, imagesand authentic information. We are grateful for the suggestions given by Shri. Suhas Gurjarand Shri. Deepak Joshi from Jyotirvidnyan parisanstha, Pune. We must mention the Sanskritexperts Shri. Vedanti Pande from Dhekulia, U.P. and Prof. Manjiri Patil from Goa for helpingus to interpret some verses.As the editors of this book, it was an enriching experience for both of us. The discussionsabout the content, the form of writing, and interpretation of the astronomical concepts writtenin Marathi language was indeed an exercise worth doing!We must mention the constant guidance offered by Shri. Jayant Sahasrabuddhe, the nationalorganizing secretary of Vjnana Bharati during the process of writing this book. His personalinvolvement and an eye for detail has improved the quality of the book. We are optimistic thatthe readers of the book will appreciate the Indian Almanac System and contribution of Shri.Venkatesh Bapuji Ketkar in the field.Vijnana Bharati will continue to strive to bring such original contributors and their contributionsin the field of science and technology to the forefront; so that every Indian feels proud of theIndian scientific heritage. As the members of the core team of VVM, we wish that this bookdoes not remain mere study material for the students, but gets a larger readership across India.We are happy to mention that this book is being translated and published simultaneously byVijnana Bharati in eleven official languages of the country, in addition to English, ensuring agreater outreach to the nooks and corners of India.Ms. Sangeeta AbhyankarContent Coordinator, VVMDr. Arvind C RanadeNational Convener, VVMii
PrefaceWe, being quintessentially Indians, often forget the name of our own astronomer, whopredicted the existence of Pluto and dedicated his life to do the research on almanacShri. Venkatesh Bapuji Ketkar.Even I wasn't much aware of him or his work, until a member of the core committee ofVidyarthi Vigyan Manthan Ms. Sangeeta Abhyankar approached me. Her idea was for meto translate the biography of the aforementioned astronomy titan, in English. This was tobe included in the study material given for a National level exam called 'Vidyarthi vigyanmanthan' conducted by 'Vidyan Bharati'. Afterwards, Dr. Arvind Ranade, the Nationalconvener of this examination, sent me the scanned copy of the biography of Shri. VenkateshBapuji Ketkar authored by Prabhakar Kunte, which was in Marathi. First step was to translatethis book in English.I, being a Physics student, was very curious about Ketkar. It is while trying to quench thisthirst for knowing more about him, did I realise that the language used in the biography wassomewhat archaic. How could we expect the new generation to even understand, let aloneutilise the abundance of information within? Quite naturally, the only logical subsequenceto this obstacle was the simplification of the language. But, while pondering over the risensituation, it was collectively decided to rewrite the biography altogether. Dr. Ranade andProf. Abhyankar immediately sought the valuable opinion of Shri. Jayant Sahasrabuddhe, theNational organising secretary of Vidnyan Bharati. Shri. Sahasrabudhhe, agreeing to the idea,lent his inestimable time and guidance to the project.I already had Mr. Kunte's book. Unfortunately, the pandemic lockdown had tied my handsregarding further sources of information. I contacted my teachers from Gogate Jogalekariii
College at Ratnagiri, Prof. Babasaheb Sutar, Prof. Uday Bodas who provided the contact ofProf. Prabhakar Ketkar, from the same college who was the great grandson of Venkatesh BapujiKetkar himself. Prof. Prabhakar Ketkar connected me to his brother in Pune, Mr. RaghunathKetkar, who runs a school in the name of Shri Venkatesh Bapuji Ketkar. This magnificentKetkar-duo, through frequent phone calls and emails, provided me with indispensableinformation, documents and even old photographs. They sent me the original biography ofVenkatesh Bapuji Ketkar, written by his son, Dattatray Ketkar, in marathi. They came to beof great help, providing references and information regarding their great-grandfather, even inthese dire times of pandemic.Now the crux of the matter was, to make the content easily understandable for school goingchildren. Now obviously, these kids love stories falling into the 'Nana-Nani' category. Hence,the key to their attention and hopefully comprehension, simply lay in writing the story as anarration by grandpa to his grandchildren. This idea, too, was very well-bolstered.As I said before, Ketkar had used archaic language in his texts, which made it a difficult job tograsp the different ideas he put forth in those writings. Personally speaking, I had to widen myhorizon on different astronomical terminologies and learn the different hues of their meaning.For this, Shri Deepak Joshee and Shri Suhas gurjar of Jyotirvigyan Parisanstha helped me, asand when needed, unhesitatingly. Additionally, Dr. Arvind Ranade suggested changes in theform and matter from time to time. And I can never forget Ms. Sangeeta Abhyankar's helpin all discussions and in guiding me through many mistakes, and in finalizing the form ofthe whole book. She lent me a hand patiently and wholeheartedly the entire way. My familyprovided me with all kinds of support imaginable. I am grateful to Vijnana Bharati for offeringme the opportunity to propagate Ketkar's spectacular work in the society.May this book inspire the already bloomed, as well as the budding generation. I, thus, feelhappy to put this book, as a tribute to the insurmountable works of well known indian scientists,before you all.Siddhi Nitin Mahajaniv
1IntroductionIsha and Suraj have come home after school. Both have funny expressions on their faces. Bothrun to their grandfather after they step inside.Isha- "Do you know, Grandpa, what were we arguing about, today?"Sooraj -"Oh no, Don't blurt out, let me tell Grandpa. So today we were arguing aboutPluto. Is Pluto a planet or not?"Grandpa -"Oh, very nice. So What did you discover, little scientists?"Isha"Sooraj was saying that Pluto is a planet. But According to my opinion, it is not.Right, Grandpa?"-Sooraj -"But Pluto revolves around the sun. It's round in shape."Isha"Yes, Pluto is not a planet, it is a dwarf planet. Its orbit is not independent, itintersects the orbit of Neptune, also it is elliptical in shape, but more eccentricthan the orbit of any other planet. This planet is very small in size. Its diameteris about 2370 km. Due to these factors, "International Astronomical Union" orIAU in its conference held in 2006, refused to consider Pluto as a planet ".-Grandpa -"That's absolutely right, Isha. But do you know, who invented Pluto?"Isha"Yes. After the discovery of Neptune, scientists started taking observationsagain. From those observations, they concluded that the orbit of Uranus is1-
Eminent Indian Scientist - Venkatesh Bapuji Ketkarbeing affected by a planet other than Neptune. In 1906, Percival Lowell built anobservatory in Flagstaff, Arizona and started a big project for discovery of thenew planet. They named the planet as Planet X. "Sooraj -"Yeah, but Lowell couldn't find this planet in his lifetime. After his deathin 1929, the observatory's director, Vesto Melvin Slipher, handed over theresponsibility of the search for Planet X to 23-year-old Clyde Tombaugh fromKansas."Isha-"Yes, after a year of tireless search, on February 18, 1930, Tombaugh discoveredthe planet X. This planet was named as Pluto. The name was suggested byVenetia Burney, an 11-year-old schoolgirl from Oxford, England."Grandpa -"But do you guys know, even before Clyde Tambaugh, in 1911, an Indianastronomer predicted the existence of theninth planet."Both children - "Really Grandpa?"Grandfather - "Yes children. According to Laplace'smathematical resonance rules for themoons of Jupiter, he believed that thereshould be two planets beyond Neptune.He named the first planet as ‘Brahma’and the second as ‘Vishnu’. Now we allare familiar with ‘Brahma’, at least by itsmodern name!"Kids-"Is it Pluto ?"Venkatesh Bapuji KetkarGrandfather-"That's right. This great astronomer who inherited the legacy of Indianastronomy or the Jyotiśaśāstra from Āryabhata and Varāhamihira, was none2
Introductionother than, Venkatesh Bapuji Ketkar from India. He dedicated his life towardsresearch and creation of almanac (Pañcānga) and authored a number of texts onastronomy.3
2Brief History of Indian AstronomySooraj:- "Grandpa, you mentioned him as an astronomer who inherited the legacy of Indianastronomy or Jyotiśaśāstra. But we know about Jyotiśaśāstra in different contexts, i.e in termsof future predictions or astrology. Jyotiśaśāstra (astrology) and Khagolaśāstra (astronomy), aretwo different things as far as we know them, aren't they?"Grandfather:- "Your doubt is absolutely correct. Now let me tell you the meaning ofJyotiśaśāstra or Astrology. Jyoti ¼T;ksfr%½ means luminous celestial objects. Thus the scienceof Jyoti was known as Jyotiśaśāstra. Similarly, Kha ¼[k%½ means the sky, thus science of spheresin sky was called Khagolaśāstra.Thus Jyotiśaśāstra and Khagolaśāstra were one and the same inancient times. Knowledge of astronomy prevalent in ancient India was profound and scientific.Later on, it got connected with prediction of terrestrial events based on celestial observationsPhalajyotiśa ¼QyT;ksfr"k½, which assigned the term of Jyotiśaśāstra or astrology, a differentidentity.Let me tell you the history of Indian astronomy. Ancient humans used to stay in caves, andwould hunt wild animals for subsistence. As time passed, man began to live in groups. Afterestablishing settlements, he started planting trees and cultivation of crops. Meanwhile, hefelt the need to have a permanent system for knowledge of the time and seasons. He wantedto know about the occurrence of harvest season, sowing season, rainy season and the overallseasonal cycle. He thought that these things should be acknowledged, because it made himeasier to cultivate crops and plan other deeds. Man could relate himself to nature, throughday and night, rainy season and cold season, wind and tides. Some events were recorded byobserving the relationship between the positions of certain planets and stars in the sky. Thusthe progress in indian astronomy began gradually.”Isha:- "Are there any books recording the history of Indian astronomy available today?"4
Brief History of Indian AstronomyGrandfather:- "Yes. I will introduce you to a couple of outstanding literary works on thehistory of Indian astronomy and development of almanacs. The first book is ‘The ancient andmodern history of Indian astronomy’ authored by Shri. Shankar Balkrishna Dixit. The secondimportant book titled ‘Indian and foreign chronology’ was written by Shri. V. B. Ketkar. Bothbooks are available for reference even today.”“Shankar Balkrishna Dixit has considered three stages of the development of the indianastronomy.1. Vedic period: The oldest of these is the Vedic period, which dates back from unknown timesto 1500 BC. During this period, ancient scriptures like Rig Veda, Samhita, Brahmanas werewritten. In the Vedās the year is solar. The months are lunar. 360 days of a year were consideredand they were divided into 12 months. The months were named as Madhu, Mādhav, Shuka,Shuchi, Nabh, Nabhasya, Isha, Urja, Sahasa, Sahasya, Tapasa, Tapasya. At that time, the lunarcalendar was luni-solar. But the beginning of the year was considered from the spring equinox.5
Eminent Indian Scientist - Venkatesh Bapuji Ketkar2. Vedang jyotish period: Then comes the Vedānga jyotish period. It's time is consideredfrom 1500 BC to 400 BC. There are 36 verses in this Vedānga Jyotish scripture composed by asage named Lagadh. According to this scripture, the beginning of the year was on Māgh (11thmonth in Indian calendar) Shukla Pratipadā. Vāra (week day) and Rāśis were not mentioned inVedānga astrology.3. Siddhānta jyotish period: The third important period is the period of Siddhānta Jyotish,which started from 400 AD, and is currently running. During this period, a text called‘Aryabhatiya’ was written by Āryabhata in 499 AD and Varahmihir's 'Panchasiddhāntika' waswritten in 505 AD. The mathematics of the motion of the planets was studied during thisperiod.We do not find evidence of any significant progressin Indian astronomy between the Siddhānta Jyotishperiod and the Vedānga jyotish period, but it is certainthat it continued to happen.The Siddhānta Jyotishlineage of Āryabhata and Varahmihira was continuedby Venkatesh Bapuji Ketkar.”Suraj: - "Oh wow! Such a great heritage wasinherited in our culture. Indeed, our ancestors haveleft an immensely precious treasure for us!"Isha: - "Grandpa, we would like to know more aboutKetkar's life."Grandfather starts to narrate the story of VenkateshKetkar, along with interesting details of astronomy.6
3The Family LegacyGrandfather - "Ketkar family inherited an ancestral legacy that would make one feel proud.The family of Venkatesh Bapuji Ketkar originated from a small village called "Ketaki Bivali",near Chiplun, situated in the Konkan belt of Maharashtra. It's history dates back to the periodof Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. After the assassination of Sambhaji Maharaj, Mughalsestablished their stronghold in maharashtra. Many Maratha chiefs and soldiers took militaryaction against the Mughal stronghold. Among these was a chieftain named Bhālerāo, wholed raids called Bhalerāī. The Bhalerāī raids caused chaos, resulting in the migration of manyfamilies, including the Ketkar family.Ketkar's ancestors settled in Paithan (Pratishthan) on the banks of Godavari river. Paithan wasfamous in eighteenth-century Maharashtra for education, moneylending and textile. Paithanwas also the ancient capital of king Śālivāhana, initiator of the famous shalivahan Śaka. Theancestral business of the Ketkar family was of the apparels of zari work. (a weave of goldenor silver threads) The business suffered many ups and downs over the time. During the time ofSakharam Ketkar (grandfather of Vekatesh Ketkar), the business suffered big losses, and hadto be closed down eventually. On January 15, 1815, Ramkrishna alias Bapuji Ketkar was bornto Sakharam Ketkar on the next day of Makar Sankraman.Bapu Shastri Ketkar was born with innate intelligence. At an early age, he mastered grammar,Vedānta and astronomy. He had tremendous expertise over astronomy. Bapu Shastri realisedthat after Ganesha Daivajna (born 1507 AD), there was no remarkable progress in Indianastronomy. During this period many important changes took place in astronomical sciences inthe west. Newton proposed the law of gravity. Galileo invented the telescope. But in India, theprogress was not as profound and remarkable as it should be. The astronomical calculations ofevents like eclipses,evolved from the book ‘Suryasiddha Grahalaghav’ did not match with the7
Eminent Indian Scientist - Venkatesh Bapuji Ketkarcalculations of Western texts. After observing this, Bapu Shastri Ketkar wrote a book called‘Jyotishashastra Subodhini’, in Sanskrit.Bapushastri was also a music lover. After acquiring proficiency in academics at the age of 27,he decided to study Rudraveena, an instrument of Indian classical music. In order to master theinstrument, he prepared to move to Thanjavur, the stronghold of Rudraveena. But on the way,he met Pandit Vaikobuwa Mhaiskar, a master of Rudraveena. During this visit, Panditji urgedhim to settle in Nargund near Gadag in Karnataka (which was a marathi province) and learnRudraveena from him. Bapu Shastri accepted this offer and in a short interval of time his famespread far and wide among many scholars there. The court of Nargund Sansthan recognizedhis merits in a very short time.In the changing circumstances that followed the War of Independence of 1857, the Maharajaof Nargund handed over this gem to the Ramdurg Sansthan. He acquired royal patronageand great honor there. At the request of the King of Ramdurg, he translated Professor KeroLaxman Chhatre'
Author Siddhi Nitin Mahajan Dr. Arvind C. Ranade National Convenor, VVM Ms. Sangeeta Abhayankar Content Coordinator, VVM Edited by Vijnana Bharati September, 2020 First Edition, September 2020 Published by Vijnana Bharati, Head Quarte
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Kriti Mehrotra 1, Satish Saswat Majhi *, Triveni M.G2, D S Mehta2 1Postgraduate student, Department of Periodontics, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka. 2Professor, Department of Periodontics, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India. saswatmajhi02@gmail.com
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