ASM HANDBOOK FOR MALAWI - PanAfGeo

ASM HANDBOOKFOR MALAWIDraft Workshop VersionforPanAfGeo workshop26 to 29 of NovemberUmodzi Park. Lilongwe

PANAFGEO PROJECTASM HANDBOOK FOR MALAWIThe Pan-African Support to the EuroGeoSurveys-Organisation of African Geological Surveys Partnership, abbreviated toPanAfGeo, is a project, which supports training of geoscientific staff from African Geological Surveys through the development ofan innovative training program. This specific training program, conducted by world-class geoscientific experts from Africa andEurope, includes the acquisition and development of important professional skills that complement geoscientific staff members’technical qualifications.The PanAfGeo Project allows trainees to acquire a state-of-the-art geoscientific tool kit, to learn new and relevant researchmethods on geology, and to take part in field trips covering eight geoscientific domains.This Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) Handbook for Malawi is the result of a training session held in Lilongwe, Malawi inNovember 2018 through the sub-program on ASM under the overall PanAfGeo Project.The ASM sub-program is co-funded by the European Commission’s Directorate-General of Development and InternationalCooperation (DG-DEVCO), the Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development (IGF) andthe Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS).GEUS, acting as the editor of this ASM Handbook for Malawi, is solely responsible for all results and conclusions presented, whichdo not necessarily reflect the positions of DG-DEVCO and IGF. However, each individual author is responsible for the scientificcontent of his/her chapter.This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form, for educational or non-profit purposes, without specialpermission from the copyright holder, provided that acknowledgement of the source is made. It is recommended that thepublication be cited as follows:Tychsen, J.; Dombola, K.H.A.; Salima, J.W.; Mbale-Luka, T.; Banda, N.S.; Nyirenda, G.B.; Maneya, G.J.; Msika, B.;Kamwanje, I.; Kaphwiyo, C.; Etter-Phoya, R.; Phiri, R. and Mandere, H. (2018), “ASM Handbook for Malawi” GeologicalSurvey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Copenhagen, Denmark, XX pp.GEUS would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this Handbook maybe made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from GEUS.The PanAfGeo Project has been co-funded by the European Union (EU) under Grant Agreement No. DCI-PANAF/2016/ 376-555and by IGF.Disclaimer: The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of GEUS and can in no way be taken to reflect the views ofthe EU.Editor: Mr. John Tychsen, GEUS.Text Editor: Ms. Julie Sophie Hübertz, Freelancer.Layout and DTP: Mr. Henrik Klinge Pedersen, GEUS.Print: XXISBN Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), 2018The Danish Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate10 Oester VoldgadeDK-1350 CopenhagenDenmark1

PANAFGEO PROJECTASM HANDBOOK FOR MALAWICONTENTSABBREVIATIONS . 4FOREWORDS . 5Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining.5EU Delegation to Malawi .6African Union Commission .7Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development .8Geological Mapping and Mineral Assessment of Malawi (GEMMAP) .9ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 10INTRODUCTION . 11OBLIGATIONS OF THE MALAWI GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DEPARTMENT . 12Introduction .12Organisational Structure of GSD .12Core Functions of GSD .12Specific Role of GSD in ASM Operations .13Conclusion .13OBLIGATIONS OF DEPARTMENT OF MINES . 14Obligations of the Department of Mines .14Obligations of the Commissioner for Mines and Minerals .14OBLIGATIONS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT. 15Functions of EAD in Relation to ASM .15Other obligations of EAD .16BASIC GEOLOGY – A GUIDE TO DISCOVER MINERAL DEPOSITS . 17The Earth .17Understanding the Earth’s Processes in Forming Rock and Mineral Deposits .18Mineral Characteristics/Identification .18Types of Minerals .19The Geology of Gem Occurrences .20Rocks .21The Geology of Malawi .23GUIDELINES FOR ACQUIRING AN ASM LICENCE . 25Types of ASM Licences.25Permit to Export Minerals .30Procedures for Processing of Applications and Granting of ASM Licences .31ORGANISING AND DEVELOPING AN ASM SITE . 32Phases of an ASM Project.32Steps of Mine Development .33MINERAL PROCESSING IN THE ASM SUBSECTOR – INITIATIVES, CHALLENGES ANDOPPORTUNITIES . 38Alluvial Gold Processing .38Processing of Limestone into Lime for Use in the Construction and Agricultural Industries . 41Salt Processing.44Ceramic Processing from Kaolinitic Clay .46Mineral Processing Challenges .48Government’s Mineral Processing Initiatives .481

PANAFGEO PROJECTASM HANDBOOK FOR MALAWIMineral Processing Opportunities.49Conclusion .49HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES IN ASM OPERATIONS . 50Introduction .50Occupational Health and Safety Issues of ASM Operations in Malawi .51Effects on Health .52Effects on Children.55Effects on Women .56Effects on Environment .57ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN ASM OPERATIONS . 59ASM Operations and their Impact on the Environment .61Challenges of Mitigating ASM Environmental Impacts .65SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF ASM IN MALAWI . 66Overview of ASM in Malawi.66Who is Engaged in ASM in Malawi? .67What are the Key Characteristics of and Challenges in ASM in Malawi? .67What is the Outlook for ASM in Malawi?.71VALUE ADDITION TO GEMSTONE IN MALAWI . 72Current Gemstone Trading in Malawi .72What Gemstone Value Addition Entails .72Efforts by Government in Introducing Value Addition.72Certificate of Origin .73Conclusion .73FORMALISATION OF THE ASM SECTOR . 74What is ASM Formalisation? .74Importance of Formalisation.74Collaboration between the Department of Mines and Ministry of Industry, Trade and Tourism inASM Formalisation .76Efforts Made to Facilitate the Formalisation Process .76ASM Organisational Structures in Malawi .76Formalisation and ASM Financing through Cooperatives.80ASM SECTOR OF ANGOLA. 81Legislation on ASM in Angola .81Impact of ASM in Angola .81Role of the Geological Institute of Angola in ASM .81ASM SECTOR OF TANZANIA . 83Tanzania’s Minerals Production .83Policies and Legislation Governing ASM in Tanzania .84Known Challenges for the Sustainability of ASM in Tanzania .84Measures taken by the Ministry of Minerals to Address the Challenges.85The role of Geological Survey of Tanzania .85Conclusion .85ASM SECTOR OF RWANDA . 86Geology and Key Potential Minerals .86Status of Mining Operations and Its Transformation .86ASM SECTOR OF KENYA. 88Distribution of ASM in Kenya .89Economic Importance of ASM .90Role of State Department of Mining on ASM .902

PANAFGEO PROJECTASM HANDBOOK FOR MALAWIChallenges of ASM Sector .91Conclusions .91ASM SECTOR OF ETHIOPIA . 92ASM Activity in Ethiopia .92Mining Activity in Ethiopia .93The Mining Law and Licences .95The Mining Community and Its Characteristics .96Artisanal Mining Operations and Economic Contribution .97REFERENCES . 1013

ASM HANDBOOK FOR MALAWIPANAFGEO sRMLSADCSMEsSODIAMSTDsTBUNUNCTADURTWASHWP3Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeArtisanal and Small-Scale MiningFrench Geological SurveyCalonda FormationDirectorate-General of Development and International CooperationDepartment of MinesEnvironmental Affairs DepartmentEuropean CommissionEnvironmental Impact AssessmentEnvironmental Management PlanEuropean UnionForeign Direct InvestmentGemstone Association of MalawiGross Domestic ProductGeological Mapping and Mineral Assessment of MalawiGeological Survey of Denmark and GreenlandGeita Gold MineGhana Geological Survey AuthorityGeological Survey DepartmentGeological Survey of TanzaniaHuman Immunodeficiency VirusIntergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable DevelopmentInternational Institute for Environment and DevelopmentInternational Labour OrganisationMalawi Women in Mining AssociationMining Claim LicencesMinistry of Natural Resources, Energy and MiningMinistry of Industry, Trade and TourismMineral PermitMining Policy FrameworkNon-Exclusive Prospecting LicenseOccupational Health and SafetyPan-African Support to the EuroGeoSurveys-Organisation of African Geological Surveys PartnershipPrimary Mining LicencesPersonal Protective EquipmentRare Earth ElementsReserved Minerals LicencesSouthern African Development CommunitySmall and Medium Sized EnterprisesState Diamond Trading CompanySexually Transmitted DiseasesTuberculosisUnited NationsUnited Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUnited Republic of TanzaniaWater, Sanitation and HygieneWork Package 34

PANAFGEO PROJECTASM HANDBOOK FOR MALAWIFOREWORDSMinistry of Natural Resources, Energy and MiningBy Hon. Aggrey Massi, Minister of Natural Resources, Energy and MiningThis Foreword will be developed for the final version of the HandbookHon. Aggrey MassiMinister of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining5

PANAFGEO PROJECTASM HANDBOOK FOR MALAWIEU Delegation to MalawiBy H.E. Ambassador Marchel Gerrmann, Head of the EU Delegation to MalawiThis Foreword will be developed for the final version of the HandbookH.E. Ambassador Marchel GerrmannHead of the EU Delegation to Malawi6

PANAFGEO PROJECTASM HANDBOOK FOR MALAWIAfrican Union CommissionBy H.E Ambassador Albert Muchanga, Commissioner Department of Trade and IndustryThis Foreword will be developed for the final version of the HandbookH.E Ambassador Albert MuchangaCommissioner Department of Trade and Industry7

PANAFGEO PROJECTASM HANDBOOK FOR MALAWIIntergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable DevelopmentBy Matthew Bliss, IGF Deputy Director, ProgramsMalawi’s rich mineral endowment is reflected well in its peoples’ and others’ ASM activities. The past year or two have seen theGovernment establish formalisation consultancies, support and offer training, encourage and witness cooperatives andassociations for miners, and engage in a difficult area of its economy. Recent challenges confirm that work remains, which is whythe IGF is pleased to support Malawi in sustainable development of its mining sector together with the PanAfGeo Project and theGeological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS).Together, and with this Handbook on ASM, developed by its trainees, Malawi continues to demonstrate to the World theimportance of managing ASM in a manner benefitting miners, host communities, and citizens of the host country. Managingtensions and preventing conflict surrounding ASM remains a challenge, demonstrated by recent arrests of illegal miners and lastyear’s death related to ASM. The effort remains consistent with the co

This Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) Handbook for Malawi is the result of a training session held in Lilongwe, Malawi in November 2018 through the sub-program on