MX06 MX100 OVAL GEAR FLOWMETER SERIES
MXL-INSTRev 311/2014MX06 - MX100OVAL GEAR FLOWMETER SERIESINSTRUCTION MANUALTo the OwnerPlease read and retain this instruction manual toassist you in the operation and maintenance of thisproduct.Macnaught offer a comprehensive set web basedsupport materials to compliment this instructionmanual.Access the website by scanning the QR code below.This manual contains connection and operating instructions for the MX series Flow Meters with Pulseoutputs.Models with a Liquid Crystal Display have an additional LCD instruction manual supplied. If you needfurther assistance, contact your local representativeor distributor for advice.This Flow Meter has incorporated the oval gear principal into its design. This is proven to be a reliableand highly accurate method of measuring flow.Exceptional repeatability and high accuracy over awide range of fluid viscosities and flow rates arefeatures of the oval gear design.With a low pressure drop and high pressure ratingoval gear flow meters are suitable for both gravityand (in-line) pump applications.WWW.MACNAUGHT.COM.AUPage 1 of 36
indexInstallationPre-installation checks .Page 3Operating Principle .Page 3Installation Procedure .Page 3Maintenance ProcedureDisassembly .Page 4Reassembly .Page 4Flowmeter Specifications .Page 5-8Wiring Diagram - Standard Pulser .Page 9Wiring Diagram - PCB sensor .Page 10 Page 11Troubleshooting Guide .Page 12Exploded Diagrams .Page 13-14Meter Cap Torques .Page 15Spare Parts Kits .Page 15-17Wetted Parts .Page 18-21Pressure Drop Graphs .Page 22Dimensional Diagrams .Page 23-31Flowmeter SpecificationsWiring Diagram - High Temp Sensor (-HT)ServiceGeneralPage 2 of 36
IMPORTANT INFORMATIONINSTALLATION PROCEDUREFLUID COMPATABILITYBefore use, confirm the fluid to be used iscompatible with the meter. Refer to Industryfluid compatibility charts or consult your localrepresentative for advice.STRAINERTo prevent damage from dirt or foreign matterit is recommended that a Y or Basket typemesh strainer be installed as close aspossible to the inlet side of the meter.When a strainer is installed it should beregularly inspected and cleaned. Failure tokeep the strainer clean will dramatically effectflow meter performance.Contact your local representative for advice.AIR PURGE / LINE PRESSURETo prevent damage caused by air purge slowlyfill the meter with fluid.To reduce pressure build-up turn off theat the end of each day.REED SWITCHThe reed switch can cause inaccurate ratecounts when used with high speed counters.It is advised that a low speed counter is used oralternatively a debounce circuit be installed.OPERATING PRINCIPLEFluid passing through the meter causes the rotors toturn, as shown below.One of the rotors (the active rotor) is fitted withmagnets.The passing of the magnets are picked up by thesensing elements (Reed and Hall Effect sensors)located in the Pulser Circuit Board.The excitation of these switches provides a ‘RawPulse Output’ which relates to the K-Factor.(e.g. KF 36 36 pulses per litre of fluid passed)This Pulse Output Signal can either be fed directly toan external receiving element (e.g. Data Logger orPLC) or alternatively to an LC Display which conditions the Pulse input signal to display volume of fluidpassed. (e.g. Display 1 Litre per for every 36 pulses1. It is recommended that when setting up pipe workfor meter installations, a bypass line be includedin the design. This provides the facility for a meterto be removed for maintenance without interrupting production. (see figure above)2. Use a thread sealant on all pipe threads.Caution: Thread tape must not enter flowmeter,stopping flow meters operation.3. For pump applications ensure pipe work andMeter have the appropriate working pressurerating to match the pressure output of the pump.Refer to Meter Specifications section for furtherdetails.4. Install a wire mesh strainer, Y or basket typeas close as possible to the inlet side of the meter.Meter 1/4”74 micron / 200 meshMeter 1/2”- 2” 250 micron / 60 meshMeter 3”- 4”400 micron / 40 mesh5. Note: The Flowmeter can accept flow in anydirection.6. The meter can be installed in any orientation aslong as the meter shafts are in a horizontal plane.(Refer to diagram below for correct installation).Note: Incorrect installation can cause prematurewear of meter components.The orientation of the LC display can be changedby loosening the 4 mounting screws.7. Do not over tighten meter connections. .8. It is important that after initial installation youfill the line slowly, high speed air purge couldcause damage to the rotors.9. Test the system for leaks.10. Check the strainer for swarf or foreign material,after the first 200 litres check periodically,particularly if the flow rate is noted to bedecreasing.Page 3 of 36
MAINTENANCE PROCEDUREDISASSEMBLYNote: Maintenance can be carried out to the liquidcrystal displays and pulse output modules withouthaving to remove or isolate the meter from the process line.When maintenance to any other part of the meter isrequired, the meter must be isolated and the linepressure released.Refer to the exploded parts diagram on (see Fig foritem numbers.Note: It is advisable to mark all components with amarker pen before disassembly, to ensure all thecomponents are replaced to their correct positionduring the reassembly process.1. Remove the meter cap by loosening the bolts onthe underside of the meter body. (see FIG 1)4. Smear the O-Ring with a light film of grease.Replace the O-Ring into groove in the meter cap.The O-Ring will need to be replaced if it hasgrown or is damaged in anyway.5. Replace the meter cap.6. Insert the cap head screws and tighten in adiagonal sequence 1, 5, 7, 3, etc.(see Meter Torque Ratings, page 15)7. Test the meter by turning the rotors with a fingeror by applying very low air pressure (no morethan a good breath) to one end of the meter,before returning the meter to service.FIG 12. Remove the O-Ring from the O-Ring groove in themeter cap.Wipe clean of grease and store in clean place3. Remove rotors from the meter body4. Remove the shafts from the meter body.REASSEMBLY1. Before reassembling check the condition of therotors (replace if necessary).FIG 22. Replace the shafts into the meter body.3. There are two Rotor Types. Active and Neutral.The Active Rotor is fitted with the magnets. Theycan be identified by running a metal object overthe face of the rotor (smooth side)Rotor FaceSmooth sideCaution: The active rotor is always fittednearest ‘dimple’ on the meter body(see FIG 3)Replace Active Rotor.Check the smooth side of the rotor is the leadingface when fitting onto the shaft and into the meterbody. (see Fig 2).Replace Neutral Rotor. Check that the smoothside of the rotor is the leading face when fittingonto the shaft. (see FIG 2)Fit the neutral rotor onto the shafts ensuring thatthe rotor pair are at 90 degrees to one another.(see FIG 3)FIG 3DimpleActive RotorCheck their operation by turning either of therotors. If the rotors are not in mesh correctly,or do not move freely, remove one of the rotorsand replace correctly at 90 degrees to oneanother.Page 4 of 36
FLOWMETER SPECIFICATIONSseries MX06Below 5 cPMetricUS2 to 100 LPH0.5 to 26 GPH0.5 to 100 LPH0.13 to 26.4 GPHFlow Range5 to 1000 cPK-Factor(Sensor Pulses per Unit of Measure)Max Temperature(model MX06F)-20 C - 80 C-4 F - 176 F(models MX06S)-40 C - 120 C-40 F - 248 F(models MX06P)-40 C - 150 C-40 F - 302 F6895 kPa1000 psiMaximum Operating Pressure1Accuracy of ReadingRefer to Flowmeter Data Plate 0.5% (0.25% available with reduced range)1. Conforms to Directive 97/23/EC—Cat 1series MX09Flow RangeMetricUSBelow 5 cP25 to 500 LPH6.6 to 132 GPH5 to 1000 cP15 to 500 LPH4 to 132 GPHK-Factor(Sensor Pulses per Unit of Measure)Max Temperature(model MX09F)-20 C - 80 C-4 F - 176 F(models MX09S)-40 C - 120 C-40 F - 248 F(models MX09P)-40 C - 150 C-40 F - 302 F6895 kPa1000 psiMaximum Operating Pressure1Accuracy of ReadingRefer to Flowmeter Data Plate 0.5% (0.25% available with reduced range)1. Conforms to Directive 97/23/EC—Cat 1series MX12Flow RangeMetricUSBelow 5 cP3 to 25 LPM0.8 to 6.6 GPM5 to 1000 cP2 to 30 LPM0.5 to 8 GPMK-Factor(Sensor Pulses per Unit of Measure)Max Temperature(model MX12F)-20 C - 80 C-4 F - 176 F(models MX12S)-40 C - 120 C-40 F - 248 F(models MX12P)-40 C - 150 C-40 F - 302 F13790 kPa2000 psiMaximum Operating Pressure1Accuracy of ReadingRefer to Flowmeter Data Plate 0.5% (0.25% available with reduced range)1. Conforms to Directive 97/23/EC—Cat 1Page 5 of 36
FLOWMETER SPECIFICATIONSseries MX19Flow RangeMetricUSBelow 5 cP8 to 70 LPM2 to 18.5 GPM5 to 1000 cP3 to 80 LPM0.8 to 21 GPMK-Factor(Sensor Pulses per Unit of Measure)Max Temperature(model MX19F)-20 C - 80 C-4 F - 176 F(model MX19S)-40 C - 120 C-40 F - 248 F(models MX19P)-40 C - 150 C-40 F - 302 F13790 kPa2000 psiMaximum Operating Pressure1Accuracy of ReadingRefer to Flowmeter Data Plate 0.5% (0.25% available with reduced range)1. Conforms to Directive 97/23/EC—Cat 1series MX25MetricUSBelow 5 cP10 to 100 LPM2.6 to 26 GPM5 to 1000 cP6 to 120 LPM1.6 to 32 GPMFlow RangeK-Factor(Sensor Pulses per Unit of Measure)Max Temperature(model MX25F)-20 C - 80 C-4 F - 176 F(model MX25S)-40 C - 120 C-40 F - 248 F(models MX25P)-40 C - 150 C-40 F - 302 F13790 kPa2000 psiMaximum Operating Pressure1Accuracy of ReadingRefer to Flowmeter Data Plate 0.5% (0.25% available with reduced range)1. Conforms to Directive 97/23/EC—Cat 1series MX40MetricUSBelow 5 cP15 to 235 LPM4 to 62 GPM5 to 1000 cP10 to 250 LPM2.6 to 66 GPMFlow RangeK-Factor(Sensor Pulses per Unit of Measure)Max Temperature(model MX40F)-20 C - 80 C-4 F - 176 F(model MX40S)-40 C - 120 C-40 F - 248 F(models MX40P)-40 C - 150 C-40 F - 302 F8274 kPa1200 psiMaximum Operating Pressure1Accuracy of ReadingRefer to Flowmeter Data Plate 0.5% (0.25% available with reduced range)1. Conforms to Directive 97/23/EC—Cat 1Page 6 of 36
FLOWMETER SPECIFICATIONSseries MX50Flow RangeMetricUSBelow 5 cP15 to 500 LPM4 to 130 GPM5 to 1000 cP15 to 500 LPM4 to 130 GPMK-Factor(Sensor Pulses per Unit of Measure)6.7 pulses/L25.36 pulses/GMax Temperature(model MX50F)-20 C - 80 C-4 F - 176 F(models MX50S)-40 C - 120 C-40 F - 248 F(models MX50P)-40 C - 150 C-40 F - 302 F(model MX50F and MX50S)6895 kPa1000 psi(model MX50P)8274 kPa1200 psiMaximum Operating Pressure1Accuracy of Reading 0.5% (0.25% available with reduced range)1. Conforms to Directive 97/23/EC—Cat 1series MX75MetricUSBelow 5 cP60 to 600 LPM17 to 170 GPM5 to 1000 cP20 to 733 LPM5 to 194 GPMFlow RangeK-Factor(Sensor Pulses per Unit of Measure)Max Temperature(model MX75F )-20 C - 120 C-4 F - 248 F(model MX75S)-40 C - 120 C-40 C - 248 F(models MX75P)-40 C - 150 C-40 F - 302 F1200 kPa175 psiMaximum Operating Pressure1Accuracy of ReadingRefer to Flowmeter Data Plate 0.5% (0.25% available with reduced range)1. Conforms to Directive 97/23/EC—Cat 1series MX100MetricUSBelow 5 cP220 to 1000 LPM60 to 250 GPM5 to 1000 cP120 to 1200 LPM30 to 300 GPMFlow RangeK-Factor(Sensor Pulses per Unit of Measure)Max Temperature(model MX100F )-20 C - 120 C-4 F - 248 F(model MX100S)-40 C - 120 C-40 C - 248 F1200 kPa175 psiMaximum Operating Pressure1Accuracy of ReadingRefer to Flowmeter Data Plate 0.5% (0.25% available with reduced range)1. Conforms to Directive 97/23/EC—Cat 1Page 7 of 36
FLOWMETER SPECIFICATIONSHigh Viscosity ApplicationsEnsure the Flowmeter is fitted with ‘High Viscosity Rotors’ if the fluid being metered is 1000 cP or aboveHigh Viscosity RotorsFor Fluids above 1000 Centipoise (cP)DIGITAL DISPLAYSThe MX Flow meter series is supplied with either a Compact Pulser and Digital Display option.Please note the wiring diagrams in the following pages are for the Compact Pulser Output Modules and thePCB (Sensor Board), which is responsible for providing a Raw Pulse input to the LC displayIf the Flow meter is supplied with an LC Display fitted, please consult the appropriate Instruction Manual, asadvised below, for all programming and wiring instructions.Output option:Display Type :Display Part Number:Instruction Sheet:type ‘D’PRMXD-DSDR013type ’E’PRAMXD-ESDR014type ‘F”ERMXD-ESMS574type “G’ERAMXD-GSMS392type “H”ERBMXD-HSMS476ERS (remote mount only)ERS-RMP / ERS-RMAMS351Analogue Output (4-20mA)Analogue outputs are available as an auxiliary display signal by including either of the following LC displays withyour flowmeter. These may be fitted to the meter or remote (wall mount) types.Output Type EPRA12mm LC Display with analogue output moduleOutput Type GERA17mm LC Display with analogue output modulePage 8 of 36
WIRING DIAGRAM 1PCBOutput type A,D,E,F,G,HPulser SpecificationsOutput SignalsReed Switch(Mechanical Sensor)Hall Effect IC(Electronic Sensor)Standard Pulse Meter2x Digital (Square Wave)CurrentMaximum500mAVoltageMaximum30V DCContact RatingMaximum110WMaximum Supply Current7.5mAMaximum Output Current25mAOperating Voltage4.5V to 24V DCTransistor TypeOpen-Collector NPN1. Contact rating maximum is 10W. Neither current nor voltage maximums should be exceeded in achieving this.Reed switch N/OYellow VEGreen-VENPN Hall effectRed VEWhiteSignalBlack-VEPage 9 of 36
WIRING DIAGRAM 1PCBOutput types A,D,E,F,G,HReed SwitchTo maximise the life of the reed switch contacts, the pulse board comes equipped with a 1k8Ω current limiting resistor in serieswith the reed switch as standard.These resistors are user swappable should you require a different value for your system.NPN Open Collector Hall Effect SensorThe output for the hall effect sensor is NPN (current sinking, open collector). For correct operation, it is advisable to have a pull-up resistor installed.The hall effect sensor is equipped with a 1k8Ω pull-up resistor between signal and supply as standard.This in-built pull-up resistor can be bypassed by moving the jumper pin to the off position if required.A pull-up resistor of your choosing can be installed between signal and supply, provided the in-built pull-up resistor be bypassed first.Note:Local Display isconnected to Reed 1Reed switch current limitReed YellowReed -GreenHE RedHall effect build-in pull-upOffPull-UpOnHE SignalWhiteblackHE GndScreeningcablePage 10 of 36
WIRING DIAGRAM 3High TemperatureOutput type ‘T’Pulser SpecificationsSENSOR TYPEOMNI POLARConstructionOperating VoltageSPECIFICATIONSMaximum Supply CurrentNPNStainless Steel Housing4.5 to 30V DC18mA-40 - 150 CTemperature Range-40 - 302 FPage 11 of 36
TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDEProblemCauseRemedyFluid will not flowthrough metera) Foreign matter blocking rotorsb) Line strainer blockedc) Damaged rotorsd) Meter connections over tightenede) Fluid is too viscousa) Dismantle meter, clean rotors (strainer must be fitted inline)b) Clean strainerc) Replace rotors (Strainer must be fitted in line)d) Re-adjust connectionse) See specifications for maximum viscosityReduced flowthrough metera) Strainer is partially blockedb) Fluid is too viscousa) Clean strainerb) See specifications for maximum viscosityMeter readinginaccuratea) Fluid flow rate is too high or too lowb) Air in fluidc) Excess wear caused by incorrect installationa) See specifications for minimum and maximum flow ratesb) Bleed air from systemc) Check meter body and rotors. Replace as required. Referto installation instructionsMeter not giving apulse signala) Faulty hall effect sensorb) Faulty reed switchc) Magnets faileda) Replace PCB Boardb) Replace PCB Boardc) Replace magnetsLCD register notworkinga) Battery not connected properlyb) Battery flatc) Faulty wiring connectionsd) Faulty LC Displaye) Faulty connection from LC Displaya) Check battery connectionsb) Replace batteryc) Check wiring for loose or faulty connectionsd) Replace LC Displaye) Check wiring connectionsMAINTAINENCE VIDEOSMacnaught provides an comprehensive set of ‘Maintenance Videos’ to assist the end user in all aspects of serviceand/or repair of the Flowmeter range.This web based resource can be accessed via the following URLhttp://www.macnaught.com.au/mx resourcesOr by scanning the QR code below.Page 12 of 36
EXPLODED DIAGRAMmodels MX06-MX50PARTS IDENTIFICATIONMETER COMPONENTSITEM NO.CIRCLIP1CAM2METER BODY3METER CAP O-RING4MAGNET HOUSING5MAGNETS6ROTORS7ROTOR SHAFTS8METER CAP9METER CAP SCREWS10Page 13 of 36
EXPLODED DIAGRAMmodels MX75-MX100PARTS IDENTIFICATIONPART DESCRIPTIONItem No.Meter Body1Rotor Shafts2Rotors3Meter Cap O-Ring4Meter Cap5Cam6Circlip7Meter Cap Bolts8Flange Seals9Process Connection (Flanged or Threaded)10Flange Washers11Flange Bolts12Page 14 of 36
METER TORQUEMeter Torque que (Nm)Lubrication6.5 NmYes15 NmYes33 NmYes-SPARE PARTS KITSSpare Kit options, for both Flowmeter and Display/Pulser modules, are available as replacement components. Pulser Kit / LC Display Module- Replacement PCB complete with electronic housing.- LC Display module (Electronic housing not included) Rotor Kit- Rotor assembly (includes Meter Cap bolts and O-Ring) Seal Kit- O-Rings/Gaskets (includes Meter Cap Bolts)SPARE KITS – DISPLAY AND PULSER MODULEOutputTypeDescriptionType AStandard PulserType DPR Digital RegisterMXS-PCB-PRMXS-DIS-PRMXD-DSType EPRA Digital RegisterMXS-PCB-PRMXS-DIS-PRAMXD-ESType FER Digital RegisterMXS-PCB-ERMXS-DIS-ERMXD-FSType GERA Digital RegisterMXS-PCB-ERMXS-DIS-ERAMXD-GSType HERB Batch ControllerMXS-PCB-ERMXS-DIS-ERBMXD-HSType THigh TemperaturePulser KitDisplay ModuleonlyDisplay/PulsercompleteMXD-ASMXD-TSPage 15 of 36
SPARE PARTS KITSspare kits Series PMXS06P-rotorROTOR KITMXS06P-HTrotorHigh TempMXS06F-sealSEAL KITspare kits Series MX09StandardROTOR KITMX09FMXS09F-rotorHigh rMXS09P-HVrotorMXS09P-HTrotorMXS09F-sealspare kits Series MX12StandardROTOR KITMX12FMXS12F-rotorHigh ViscosityMXS09S-sealMX12SStandardROTOR KITMX19FMXS19F-rotorHigh XS12S-sealMX19SStandardROTOR S25F-rotorHigh HTrotorHigh TempSEAL KITMX19PMXS19P-HTrotorMXS19F-sealspare kits Series MX25MXS12P-sealMXS19S-rotorHigh TempSEAL KITMX12PMXS12P-HTrotorMXS12F-sealspare kits Series MX19MXS09P-sealMXS12S-rotorHigh TempSEAL KITMX09PMXS09S-rotorHigh TempSEAL e 16 of 36
SPARE PARTS KITSspare kits Series MX40StandardROTOR KITMX40FMXS40F-rotorHigh orMXS40P-HVrotorMXS40P-HTrotorHigh TempMXS40F-sealSEAL KITspare kits Series MX50StandardROTOR KITMX50FMXS50F-rotorHigh ViscosityMXS40S-sealMX50SStandardROTOR KITMX75FMXS75F-rotorHigh XS50S-sealMX75SROTOR VrotorMXS75P-HTrotorMXS75F-sealspare kits Series MX100MXS50P-sealMXS75S-rotorHigh TempSEAL KITMX50PMXS50P-HTrotorMXS50F-sealspare kits Series MX75MXS40P-sealMXS50S-rotorHigh TempSEAL X100SMXS100S-rotorMXS100S-HVrotorSEAL KITDisplay Register spare kitsBATTERY KITMXS100F-sealDisplay Type‘D’ ‘E’DR012SMXS100S-sealDisplay type‘F’ ‘G’ ‘H’MS493SPage 17 of 36
WETTED PARTSWetted parts series MX06MX06FMX06SMX06PMETER BODYAlumAlumSt.StMETER CAPAlumAlumSt.StPPSSt.StPPSROTORS StandardHigh TempROTOR SHAFTSSt. StSt.StSt.StSt.StCACAFKMKKMX09FMX09SMX09PMETER BODYAlumAlumSt.StMETER CAPAlumAlumSt.StPPSSt.StPPSSt.St.St.StROTOR BUSHESO-RINGSWetted parts series MX09ROTORS StandardHigh ViscosityHigh TempROTOR SHAFTSSt. StSt.StSt.StSt.StCACAFKMKKMX
as close as possible to the inlet side of the meter. Meter 1/4” 74 micron / 200 mesh Meter 1/2”-2” 250 micron / 60 mesh Meter 3”-4” 400 micron / 40 mesh 5. Note: The Flowmeter can accept flow in any direction. 6. The meter can be installed i
Work out the gear ratios of these gears: (numbers inside the circles are the numbers of teeth on each gear) Blue drive gear, green driven gear, pink idler gear, yellow compound gear 1: Simple meshed gear 2: Simple gear train with idler gear 15 3: Compound gear train 4: Choose the correct words to make these statements true for these gear trains.
Endress Hauser AT 70 Mass Flowmeter CERABAR M Analog or Digital Level Transmitter Pressure Transmitter Cerabar M 5x Absolute Level Transmitter . ProMass 63 Coriolis Flowmeter ProMass 80 Coriolis Flowmeter ProMass 83 Coriolis Flowmeter PROMASS 84 Coriolis Flowmeter Promass TB2 Coriol
3. Explain what a gear train does? 4. Explain what a simple gear train is? 5. Explain torque? 6. What does a larger gear driving a smaller gear achieve? 7. What does a smaller gear driving a larger gear achieve? 8. What is the driven gear? 9. What is the driver gear? 10. What is the idler gear? 11. What is the calculation for working out gear .
form a gear set or a gear train . In a gear set, the input gear is called _ gear. The output gear is called the _ gear. Note: An idler gear or intermediate gear changes direction of rotation without change in gear set speed or torque Spinner &
10 11 3-3/4" Depth 3-3/4" Depth Complete Specifications on pages 20-25. FV-05VS1 FV-08VSL150 CFM 4" Oval Duct FV-08VS1 80 CFM 4" Oval Duct FV-10VS1 100 CFM 4" Oval Duct 80 CFM 4" Oval Duct FV-10VSL1 100 CFM 4" Oval Duct SUPER LOW PROFILE CEILING/WALL MOUNT FAN SUPER LOW PROFILE CEILING MOUNT FAN WITH LIGHT
Single Wall Oval Oval Duct and Fittings Construction Standards Air Distribution Corporation . ACTUAL SPIRAL PIPE OVAL SIZES & CONSTRUCTION CHART Nominal Oval Size Galv Spiral Duct Ga. Galv. Fitting Ga. Weight lb/ft Actual Size 6 x 16 24 20 4.20 15.50 17 24 20 4.5 17.11 19 24 20 4.57 18.76
The cross sectional area of a 6" oval duct is only 75% of that of a 6" round duct. An equivalent round duct would have a 5.1" diameter. This means that for a 6" oval to achieve the same flow rate as a 6" round, the airflow velocity in the oval duct is higher, leading to a greater pressure drop. Round ducts provide more efficient flow than oval .
Textbook of Algae , O. P. Sharma, Jan 1, 1986, Algae, 396 pages. Aimed to meet requirements of undergraduate students of botany. This book covers topics such as: evolution of sex and sexuality in algae; and, pigments in algae with their. An Introduction to Phycology , G. R. South, A. Whittick, Jul 8, 2009, Science, 352 pages. This text presents the subject using a systems approach and is .
