Evaluating The Effectiveness Of Performance Based Pavement .
Technical Report Documentation Page1. Report No.2. Government Accession No.3. Recipient's Catalog No.FHWA/TX-14/0-6705-14. Title and Subtitle5. Report DateEVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFORMANCEBASED PAVEMENT MARKING MAINTENANCE CONTRACTSIN TEXASPublished: January 20146. Performing Organization Code7. Author(s)8. Performing Organization Report No.Adam Pike, Praprut Songchitruksa, Srinivas Geedipally, Don Kang,and Ivan DamnjanovicReport 0-6705-19. Performing Organization Name and Address10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS)Texas A&M Transportation InstituteCollege Station, Texas 77843-313511. Contract or Grant No.12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address13. Type of Report and Period CoveredTexas Department of TransportationResearch and Technology Implementation Office125 E. 11th StreetAustin, Texas 78701-2483Technical Report:September 2011–August 2013Project 0-670514. Sponsoring Agency Code15. Supplementary NotesProject performed in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and the Federal HighwayAdministration.Project Title: Effectiveness of Performance Based Pavement Marking Maintenance ContractsURL: http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6705-1.pdf16. AbstractPerformance-based pavement marking maintenance contracts (PBPMMCs) are one of the latestmechanisms used to maintain adequate pavement marking performance levels. TxDOT has issued twoPBPMMCs, but the effectiveness of these contracts as compared to other contracting mechanisms from a riskmanagement, cost, performance, or safety perspective has not been evaluated.This project gathered information to evaluate the effectiveness of PBPMMCs by evaluating thedelivered pavement marking performance, safety performance, potential cost savings, and the most suitableperformance measures and measurement protocols for inclusion into the PBPMMCs.The evaluations found inconclusive evidence as to the benefit of the PBPMMC from a safety,marking performance, or cost-effectiveness standpoint. Recommendations are provided to improve futurePBPMMCs.17. Key Words18. Distribution StatementPerformance Based Contracting, PavementMarkings, Retroreflectivity, Contracting, Cost,SafetyNo restrictions. This document is available to thepublic through NTIS:National Technical Information ServiceAlexandria, Virginia 22312http://www.ntis.gov19. Security Classif.(of this report)20. Security Classif.(of this page)21. No. of PagesUnclassifiedUnclassified166Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized22. Price
EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFORMANCE BASEDPAVEMENT MARKING MAINTENANCE CONTRACTS IN TEXASbyAdam Pike, P.E.Assistant Research EngineerPraprut Songchitruksa, Ph.D., P.E.Associate Research EngineerSrinivas Geedipally, Ph.D., P.E.Assistant Research EngineerDon Kang, Ph.D.Assistant Transportation ResearcherTexas A&M Transportation InstituteandIvan Damnjanovic, Ph.D.ProfessorTexas A&M UniversityReport 0-6705-1Project 0-6705Project Title: Effectiveness of Performance Based Pavement Marking Maintenance ContractsPerformed in cooperation with theTexas Department of Transportationand theFederal Highway AdministrationPublished: January 2014TEXAS A&M TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTECollege Station, Texas 77843-3135
DISCLAIMERThis research was performed in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation(TxDOT) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The contents of this report reflectthe views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presentedherein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official view or policies of the FHWA orTxDOT. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.The United States Government and the State of Texas do not endorse products ormanufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are consideredessential to the object of this report.v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis project was conducted in cooperation with TxDOT and FHWA. The researchersacknowledge the support and guidance provided by the Project Monitoring Committee: Mr. Kevin Pete, Project Manager (TxDOT, Research and Technology ImplementationOffice). Ms. Judy Friesenhahn (TxDOT, San Antonio District). Mr. Tony Moran (TxDOT, Waco District). Mr. Michael Fowler (TxDOT, Amarillo District). Mr. Justin Obinna (TxDOT, Traffic Operations Division). Mr. Brian Stanford (TxDOT, Traffic Operations Division). Mr. David Valdez (TxDOT, Traffic Operations Division). Ms. Sandra Kaderka, Contract Specialist (TxDOT, Research and TechnologyImplementation Office).vi
TABLE OF CONTENTSPageList of Figures . ixList of Tables . xiChapter 1: Overview. 1Chapter 2: State of the Practice . 3Pavement Markings and Safety . 3Safety Effects of Width and Presence of Pavement Markings . 3Safety and Pavement Markers . 4Safety and Retroreflectivity . 4Retroreflectivity Models . 8Safety Summary . 9Pavement Marking Performance Measures and Measurement Protocols . 10Performance Measures . 10Measurement Protocols . 11Pavement Marking Contracting and Specifications. 14Procurement of Services and Risk Allocation . 15Pavement Markings . 17Performance-Based Contract Experiences. 19Overview of PBCs . 19Agencies’ Experiences and Assessment of PBCs . 21Benefits, Costs, and Risks . 27Chapter 3: Statewide Survey . 29District-Wide Pavement Marking Survey. 29District Contracting . 30District Pavement Marking Information . 32District Pavement Marking Performance and Inspection . 36PBPMMC-Specific Questions . 40Meetings with the PBPMMC Districts . 40San Antonio District Meeting . 42Dallas District Meeting . 45Summary . 48Chapter 4: Safety Evaluation. 49Methodology . 50Step 1. Define the Target Crashes. 50Step 2. Define the Comparison Group . 51Step 3. Predict the Expected Number of Crashes and Variances for the After Period . 51Step 4. Compute the Sum of the Predicted Crashes over All Treated Sites and ItsVariance . 52Step 5. Compute the Sum of the Actual Crashes over All Treated Sites . 52Step 6. Compute the Unbiased Estimate of Safety-Effectiveness of the Treatmentand Its Variance . 52Database Development . 53vii
Roadway Data . 53Crash Data . 55Analysis Results . 57Findings . 62Chapter 5: Performance Evaluation . 65Methodology . 65Data Collection Equipment . 65Data Collection Plan . 66Data Summary . 67San Antonio District . 69Dallas District . 77Bryan District . 84Data Analysis . 90Retroreflectivity Analysis of New Markings . 90Decay Analysis . 95Analysis of 30-Day Contractor Readings . 104Chapter 6: Cost Evaluation. 111Research Approach . 111Data Sets . 112Research Questions . 113Assumptions . 113Data Analysis . 114Management Strategy Analysis . 114Value of Work Assessment . 116Condition Assessment Analysis . 120Findings and Implications . 123Summary and Conclusions . 124Chapter 7: Specification Evaluation . 125Evaluate Performance Measures . 125Evaluate Measurement Protocols. 129Revise Special Specification for Performance-Based Pavement Marking Maintenance . 130Summary . 133Chapter 8: Findings and Recommendations . 135References . 139Appendix A: Pavement Marking Maintenance Survey . 145Appendix B: Dallas District Cost Analysis . 151viii
LIST OF FIGURESPageFigure 1. Savings from Flexibility. . 26Figure 2. TxDOT Survey Response. . 30Figure 3. Types of Pavement Marking Contracts. . 31Figure 4. Frequency of Striping Material Usages from the Texas Districts. . 34Figure 5. Roadway Miles Maintained by the Districts. . 36Figure 6. Percentage of Miles Where Inspectors Are Present for Marking Application. . 39Figure 7. Data Collection Equipment. . 66Figure 8. San Antonio 2012 White Data. 73Figure 9. San Antonio 2013 White Data. 74Figure 10. San Antonio 2012 Yellow Data. . 75Figure 11. San Antonio 2013 Yellow Data. . 76Figure 12. Dallas 2012 White Data. 80Figure 13. Dallas 2013 White Data. 81Figure 14. Dallas 2012 Yellow Data. 82Figure 15. Dallas 2013 Yellow Data. 83Figure 16. Bryan 2012 White Data. . 86Figure 17. Bryan 2013 White Data. . 87Figure 18. Bryan 2012 Yellow Data. . 88Figure 19. Bryan 2013 Yellow Data. . 89Figure 20. New Markings by Age. 91Figure 21. New Markings by District. . 92Figure 22. New Markings by Roadways (BRY). . 93Figure 23. New Markings by Roadways (DAL). . 94Figure 24. New Markings by Roadways (SAT). . 94Figure 25. White Marking Decay by Roadways. . 96Figure 26. Yellow Marking Decay by Roadways. . 97Figure 27. Retroreflectivity Decay by Age Group. 98Figure 28. White Marking Average Decay by Roadways and ADT. . 100Figure 29. Yellow Marking Average Decay by Roadways and ADT. . 100Figure 30. Comparison of White Marking Readings. . 106Figure 31. Comparison Readings of Yellow Marking Readings. . 107Figure 32. Measurement Comparison by Source and Marking Age. . 108Figure 33. Research Approach. . 112Figure 34. Histogram of Long-line Project Sizes. . 115Figure 35. Project Work Dynamics (San Antonio District). . 116Figure 36. Contract’s Monthly Payments and Value Analysis. . 117Figure 37. Operational Modifications and Callout Work. . 118Figure 38. Monthly Deductions. . 119Figure 39. Assessment Score Dynamics. . 121Figure 40. Man Hours – Condition Relationship. . 122Figure 41. Distribution of Monthly Deductions from Monte Carlo Simulation. . 123ix
Figure B1. Value of Callout Monthly Work (Dallas Contract). . 152Figure B2. Value of Non-callout Monthly Work (Dallas Contract). . 152Figure B3. Value of Non-callout Monthly Work and the Base Payment (Dallas Contract). . 153Figure B4. Assessment Scores (Dallas Contract). . 154x
LIST OF TABLESPageTable 1. RRPM Before-After Nighttime Crash Analysis Results (7). 4Table 2. Minimum Maintaine
visibility are present on the nation’s roadways. Performance-based pavement marking maintenance contracts (PBPMMCs) are one of the latest mechanisms used to maintain adequate pavement marking performance and to
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