LoRa-based WSN And Its Applications
LoRa-based WSN and itsapplicationsDr. Sandra Sendra CompteKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum1 / 71
Outline1.- University of Granada and CITIC2.- Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)3.- LoRa for IoT4.- Comparison WiFi vs. LoRa5.- Hardware for IoTLoRa-based Hardware for IoT6.- IoT ApplicationsAcknowledgmentKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum2 / 71
University of GranadaKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum3 / 71
UNIVERSITY OF GRANADAKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum4 / 71
UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA University of Granada (UGR) is a public educational institution that offersmodern and flexible degrees and courses designed to meet and cover thedemands of current society. UGR also teach official postgraduate programmes controlled by demandingeducational quality control systems. UGR teach 75 degrees in the 28 teaching centres The teaching is organized through 116 departments. The postgraduate Schooloffers 68 Masters, 116 doctorates and 113 complementary courses. The UGR takes more than 60,000 undergraduate and postgraduate studentsand another 20,000 attend complementary courses, language courses, summercourses, etc. They also have around 3,650 teachers and more than 2,000administrative, technical and service personnel.KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum5 / 71
UNIVERSITY OF GRANADAICT Research Center (CITIC)Higher School of Informatics and Telecommunication EngineeringDept. of Signal Theory, Telematics and CommunicationsSmart Wireless Applications and Technologies Group Permanent staff: 4 associate professors severalPhD/ MSc Students.KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum6 / 71
5G LaboratoryDesign of devicesTop layerDesign of AntennaMeasurement system for Antenna up to 300 GHz.Bottom layerKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum7 / 71
IoT and Communications LaboratoryApplication LayerControl LayerSDN/NFVInfrasturcture LayerE-HealthAgricultureIndustry4.0TransportSmart CitiesData Analysis Optimized Networks Sensors Protocols Electronic Solutions Deployment . Antenaeficientes .Smart HomeSecure IoTSmart applications of neurometryKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum8 / 71
Group NumbersIndexed Journal ( 105)2019Book and Chapters (10)62018National andInternationalConferences ( s (9)1220108501072815204628Q1Q2Q3Q4KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 ForumPROJECTS 4 M 9 / 71
Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum10 / 71
Introduction A wireless network sensors can bedefined as a set of small, autonomous,easy-to-deploy devices called nodes. The nodes are formed by a sensor unit, amicrocontroller,atransceiver(transmission / reception of messages)and internal batteries powered by solarpanel. Each node has the capacity to wirelesslyintercommunicate with the rest of thenodes, sending the captured informationto a central point (gateway), from whichand through the web the information isstored in a server so that it can beanalyzed and consulted in the real time inthe control center.KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum11 / 71
Introduction The field of application of technology is very diverse, from agriculture,livestock, industrial processes, home automation, environment, logistics,security, accessibility, Smart Metering, Smart Home or Smart City, amongsome of the most prominent sectors.Smart Cities Connected devicesWearablesRoboticsSocial Web of ThingsSmart appliancesRemote monitoringAssisted LivingBehavioral changesSport and fitnessSmart Home Integrated environmentsOptimized operationSocioeconomicsSustainabilityInclusive livingSecurity TransportationHealthcare Autonomous vehicle Multimodal TransportINTERNETRetail Banking Micro paymentsRetail logisticsProduct life-cycle infoShopping assistanceOthersIndustry KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 ForumRoboticsManufacturingNatural resources usageRemote OperationsAutomationHeavy machineryAgriculture Environment Pollution Air, wáter, soil Weather, climate change NoiseUtilities Smart Grid Water management Gas, Oil, etc Waste management Heating , coolingForestryCrops and farmingUrban agriculturaPrecision agriculturaLivestock and fisheries12 / 71
Introduction The advantages of this technology are: Ease and speed of installation and deploymentLow consumptionScalabilityDevices with own autonomy and without cablesReduced maintenanceRemote monitoring in real time, which reports to the client optimizationof resources and processes Versatility to adapt the system to the client's needs Ability to couple several sensors in a single communication node High capacity of self-organization and self-configuration with the rest ofthe nodal devices of the network, which allows the mobility of thedevices.KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum13 / 71
Introduction The evolution of technologies and the ability to interconnect different deviceshave led to the existence of networks capable of communicating and actingtogether, creating what is known as Internet of Things (IoT). Thanks to sensors and actuators, it is possible to measure our environmentand share data which, collected by platforms, allows the developers to createuseful applications for the society.KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum14 / 71
LoRa for IoTKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum15 / 71
LoRaWAN IntroductionLoRa LoRaWAN The first thing that needs to be clarified is that LoRa and LoRaWAN are notthe same, LoRa is the type of radiofrequency modulation patented bySemtech. Its main advantages are: High tolerance to interferenceHigh sensitivity to receive data (-168dB)Based on chirp modulationLow power Consumption (up to 10 years with a battery *)Long range: 10 to 20kmLow data transfer (up to 255 bytes)Point to point connectionWorking frequencies: 915Mhz America, 868 Europe, 433 Asia It is the ideal technology for connections over long distances and for IoTnetworks that can be used in smart cities, places with little cellular coverageor private networks of sensors or actuators, that's why LoRaWAN was born.KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum16 / 71
LoRaWAN Introduction Unlike other IoT technologies, LoRaWANdoes not use a mesh networkarchitecture. Although mesh networking may be usefulto increase the communication range, italso affects the device battery life due tothe forwarding of messages. LoRaWAN uses a star topology LoRaWAN allows end devices to havebidirectional communications, althoughthey are asymmetric, since uplinktransmissions (from end devices togateways) are strongly favored.KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum17 / 71
LoRaWAN IntroductionKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum18 / 71
LoRaWAN Introduction The underlying PHY layer for the three classes is the same. LoRa is a proprietary spread spectrum modulation scheme which is based onchirp spread spectrum (CSS). Some of the key properties of this modulation are scalable bandwidth,constant envelope, low power, high robustness, multipath and fadingresistant, Doppler resistant, long-range capability, enhanced networkcapacity, and geolocation capabilities. Using different spreading factors (SFs), the developer may trade data rate forcoverage or energy consumption. The spreading factor is defined asRS and RC are thesymbol and chip ratesKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum19 / 71
LoRaWAN Introduction The usage of a high SF decreases the data rate but increases the maximumdistance between the transmitter and the receiver, and vice versa. Since transmissions using different SFs are orthogonal, it is possible toreceive multiple frames simultaneously. LoRa error correction reduces the bit rate by a factor rate code 4/ (4 CR),where code rate (CR) is an integer value between 1 and 4. Since SFs vary from 7 to 12, and frames sent with different SFs can bedecoded simultaneously, the maximum aggregated bit rate (assuming BW 500 kHz and CR 1) is 43 kb/s.KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum20 / 71
LoRaWAN IntroductionIt shows how frequency, time and power vary according to the SF used.KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum21 / 71
LoRaWAN Security As security is crucial, it has beenincluded from the initial versions of thestandard. Security for LoRaWAN is alsodesigned for low power consumption,low implementation complexity, lowcost, and high scalability. The main properties of LoRaWANsecurity are mutual authentication,integrity protection, and confidentiality. An end device can be activated using either over-the-air activation (OTAA) oractivation by personalization (ABP). The device stores the followinginformation: DevAddr (device address), AppEUI (application identifier), NwkSKey (network session key), and AppSKey (application session key).KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum22 / 71
LoRaWAN Security An end device can be activated using either over-the-air activation (OTAA)or activation by personalization (ABP). The device stores the followinginformation: DevAddr (device address), AppEUI (application identifier), NwkSKey (network session key), and AppSKey (application sessionkey).KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum23 / 71
ComparisonWiFi vs. LoRaKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum24 / 71
Comparison WiFi vs. LoRaParameterFrequency BandSpectrumData RateRange WiFi2.4 GHzUnlicensed100 – 300 [Mbps]30 – 100 [m]ComparisonLoRa868 (EU) – 433 (US) [MHz]Unlicensed125 – 500 [kHz]Up to hundreds of kmsLoRa is a proprietary spread spectrum modulation which belongs to Semtech.It keeps the same low power characteristics of FSK modulation whileincreases the communication range.According to the frequency band (868 MHz in Europe), it modulates itssymbols with a bandwidth of 125 kHz, 250 kHz or 500 kHz (European case)with different Spreading Factors (SF). A lower SF lets increases the maximumdistance between transmitter and receiver by decreasing the data rate.The use of LoRa modulation with a low spreading factor could facilitate thetransfer of small data packets at indoor environments like hospitals.KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum25 / 71
Comparison LoRa vs. LPWAN Tech.CHARACTERISTICS OF LPWAN TECHNOLOGIESParameterFrequencyBandLoRa868/915MHz ISMBandwidthUltra NBRange2-5k urban15k ruralKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 ForumStandardSigfoxRPMA868/902 MHz2.4 GHz ISMISM8x125kHz1 MHz40 channelsMod: CSS30-50k r.500k LoS1000k LoSnWaveSub-GHzISMUltra NB10k u.20-30k r.26 / 71
LoRa-based Hardware for IoTKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum27 / 71
LoRa-Based hardwareDIY multi-channel Raspberry PiGateway: Raspberry Pi 3 Model B, IMST ic880A concentrator with amaximum transmission power of 20dBm an 868 MHz antenna with 2 dBigain.KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum28 / 71
LoRa-Based hardwareLoRa Lite by IMSTThe LoRa Lite Gateway from Germancompany IMST is a reasonably-pricedeight-channel gateway based on theiriC880A 868 MHz LoRaWAN concentratorand a Raspberry Pi, all fitted on amotherboard in a die-cast box.KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum29 / 71
LoRa-Based hardwareBase on SX1301 LoRaWan Gateway Module Frequency band 433MHz/868MHz/915MHZ Sensitivity: down to -138dBm，Output Power up to 20dbm open 8 channels uplink and 1 channel downlink for Makers SX1301 based processor USB or SPI interfaceKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum30 / 71
LoRa-Based hardwareThe Things Indoor GatewayThe following are the specs: Supports TTN and SLADesigned for indoor usage (prototyping)Features a setup and reset buttonUSB-C port (for power only)Supports 868 or 915 frequency bands8 channel, design v1.5 (with LBT)Integrated antennaESP8266SoC,allowingWiFiconnectivity Able to be plugged directly into a walloutletKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum31 / 71
LoRa-Based hardwareTTGO LORA32 V2.0/433/868/915 MHz ESP32 Chip Wifi ESP32 @ 80 MHz - 802.11 b/g/n900 Mhz LoRa ModuleCompatible with ArduinoOLED Screen 128x64 pxMicroUSB (powering and programming)Antenna de 2dBi with SMA connectorKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum32 / 71
LoRa-Based hardware TTGO T-Beam node. It is built aroundthe ESP32 chip. It has 4MB of SPI flash. It operates at 433 MHz, 868 MHz and915 MHz. TTGO T-Beam node includes twoantennas. A GPS ceramic antennaconnected to a u-bloc NEO-6M GPSmodule and another LoRa antenna withSMA connector. It uses a LoRa chip from the HopeRFRFM9X family. The node has a total of26 pins with GPIO, ADC, VP/VN, DAC,Touch, SPI, I2C, UART and Lora. It can be feed by batteries.KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum33 / 71
LoRa-Based hardwareRAK811 LoRa TrackerWireless Remote Positioning SolutionKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum34 / 71
LoRa-Based hardwareDragino LoRa Shield boardMain features of Dragino LoRa Shield.ParameterI/O pins compatible withArduinoValue3.3V o 5VWorking Frequency915 MHz / 868 MHz / 433 MHzCurrent in Sleep ModeAntenna connection1 µASMA/I-PEXMain features of RFM95W e detectionRSSI rangePackaging SystemProgrammable BitrateKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 ForumValueFSK, GFSK, MSK, GMSK, LoRa y OOK-148 dBm127 dBm256 bytes with CRCUp to 300 kbps35 / 71
LoRa-Based hardwareAplicaciones Smart Home Home Video Control Lights Snooze Button Take Pictures Wireless Trigger Remote SwitchKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum36 / 71
LoRa-based ApplicationsKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum37 / 71
LoRa-Based Appl. - NetworkPerformance of LoRaWAN Networks in OutdoorScenariosKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum38 / 71
LoRa-Based Appl. - Network The critical point in many scenarios resides in the energy consumption due tothe batteries which feed these things. This is why so-called LPWAN technologies, which permit low powertransmission, have been developed. In return, the transmission data rate isreduced (e.g., hundreds of kbps) but it is still enough for many IoTapplications. Because of their standardization and the usage of non-licensed spectrum,these technologies have become serious competitors of solutions based oncellular networks, such as Long Term Evolution-Category M (LTE-M) orNarrowBand-IoT (NB-IoT). The most popular LPWAN technologies are Sigfox, LoRaWAN, Ingenu TPMA,and nWave.KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum39 / 71
LoRa-Based Appl. - NetworkComponents of a LoRaWAN network: DIY multi-channel Raspberry Pi Gateway: the chosen gateway iscomposed of a Raspberry Pi 3 Model B, an IMST ic880A concentrator witha maximum transmission power of 20 dBm and an 868 MHz antenna with2 dBi gain. End-Device: the used end-device is based on the development board’WeMos D1 Mini’, which uses the ESP8266 chip. A shield with theRN2483A chip (up to 14 dBm of TX power), which implements both thephysical and the MAC layers of the LoRaWAN standard, is connected tothe WeMos board. These are supplied by a external power bank.KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum40 / 71
LoRa-Based Appl. - NetworkLORA SERVER ARCHITECTURE.KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum41 / 71
LoRa-Based Appl. - NetworkHighway Scenario The selected scenario is a road environment very similar to a highway. It has three lanes in each side and also, pedestrian and bike lanes which letsus walk to take the measurements. Measurements have been taken while walking. The evaluated parametershave been the SNR, the RSSI, the packets loss ratio and the coverage of theend-device. The road is place at the north area ofGranada. The route has approx. 3.3 kmwith 74 m of gradient. The gateway, whose location is in(37.2136373, -3.5951833) geographicalpoint, is placed on a bridge whichcrosses the road.KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum42 / 71
LoRa-Based Appl. - NetworkHighway Scenario Results-2015-40RSSI (dBm)SNR (dB)1050-5-10-3500RSSI MeasuredFree Prop. Model-60-80-100-3000-2500-2000-1500Distance (m)KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 5000Distance (m)43 / 71
LoRa-Based Appl. - NetworkCoast Rural Scenario The gateway with coordinates (38.932457, -0.099974) is placed on theterrace of a second floor house ( 9m of height). The building is found at Oliva, a coast village of Valencia (Spain). The scenario is composed by several small houses and the climateconditions are also different (higher humidity).KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum44 / 71
LoRa-Based Appl. - NetworkCoast Rural Scenario ResultsSNR (dB)100-10-20-700-6000RSSI (dBm)-200-300-400Distance (m)-500-1000RSSI MeasuredFree Prop. Model-50-100-150-700KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum-600-500-300-400Distance (m)-200-100045 / 71
Collaborative LoRa-Based Sensor Network forPollution Monitoring in Smart CitiesKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum46 / 71
LoRa-Based Appl. - Pollution MonitoringMotivation Urban air pollution is a serious problem in many large cities on theplanet. The intense traffic, together with factories that do not control theiremissions, turns the air of cities of the world into clouds of smog. Air pollution will become the main environmental cause ofpremature mortality in the world. It is estimated that by 2050, the number of premature deathsresulting from air pollution will reach 3.6 million each year on theplanet. Pollution deaths are usually linked to heart disease, stroke, orobstructive and chronic lung disease. It is also related to lungcancer and acute respiratory infections.KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum47 / 71
LoRa-Based Appl. - Pollution MonitoringOur ProposalSMART CITY Smart city collaborative entity capable ofcombining data from different sources tomake decisions and take measures toimprove a situation. We focus our proposal on the control ofpollutionincities.Weconsider:Wireless nodes based on LoRa in vehicles Fixed nodes installed in traffic lights andlampposts. Monitor the evolution of temperature, relativehumidity and CO2 concentrations at theestablished points and combine all thesedata to build real-time maps of the evolutionof these parameters. Theproposednetworkbecomescollaborative, as the opinion of citizens isintroduced into the network and consideredto make decisions on the actions to be taken.Citizen Opinions regardingto its perception of QoAData from Vehiclesend environmentGPS positionRelative HumidityCO2TemperatureCollaborative LoRa-Based Sensor Networkfor Pollution Monitoring in Smart CitiesKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum48 / 71
LoRa-Based Appl. - Pollution MonitoringSmart City ta BaseNodeSmart TrafficinfrastructureSmart VehicleinfrastructureLocalData BaseLoRa-Based Sensor Network forPollution Monitoring in Smart CitiesCitizensInternetSmart HealthInfrastructureCentral DataBaseLocalData BaseKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 ForumMeteorologicalinfrastructureNodeLocalData BaseGatewayNodeNode49 / 71
LoRa-Based Appl. - Pollution MonitoringLoRa Node To implement each node, we use aTTGO T-Beam node. It is built around theESP32 chip. It has 4MB of SPI flash. It operates at 433 MHz, 868 MHz and915 MHz, in our case we use theEuropean ISM band at 868 MHz. Our TTGO T-Beam node includes twoantennas. A GPS ceramic antennaconnected to a u-bloc NEO-6M GPSmodule and another LoRa antenna withSMA connector. It uses a LoRa chip from the HopeRFRFM9X family. The node has a total of26 pins with GPIO, ADC, VP/VN, DAC,Touch, SPI, I2C, UART and Lora. Finally, the node can be feed bybatteries.KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum50 / 71
LoRa-Based Appl. - Pollution MonitoringRSSI coverage over the measurement scenarioKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum51 / 71
LoRa-Based Appl. - Pollution MonitoringNetwork Measurements-50RSSI MeasuredFree Prop. Model-60RSSI 500-400-300-200-100100SNR (dB)Distance -1000Distance (m)KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum52 / 71
LoRa-Based Appl. - Pollution MonitoringEnvironmental parametersRel. Humidity(%)TemperatureCO2 Concent.(ppm)KeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum53 / 71
Low Cost LoRa based Network for ForestFire DetectionKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 Forum54 / 71
Network architectureGatewayTTN ServerDBTemperature, Humidity, wind speed and CO2NodesKeyNote Speech: ECSA-6 ForumWeb ApplicationApplicationServer The system is composed bya set of LoRa nodes thatcollect information on relativehumidity,
Nov 01, 2018 · UGR also teach official postgraduate programmes controlled by demanding educational quality control systems. UGR teach 75 degrees in the 28 teaching centres The teaching is organized through 116 departments. The postgraduate School offers
Semtech Guidelines in the event of any conflict between the guidelines in this document and any other document regarding usage of the LoRa logo and LoRa mark, this document prevails . These guidelines relate solely to use of the LoRa logo and LoRa mark owned by Semtech Corporation ("Semtech"), and do NOT relate to the trademarks and
Jul 03, 2020 · In wireless sensor networks for the Internet of Things (WSN-IoT), the topology deviates very frequently because of the node mobility. The topology maintenance overhead is high in flat-based WSN-IoTs. WSN clustering is suggested to not only reduce the message overhead in WSN-IoT but also c
Long o in Accented Syllables: TRG 90-91; WSN 135-138 Long u in Accented Syllables: TRG 92-93; WSN 139-142 Short and Long e in Accented Syllables: TRG 94-95; WSN 143-146 b) Use knowledge of homophones. Homophones: TRG 38-39; WSN 31-34; WTWL The Not-So-Scary Scarecrow c) Decode regular multisyllabic words. Sy
perspective of the LoRa networking stack, however, we lack a whole picture to comprehensively understand what has been done or not and reveal what the future trends are. This survey proposes a taxonomy of a two-dimensional (i.e., networking layers, performance metrics) to categorize and compare the cutting-edge LoRa networking techniques.
Feb 11, 2020 · LoRa is an RF modulation technology for low-power, wide area networks (LPWANs). The name, LoRa, is a reference to the extremely long-range data links that this technology enables. Crea
ESP32 GPIO Pin Name Default Function ADC PWM RTC† Notes 45 – – LoRa antenna 868MHz or 915MHz, 50 Ohm impedance required 46 – – Ground – 36 LoRa radio interrupt – 35 LoRa radio chip select 6.1 Remapping Pins The ESP32 features comprehensive pin remapping functionality. This allo
Long Range Control Rugged Long Range Radio (LoRa) Transmitter . TAURUS FM/LoRa Transmitter DS-TAURUS-2 1 Switch TAURUS-8T1 868MHz TAURUS-9T1 918MHz TAURUS-24T1 2.4GHz Part Numbers Also Included Transmitters ship with
University of Crete, Computer Science Department 5 Lecture 1: Introduction to WSN and CS-541 course Lecture 2: Protocol stacks, and wireless networks prerequisites. Lecture 3: Network standards for Personal and Body-area networks Lecture 4: Signal processing prerequisites. Lecture 5: Signal Sampling for WSN Lecture 6: Radio Duty Cycling in WSN
