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Reinforced Concrete DesignN inth E ditionAbi AghayereProfessorDepartment of Civil, Architectural,and Environmental EngineeringDrexel University330 Hudson Street, NY NY 10013A01 AGHA5353 09 SE FM.indd 11/4/18 11:52 AM

Vice President, Portfolio Management:Andrew GilfillanEditorial Assistant: Lara DimmickSenior Vice President, Marketing: DavidGesellMarketing Coordinator: Elizabeth MacKenzie-LambDirector, Digital Studio and Content Production: Brian HylandManaging Producer: Jennifer SargunarContent Producer (Team Lead): FarazSharique AliManager, Rights Management: JohannaBurkeOperations Specialist: Deidra SmithCover Design: Cenveo Publisher ServicesCover Photo: William Tao & Associates, Inc.Full-Service Project Management: IntegraSoftware Services Pvt. Ltd.Composition: Integra Software ServicesPvt. Ltd.Printer/Binder: LSC Communications, Inc.Cover Printer: Phoenix Color/HagerstownText Font: PalatinoLTProCredits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text.Copyright 2019, 2014, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Manufactured in the United Statesof America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtainedfrom the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, ortransmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, orotherwise. For information regarding permissions, request forms, and the appropriate contactswithin the Pearson Education Global Rights and Permissions department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/.Acknowledgments of third-party content appear on the appropriate page within the text. Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks, logos, or icons that may appearin this work are the property of their respective owners, and any references to third-partytrademarks, logos, icons, or other trade dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposesonly. Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization,or promotion of Pearson’s products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship betweenthe owner and Pearson Education, Inc., authors, licensees, or distributors.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Aghayere, Abi O., author.Title: Reinforced concrete design / Abi Aghayere, Professor, Department ofCivil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University.Description: Ninth edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey : PearsonEducation, Inc., 2018. Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2017056582 ISBN 9780134715353 ISBN 0134715357Subjects: LCSH: Reinforced concrete.Classification: LCC TA444 .L44 2018 DDC 624.1/8341--dc23 LC record available athttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017056582117ISBN 10:0-13-471535-7ISBN 13: 978-0-13-471535-3A01 AGHA5353 09 SE FM.indd 21/4/18 11:52 AM

NOTICE TO THE READERThe information contained in this book hasbeen prepared in accordance with recognizedengineering principles and is for general information only. Although it is believed to be accurate,this information should not be used for any specificapplication without competent professional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability, andapplicability by a licensed professional engineer, ar chitect, or designer. The authors and publisher of thisbook make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to the material contained in this booknor shall they be liable for any special, consequential,or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part,from the reader’s use of or reliance on this material.iiiA01 AGHA5353 09 SE FM.indd 31/4/18 11:52 AM

To the cherished memory of my mother, Regina Ekeneza-Obasogie, andmy great-grand mother, Aghayubini OsaweA01 AGHA5353 09 SE FM.indd 41/4/18 11:52 AM

PREF AC EThe primary objective of Reinforced ConcreteDesign, ninth edition, remains the same as thatof the previous editions that were co-authoredwith George F. Limbrunner, who is now retired: toprovide a basic and thorough understanding of thestrength and behavior of reinforced concrete membersand reinforced concrete structural systems.With the recent changes in the ACI 318 Code,and relevant reinforced concrete research and literature continuing to become available at a rapid rate, itis the intent of this book to translate this vast amountof information and data into an integrated source thatreflects the latest information available. This book isintended to help the reader understand the fundamentals of reinforced concrete design and behavior,and good practices in the industry. It will be useful tostudents in undergraduate civil and architectural engineering programs, and engineering technology and architecture programs. In addition, practicing structuralengineers and engineers preparing for the licensureexams will find this text to be a helpful and practicalresource.This ninth edition has been prepared with theprimary objective of updating its contents to conformto the latest Building Code Requirements for StructuralConcrete (ACI 318-14) of the American ConcreteInstitute. The ACI 318-14 is a complete reorganization of the Code compared to previous editions ofthe Code, in addition to incorporating a numberof technical changes. Throughout the text, frequentreferences are made to the pertinent sections of theACI Code. Because the ACI Code serves as the design standard in the United States, it is strongly recommended that the Code be used as a companion publication to this book.In addition to the necessary changes to conform tothe new code, some sections have been edited, new sections have been added, and the student design projectproblems have been enhanced and several drawingsupdated. Working on the design project helps thestudent appreciate how and where the individual reinforced concrete elements covered in the differentchapters fit within the context of a real life buildingproject. Thus, they can see how what they have learnedis readily applicable to, and usable in, the real worldof engineering and construction. Answers to selectedproblems are furnished at the back of the text.This text is suitable for any undergraduate concrete design course which would typically includetopics from Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and parts ofChapters 9 and 10. The remaining topics and chapterscould make up a significant portion of a second undergraduate concrete design course. This text covers moretopics than those required in the Concrete I course,and many of the topics required in the FoundationDesign course, of the Basic Education for StructuralEngineers Curriculum published by the StructuralEngineering Institute (SEI) of the American Societyof Civil Engineers (ASCE), the National Council ofStructural Engineering Associations (NCSEA), and theCouncil of American Structural Engineers (CASE).Throughout the nine editions, the text content hasmaintained primarily a fundamental and practiceoriented approach to the design and analysis of reinforced concrete structural members using numerousexamples and a step-by-step solution format. In addition, there are chapters that provide a conceptualapproach on such topics as prestressed concrete anddetailing of reinforced concrete structures. The metricsystem (SI) is introduced in Appendix C with severalexample problems.Form design is an important consideration inmost structural design problems involving concretemembers, and Chapter 12 illustrates procedures forthe design of job-built forms for slabs, beams, andcolumns. Appropriate tables are included that willexpedite the design process. In Chapter 14, we introduce the reader to several practical considerationsvA01 AGHA5353 09 SE FM.indd 51/4/18 11:52 AM

viPrefaceand rules of thumb for the design of reinforced concrete beams, girders, columns and one-way slabs, andmethods for strengthening existing reinforced concrete structures.e ngineers. In addition, it will aid engineers and architects preparing for state licensing examinationsfor professional registration.AcknowledgmentsNEW TO THIS EDITION The entire text has been revised to conform to thelatest ACI Code: ACI 318-14. The design of concrete mixes and admixtures isdiscussed in Chapter 1 and an introduction to gravity load distribution (tributary areas and tributarywidth) and concrete slab systems is presented. The design of slab-on-grade is included in Chapter 2. The design of corbels and brackets is included inChapter 4. Structural integrity reinforcement is presented inChapter 5 and more examples on the developmentof reinforcement have been added to the chapter. Two-way slab design using the direct design method is covered in Chapter 6 together with an introduction to the equivalent frame method. In Chapter 7, the procedures for calculating thelong-term deflections of continuous beams andgirders are included, in addition to a new exampleon the long-term deflection of a continuous T-beam.Deflection control measures are discussed and thedesign of concrete floor systems for vibrations isalso included in Chapter 7. The design of columns subject to axial load plusbi-axial bending, the moment magnification factor,and the design of slender columns in non-sway orbraced frames are introduced in Chapter 9. A discussion of the types of information containedin a geotechnical report and the design of eccentrically loaded spread footings with a new exampleto illustrate the design procedure are presented inChapter 10. The design of pile caps and deep beams using thestrut-and-tie method is covered in Chapter 10. A new section on diaphragms, chords, and dragstruts is included in Chapter 14. Additional sectionsadded to this chapter include one-way slabs subjected to concentrated loads, fire resistance of structuralconcrete, concrete pour strips to mitigate shrinkagecracks, concrete specifications, and load testing ofexisting structures. A second student design project problem has beenadded in Chapter 14.This book has been thoroughly tested over theyears in engineering, architecture, and engineeringtechnology programs, and should serve as a valuable design guide and resource for engineering andarchitectural students, technologists, and design A01 AGHA5353 09 SE FM.indd 6Thanks are due to George Limbrunner—the founding co- author of this text since 1977, and with whom I was coauthor for the sixth through the eighth editions—for therich legacy and practical imprint he left on this text.I would also like to thank the peer reviewers forthe previous editions and particularly those whodid the review for this edition for their many valuedcontributions. We are excited about continuing the practice-oriented and easy-to-understand emphasis ofthis textbook while introducing some new topics of interest based on the feedback we have received on theprevious editions.As in the past, appreciation is extended to our students, past and present, and our colleagues, whoseconstructive feedback and enthusiasm have providedencouragement for this edition. Special thanks to JasonVigil, S.E., P.E., for his invaluable input and his immensehelp in preparing the figures for this edition. Thanksare due as well to Ben Okorosobo, P.Eng., consulting structural engineer, for his helpful insights during thepreparation of this text. I am also indebted to the lateUniversity Professor James G. MacGregor for his mentorship during and after my doctoral studies at the University of Alberta.I’m grateful to my forever-bride, Josephine,for her enduring support and patience, and to my children—Osa, Ito, Odosa, and Eghosa—for their continuous e ncouragement. Finally, I am most gratefulto Almighty God for His amazing grace and strengththat made this project possible.Download Instructor Resources fromthe Instructor Resource CenterTo access supplementary materials online, instructors need to request an instructor access code. Go towww.pearsonhighered.com/irc to register for an instructor access code. Within 48 hours of registering,you will receive a confirming e-mail including an instructor access code. Once you have received yourcode, locate your text in the online catalog and click onthe Instructor Resources button on the left side of thecatalog product page. Select a supplement, and a loginpage will appear. Once you have logged in, you canaccess instructor material for all Pearson textbooks. Ifyou have any difficulties accessing the site or downloading a supplement, please contact Customer Service at http://support.pearson.com/getsupportAbi AghayerePhiladelphia, PA1/4/18 11:52 AM

C ON T EN T SChapterMATERIALS AND MECHANICSOF BENDING, AND CONCRETE SLABSYSTEMS 11-1Concrete12-6 Equivalent Stress Distribution2-8 Ductility RequirementsThe ACI Building Code1-3Cement and Water1-4Aggregates1-5Concrete Mixes1-6Concrete in Compression1-7Concrete in Tension1-8Reinforcing Steel1-9Concrete Cover12-9 Strength Requirements12302-11 Summary of Procedure forRectangular Beam Analysis for FMn(Tension Reinforcement Only) 34352-12 Slabs: Introduction581-11 Concrete Slab Systems131-12 Gravity Load Distribution in ConcreteSlab Systems 141617ChapterRECTANGULAR REINFORCEDCONCRETE BEAMS AND SLABS:TENSION STEEL ONLY 212-1 Introduction282-10 Rectangular Beam Analysis for Moment(Tension Reinforcement Only) 3111-10 Beams: Mechanics of Bending R eview 8References252-7 Balanced, Brittle, and Ductile FailureModes 2711-2Problems2-5 Flexural Strength of RectangularBeams 242-3 Behavior Under Load 222-13 One-Way Slabs: Analysis for Moment 342-14 Rectangular Beam Design forMoment (Tension ReinforcementOnly) 372-15 Summary Of Procedure for Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Beam Designfor Moment (Tension ReinforcementOnly) 412-16 Design of One-Way Slabs for Moment(Tension Reinforcement Only) 412-17 Summary of Procedure for Design ofOne-Way Slabs for Moment (To SatisfyACI Minimum Thickness, h) 43212-2 Analysis and Design Method2342-18 Slabs-On-Grade21ReferencesProblems4346462-4 Strength Design Method Assumptions 23A01 AGHA5353 09 SE FM.indd 71/4/18 11:52 AM

viiiContentsChapterREINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS:T-BEAMS, L-BEAMS, AND DOUBLYREINFORCED BEAMS 513-13DEVELOPMENT, SPLICES, ANDSIMPLE-SPAN BAR CUTOFFS 1045-1T-Beams and L-Beams: Introduction3-2 T-Beam and L-Beam AnalysisChapter51535Bond Stress and Development Length:Introduction 1045-2 Development Length: Tension Bars3-3 Analysis of Beams HavingIrregular Cross Sections 565-3 Development Length: CompressionBars 1113-4 T-Beam and L-Beam Design (for Moment) 575-4 Development Length: StandardHooks in Tension 1123-5 Summary of Procedure for Analysis ofT-Beams and L-Beams (for Moment) 605-5 Development of Web Reinforcement 1153-6 Summary of Procedure for Design ofT-Beams and L-Beams (for M oment) 615-6 Splices 1173-7 Doubly Reinforced Beams: Introduction 623-9 Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis forMoment (Condition II) 653-10 Summary of Procedure for Analysisof Doubly Reinforced Beams (for Moment) 673-12 Summary of Procedure for Designof Doubly Reinforced Beams(for Moment) 693-13 Additional Code Requirements for Doubly Reinforced Beams 70715-10 Code Requirements for Developmentof Positive Moment Steel at Simple Supports 1225-11SHEAR AND TORSIONIntroductionStructural Integrity Reinforcement–Beams 125ReferencesProblems126126ChapterCONTINUOUS ONE-WAY AND TWO-WAYFLOOR SYSTEMS 1306-1Introduction1306-2 Continuous-Span Bar Cutoffs7541326-4 Analysis and Design of ContinuousTwo-Way Slabs 145References75Problems4-2 Shear Reinforcement Design Requirements 764-3 Shear Analysis Procedure784-4 Stirrup Design Procedure794-5 Torsion of Reinforced Concrete Members 864-6 Corbels and Brackets 37-2 Deflections 1837-3 Calculation of Icr 184References 997-4 Immediate Deflection186Problems 997-5 Long-Term Deflection186A01 AGHA5353 09 SE FM.indd 866-3 Design of Continuous One-Way Floor Systems 133Chapter4-15-9 Simple-Span Bar Cutoffs and Bends 118Doubly Reinforced Beam Design for Moment 68Problems1175-8 Compression Splices 1173-8 Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis forMoment (Condition I) 623-115-7 Tension Splices1061/4/18 11:52 AM

Contents7-6 Procedure for Calculating theDeflection of Simply Supportedand Continuous Beams and Slabs1897-7 Procedure for Calculating theDeflection of Continuous Girders1907-8 Deflection Control Measures in Reinforced Concrete Structures1937-10 Floor VibrationsProblemsThe Load-Moment Relationship1989-8 Columns Subjected to Axial Load atLarge Eccentricity 2429-9 F Factor Considerations9-11Biaxial BendingReferences200Introduction10-126210-6Square Reinforced Concrete Footings 27010-1123192349-4 Analysis of Short Columns: Small Eccentricity 2389-5 Design of Short Columns: Small Eccentricity 239284Analysis and Design of MatFoundations 28610-12 Deep Foundations–Piles, Drilled Shaft(Caissons), and Pile Caps 28710-13 Strut-and-Tie Models for Pile Capsand Deep Beams 292References9-2 Strength of Reinforced Concrete Columns: Small Eccentricity 2359-3 Code Requirements ConcerningColumn Details 23627728210-10 Cantilever or Strap Footings23123426710-5 Individual Reinforced Concrete Footings for Columns 26710-9 Combined Footings8-8 Shear Walls 223A01 AGHA5353 09 SE FM.indd 926110-8 Eccentrically Loaded Footings8-7 Concrete Moment Frames 222Introduction26010-7 Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Footings 2738-6 Lateral Load Resisting Systemsin Concrete Buildings 221Chapter1010-4 Wall Footings Under Light Loads8-5 Design Considerations for BasementWalls 2219-1Introduction10-3 Wall Footings8-4 Design Considerations for BearingWalls 219COLUMNS26010-2 The Geotechnical Report8-3 Design of Reinforced Concrete Cantilever Retaining Walls 204Problems257ChapterFOUNDATIONS20025625788-2 Lateral Forces on RetainingWalls 201References2529-13 Concrete Column ScheduleProblems8-12422509-12 The Slender Column198ChapterWALLS2419-10 Analysis of Short Columns: Large Eccentricity 2431957-11 Gross and Cracked Section Propertiesof Concrete Sections 197References9-6 Summary of Procedure for Analysisand Design of Short Columns withSmall Eccentricities 2419-77-9 Crack Control 194ixProblems300301ChapterPRESTRESSED CONCRETEFUNDAMENTALS 30311-1Introduction1130311-2 Design Approach and BasicConcepts 3031/4/18 11:52 AM

Contentsx11-3 Stress Patterns in Prestressed Concrete Beams 305Chapter11-4 Prestressed Concrete Materials 30611-5 Analysis of Rectangular PrestressedConcrete Beams 30714-1 Introduction11-6 Alternative Methods of Elastic Analysis: Load Balancing Method 31011-7 Flexural Strength AnalysisProblems31314-3 Approximate Moments and Shearsin Continuous Girders 36214-4 Strengthening and Rehabilitationof Existing Reinforced Concrete Structures 364315315ChapterCONCRETE FORMWORK12-1Introduction36014-2 Rules of Thumb and Practical Considerations for Reinforced Concrete Design 36011-8 Notes on Prestressed Concrete Design 315References14PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS INTHE DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETEBUILDINGS 36031714-5 Diaphragms, Drag Struts,and Chords 3691214-6 One-Way Slabs Subjected to Concentrated Loads 37131712-2 Formwork Requirements14-7 Load Testing of Structures31737314-8 Closure or Pour Strips in ReinforcedConcrete Floors 37512-3 Formwork Materials andAccessories 31814-9 Fire Resistance of Concrete StructuralElements 37612-4 Loads and Pressures on Forms 31912-5 The Design Approach 32112-6 Design of Formwork for Slabs 32614-10 Analysis and Design of Edge-SupportedTwo-Way Slabs on Stiff Supports 37712-7 Design of Formwork for Beams 33114-1112-8 Wall Form Design 33514-12 Student Design Projects12-9 Forms for Columns 339ReferencesProblems342342DETAILING REINFORCED CONCRETESTRUCTURES 344Introduction13B-2345APPENDIX CFLOW DIAGRAMSMETRICATIONREFERENCES13-8 Bar Supports and Bar Placement 355359403408410C-3  CONVERSION FACTORS13-7 Extras 35413-9 Computer Detailing 356386403C-2  SI STYLE AND USAGE13-6 Bar Lists 353A01 AGHA5353 09 SE FM.indd 10TABLES AND DIAGRAMSC-1  THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEMOF

Abi Aghayere Professor Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering Drexel University NiNth EditioN Reinforced Concrete Design 330 Hudson Street,

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