A Statistical Analysis Of College Biochemistry Textbooks .
Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 2015, 11(3), 685-691A Statistical Analysis of CollegeBiochemistry Textbooks in China:The Statuses on the Publishing andUsagePing Zhou, Qinwen Wang, Jie Yang, Jingqiu Li, Junming Guo & Zhaohui GongNingbo University, CHINAReceived 13 December 2014; accepted 4 February 2015; published on 27 April 2015This study aimed to investigate the statuses on the publishing and usage of collegebiochemistry textbooks in China. A textbook database was constructed and the statisticalanalysis was adopted to evaluate the textbooks. The results showed that there were 945( 57%) books for theory teaching, 379 ( 23%) books for experiment teaching and 331( 20%) books for assistant teaching. Most of these books were published forscience/technology-associated universities, followed by medical schools, while the booksfor agricultural universities were relatively few. Additionally, the first decade of the 21stcentury was the most productive period. Interestingly, there were 456 ( 28%) textbookswith the same name of “Biochemistry”, professor Airu Zhou was the most productiveeditor, and People‟s Medical Publishing House was the most productive press. The furthersurvey showed that "Biochemistry" (3rd Edition) edited by professor Jingyan Wang et alwas the most influential textbook. Overall, the findings suggest that the publishing andusage have been achieved a great success in college education along with some practicalproblems.Keywords: College biochemistry, textbook, publication, usage, impact.INTRODUCTIONOver the last 40 years, biochemistry has become sosuccessful at explaining living processes that now almostall areas of the life sciences from botany to medicine areengaged in biochemical research (Graeme 2000, and Gul& Sozbilir 2015). The findings of biochemistry areprimarily applied in medicine, industry and agriculture(Abu-Salah 1990, and Gamulin et al. 2003). In medicine,biochemists investigate the causes and cures of disease.In industry, they study how to make bioengineeringproducts. In agriculture, biochemists investigate soil andfertilizers, and try to discover ways to improve cropcultivation, crop storage and pest control. SinceCorrespondence to: Zhaohui Gong,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 FenghuaRoad, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, ZJ315211, CHINAE-mail: zhaohui@ncri.org.cndoi: 10.12973/eurasia.2015.1344abiochemistry has been one of main branches in lifesciences, biochemistry course is an integral part of lifescience education at the university level (Herbert &Hargrove 2012).Textbook, a carrier of knowledge, is a crucial toolfor knowledge teaching, skill experiencing andintelligence developing in the processes of thecultivation of students (Baier et al. 2011). Thepublishing of college biochemistry textbook is closelyrelated to the quality of talent training (Aydin et al.2014). Since the national college entrance examinationwas resumed in 1976, the publishing and usage statusesof college biochemistry textbooks have not beenreported in any language in China. This study wasdesigned to establish the college biochemistry textbookdatabase, survey the usage status of the textbooks indifferent universities. We aimed to provide theinternational counterparts with the publishing and usagestatuses of the textbooks, and also offered theprofessional educators the constructive references inwriting and usage the related textbooks.Copyright 2015 by iSER, International Society of Educational ResearchISSN: 1305-8223
P. Zhou et. alClassification and Statistics of TextbooksState of the literature Biochemistry is one of main branches in lifesciences and biochemistry course is an integral partof life sciences education at the university level. The quality of publishing and the appropriateusage of textbook are closely related to the qualityof talent training. The statuses on the publishing and usage ofChinese college biochemistry textbooks have notbeen reported in any language.Contribution of this paper to the literature This study is carried out with the goal of analysingthe statues on the publishing and usages ofChinese college biochemistry textbooks. The most productive and influential books, editorsand publishing houses are identified in the past 65years. The comparison between Chinese books andforeign ones reveals that the biochemistrytextbooks are successful in college education alongwith some practical problems.Here we constructed a complete and reliablecollege biochemistry textbook database usage the searchtool provided by national library of China (NLC). Fromthis database, we found that most of the textbooks arepublished for theory and assistant teaching. The first tenyears of the 21st century was the most productiveperiod. Statistical analysis revealed the most productivethree book names, editors, cities and publishing houses.The assessment of the impact of textbook suggestedthat the most influential textbooks usually come fromthe most famous professor and are wildly used indifferent colleges. This work demonstrated that collegebiochemistry textbooks are blossoming and contending.METHODS AND ANALYSISBased on the use purpose, these textbooks weredivided into three different types: (a) Theory, (b)Experiment and (c) Assistant. And also based on thecollege type, the textbooks could be used for (a)Science/Technology, (b) Agriculture and (c) MedicalSchools. We calculated the publication number indifferent classifications. By decades (-1950, 1951-1960,1961-1970, 1971-1980, 1981-1990, 1991-2000, 20012010, 2011-2014), the change of textbook publicationwas analyzed. The most productive three textbooks,editors, cities and publishing houses were calculatedfrom the database.Survey the Status of Usage in CollegesWe obtained the textbook-related informationfrom the teaching plans at different colleges. The maininformation includes teaching object (major), periods(theory and/or experiment), prescribed textbooks,reference or supplementary books. Fifty-five ofscience/technology colleges, 35 of medical schools and20 of agricultural universities were randomly selected asrespondents from 1700 colleges. The status of usagewas analysed by different college type.Assessment of Textbook Impact FactorTo evaluate the impact of a specific textbook incolleges, we introduced a new concept of “ImpactFactor (IF)”. In detail, if a textbook was used as aprescribed textbook, the direct IF (DIF) of this bookwould be set 1. If this book was used as a referencetextbook, the DIF would be set 0.2. Then the total IF(TIF) of this textbook was added together. In certaintype college, the relative IF (RIF) of one book with thehighest TIF would be set 1. The RIF of other textbookwas defined as the ratio of its TIF to that of the highestone.BiochemistryTextbook Content Comparison between Chinaand Foreign CountriesNLC provides the readers a united search servicethat namely “Wenjin” in a highly efficient, precise andprofessional way. In June 30, 2014, we used this onlineservice tool (http://find.nlc.gov.cn) and the tedtextbooks. Then we downloaded all of the book lists(the year from 1950 to 2014) into an Excel document.By deleting the research-related books, primary andsecondary textbooks, dictionary tools, et al., we onlykept college biochemistry relevant textbooks.The Chinese textbook (8th edition, 2013) edited byAiru Zhou and the Classical biochemistry book (7thedition, 2012) written by Lubert Stryer et al wererespectively chosen as the representative books forcomparison. The differences in content structure andediting style were listed in a table.ConstructionofCollegeTextbook Database in China686Statistical AnalysisThe data analyses were performed usage SPSS 13.0software and expressed as means SD. 2015 iSER, Eurasia J. Math. Sci. Tech. Ed., 11(3), 685-691
Biochemistry Textbook in ChinaRESULTSThe NLC has a collection of over 31.1 millionitems and is the largest library in Asia and one of thelargest in the world. It holds the largest and mostdiverse collection of Chinese literature and historicaldocuments in the world. Usage the online search toolprovided by NLC, we established the collegebiochemistry textbook database with a total of 1655textbooks.To detect the reliability of the database, wechecked 50 textbooks that came from the NingboUniversity Library and two online bookstores usage ourdatabase. All of the textbooks were found in thedatabase. In detail, 26 textbooks from the NingboUniversity Library, 13 textbooks from Dangdang(www.dangdang.com) and 11 textbooks from Amazon(www.amazon.cn) were retrieved in the newlyconstructed database. These results suggested that thecollege biochemistry textbook database is complete andreliable.Among these books, there were 945 books ( 57%) fortheory teaching, 379 books ( 23%) for experimentteaching and 331 books ( 20%) for assistant teaching(Figure 1A). For theory teaching, we found that therewere 646 books ( 68%) used in science/technologyassociated universities, 265 books ( 28%) used inmedical schools and 34 books ( 4%) used inagricultural universities (Figure 1B). For experimentteaching, there were 233 books ( 61%) used inscience/technology-associated universities, 132 books( 35%) used in medical schools and 14 books ( 4%)used in agricultural universities (Figure 1C). Forassistant teaching materials, there were 171 books( s, 143 books ( 43%) used in medical schoolsand 17 books ( 5%) used in agricultural universities(Figure 1D). These results showed that more than onehalf of the textbooks were used for theory teaching andabout one fifth of textbooks were used as assistantteaching materials. Most of the assistant materials wereusually used for better understanding of the theoreticalknowledge. In fact, this phenomenon is associated withemphasizing theory teaching and examination inChinese colleges.Most of the Textbooks are Published forTheory and Assistant TeachingThe First Decade of the 21st Century is theMost Productive PeriodFrom 1950 to 2014, we identified 1655biochemistry-related textbooks published in China.Since the first college biochemistry textbook waspublished in China in the 1950s, the number ofThe College Biochemistry Textbook Databaseis Complete and ReliableFigure 1. The classifications of college biochemistry textbooks. (A) 1655 textbooks can be divided into threesubgroups: theory, experiment and assistant teaching. In the theory (B), experiment (C) and assistant teaching (D)subgroups, these textbooks are used in science/technology, medicine and agriculture related colleges. 2015 iSER, Eurasia J. Math. Sci. Tech. Ed., 11(3), 685-691687
P. Zhou et. alFigure 2. The total publication number change of college biochemistry textbook in the past 65 years (A) and thechange according to different use purposes (B).“Biochemistry experiments” and 92 books publishedbiochemistry textbooks published continued to grow under the name “Biochemistry and molecular biology”each decade. Although there were only two books (Table 1). The publication number of the top 3 bookpublished in the second year of post-liberation (in names as mentioned above accounted for more than1950), the publication number increased in tens or 40% (676/1655) of all textbooks. This result showedhundreds of times by decades. In the 2000s, the first ten that there are many textbooks published as the sameyears of the 21st century, a large number of textbooks name and the book names are very repetitive.were published and the peak reached 809 books (FigureThe most productive three editors were Prof. Airu2A). Even in the 2010s, there were 306 books published Zhou who compiled 14 textbooks, Prof. Ji Zheng whoin the first four years, the publication number was more published 13 books and Prof. Ssu-Chih Lia (Sizhi Liu inthan that of the 1950s-1980s (Figure 2A). Among the Chinese) who wrote 7 textbooks for college studentsgrowth rates of publication for different teaching (Table 1). Moreover, it‟s worth mentioning that Prof.purposes, the publication for experiment books grew at Ssu-Chih Lia (1904-1983) was one of the founders ofrate was more than double the growth rate of theory or immunochemistry and wrote the first biochemistryassistant books (Figure 2B). Interestingly, the total outline in China. Prof. Ji Zheng (1900-2010) was thepublication number dropped significantly from the founder of biochemistry and had been engaged more1960s to 1970s (only 36 and 50 in the 1960s and 1970s than 70 years on biochemistry teaching in China. Prof.respectively) compared with that in the 1950s and that Airu Zhou (1937-) wrote many versions of biochemistryin the 1980s (Figure 2A and 2B). This was probably textbooks for medical students.because the Great Proletarian Cultural RevolutionThe most productive three cities were Beijing,(commonly known as the Cultural Revolution, took Shanghai and Wuhan. There were 970, 106 and 68place in China from 1966 until 1976) delayed the biochemistry textbooks published in these three citiesdevelopment of the publishing industry.respectively (Table 1). The result indicated thatapproximately 70% (1144/1655) textbooks wereThe Most Productive Books, Editors, Cities published in these areas. It is associated with that a largeand Publishing Housesproportion of colleges/universities locate in theseregions. At the same time, the most productive threeBy statistical analysis, there were 456 textbooks publishing houses were People‟s Medical Publishingentitled“Biochemistry”,128booksnamed House, Science Press and High Education Press. These688 2015 iSER, Eurasia J. Math. Sci. Tech. Ed., 11(3), 685-691
Biochemistry Textbook in ChinaTable 1. The Most Productive Three Book Names, Editors, Cities and Publishing Houses1st2nd3rdBook nameBiochemistry (456)Biochemistry experiments(128)Biochemistry and molecular biology(92)EditorAiru Zhou (14)Ji Zheng (13)Sizhi Liu (7)CityBeijing (970)Shanghai (106)Wuhan (68)Science Press (163)High Education Press (108)Publishing house People‟s Medical PublishingHouse (177)The number in brackets indicates the publication number.Table 2. The Usage Status of Biochemistry Textbooks in CollegesCollege typeTheoryExperimentperiodsperiods1st Prescribed bookauthor1st Reference bookauthorScience/Technology (n 55)48 333 2Jingyan WangRobert HortonMedicine (n 35)Agriculture (n 20)65 652 448 330 2Xiliang ZhaGuoqin LiuLibo YaoJingyan Wanghouses had published more than 27% (448/1655)biochemistry textbooks in a national wide market (Table1). It is obvious that all of the three publishing houseslocate in Beijing, the culture and education centre ofChina.The above results showed that there are manybiochemistry textbooks with the same name and themost productive editors are very famous scientists. Inaddition, the most productive cities and publishinghouses are mainly distributed over the developedregions in education and culture.The Most Influential Textbooks are Edited bythe Most Famous Professors and are Wildly Usedin CollegesTo investigate the usage status of biochemistrytextbook, 110 colleges were randomly selected to obtainthe textbook-related information. The results showedthat the course of biochemistry and/or experiment partwas introduced with more than 48 periods for theoryteaching and 30 periods for experiment. Among thethree types of colleges, medical school has the maximalperiods of biochemistry course (Table 2). This isprobably associated with biochemistry being one of themost important contents in medical license examination.The most popular prescribed textbooks were usually thenewest editions of the state uniform textbooks indifferent colleges (Table 2). Some of the most popularreference books were world famous English textbooks,because many colleges had introduced bilingualeducation (in English and Chinese) or all-Englishteaching. 2015 iSER, Eurasia J. Math. Sci. Tech. Ed., 11(3), 685-691By evaluation of the impact of the currently usedtextbooks, the statistical analysis indicated that the TIFand RIF of Prof. Jingyan Wang (editor-in-chief)‟stextbook was much higher than other editors‟ textbooksin science/technology colleges. At the same time, Prof.Xiliang Zha‟s textbook was overwhelmingly dominantin medical schools (Table 3). This could be becauseboth of these two editors are the members of thecommittee for national uniform textbooks. Theirtextbooks are very popular in different colleges. It wasobvious that Prof. Guoqin Liu‟s textbook enjoyed theabsolute advantages in agricultural colleges (Table 3).These results showed that the most influential textbooksusually come from the famous professors and are widelyused in subject-associated universities.The Chinese Textbook NeedsImprovements for Better UnderstandingMoreTo investigate the difference between the Chinesebiochemistry textbook and the foreign one, wecompared the contents in two classical textbooks. Asshown in Table 4, the comparison suggested that theChinese textbooks are short of single-conceptillustrations and first-hand artworks.Chinese editors would like to revise the foreignillustrations and tables, not to produce the original withthe art programs. The problems for each chapter wereonly set as the type of questions without answers. OnlyPower Points for the contents were provided as a webbased media. These materials were too simple forteaching and learning. Compared with the foreigntextbook, the content integrations and recent advances689
P. Zhou et. alTable 3. The Impact of Top 3 Textbooks in Different CollegesIFJingyan Wang#Xiliang Zha#College Guoqin Liu#TIF6.8RIF0.132.417.60.071.00# The names indicate the top3 authors of currently used textbooks; IF, impact factor; TIF, total impact factor; RIF, relativeimpact factor.Table 4. The Comparison between Chinese and Foreign Textbooks#ChineseForeiginClear writingConcept-illustrationPhysiological relevanceClinical insightsAnswers to problemsWeb-based mediaRecent advancesGoodInsufficientNot ant and consistentSufficient and istryand Molecular Biology (8th edition, by Airu Zhou et al., in Chinese), and Biochemistry (7th edition, by LubertStryer et al., in English) were Chosen as representative textbooks.in Chinese book were not updated as soon as possible.These results indicated that more improvements areencouraged for Chinese biochemistry textbooks.CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONThe rapid expansion of knowledge and noveltechniques in biochemistry has made it a difficult task tolearn and teach students within the already heavycurriculum in college students (Gong et al. 2011). Aproper textbook plays an important role in teachingquality and talent training. Although the presentresearch demonstrated that there are more than 1600different textbooks published for biochemistry learningand teaching in the past 65 years, we are facing someproblems in writing and publishing.Biology education in China is different from that inforeign countries (Gul & Sozbilir 2015). The writingstyle and content usage of Chinese textbook may bedifferent from that in Turkey (Eren et al. 2015). Therenewal period was rather long. In China, many collegesand editors attached great importance to textbookpublishing. Nevertheless, the content updates ofbiochemistry textbooks were ignored. For example, thefirst edition of biochemistry textbook (Editors-in-chief:Tong Shen & Jingyan Wang) was published in 1980, thesecond edition was published in 1990 and the thirdedition was in 2008 (Shen 1980, 1990, and Wang et al.2008). The renewal period ranged from 10 to 18 years,which was much longer than that in western countries.Except the long renewal period, the changes fortextbook contents were very small (Zheng & Zhao6902013). Such result was believed to that Chineseedu
college biochemistry textbook database is complete and reliable. Ch Most of the Textbooks are Published for Theory and Assistant Teaching Since the first college biochemistry textbook was From 1950 to 2014, we identified 1655 biochemistry-related textbooks published in
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